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SCHOOL HISTORY 



UNITED STATES. 



J: WM. JONES, D. D, 



Former Chaplain in Army of Northern Virginia. Late Chaplain University 
of Virginia. Chap'ain I'nited Confederate Veterans. 



Author "Personal RtiniNiscENCts ok R. E. Lee," "Christ in the Camp, 

"Davis Memorial Volume," former Secretary Southern Historical 

Society, and Editor of 14 Volumes Southern Historical 

Society Papers, Etc. 



ILLUSTRATED. 



JUL 2 I8§« 

y 



BALTIMORE : 

R. H. WOODWARD COMPANY 

l8q6. 




•) 



Copyright, 1S96. 
R, H. Woodward Company. 



PREKACK. 



For many years I have been solicited to write a School History of 
the United States which, while fair to all sections, would do full jus- 
tice to the Southern States. In traveling all over the South, I have 
heard general complaint that histories by Northern authors were 
unjust and unfair to our section in their Colonial, Revolutionary and 
Civil history, and that when they came to treat of the causes, conduct 
and results of the great "War between the States" they are utterly 
unfair and misleading, both in what they narrate and in what they 
omit. 

It is also thought that some books by Southern authors are either 
unsuitable for the schoolroom, or lose their value by an attempt to 
be neutral, and hence colorless on the great questions that have 
divided the sections, and that, compiling from Northern historians, 
they have fallen into many of their errors, both of commission and of 
omission. 

For some twenty years I have been collecting material and pre- 
paring myself for the task, studying earnestly not only the best of 
the current histories, but original sources of information as well, and 
diligently seeking to reach the exact truth on all disputed points. 

Born, reared and educated on Southern soil, following for four 
years with youthful devotion the battle-flag of the Southern Confed- 
eracy, for twelve years secretary of the Southern Historical Society, 
and during all of these years devoting time and close attention to 
American history, I may modestly claim that I have had some facili- 
ties for knowing, and some qualifications for preparing, a history of 
the United States which shall be acceptable to the South and fit to be 
taught in her schools. 

8 



PREFACE. 

I have tried to avoid sectional and partisan bias, and to do justice 
to all sections of our common country; but writing as a Southerner, 
and for Southern schools, I have treated more fully than I have seen 
elsewhere many matters which will be of especial interest to the 
South. Tt ought, however, to be added that I have not made a single 
statement whicli cannot be verified and substantiated by the strongest 
historic proofs. 

I have had in the preparation of this book the valuable assistance 
of an accomplished, practical teacher, while I am greatly indebted to 
Rev. Dr. J. C. Hiden, of Richmond, Va., for a thorough revision of 
my whole manuscript, and to Professors W. E. Peters and Noah K. 
Davis, of the University of Virginia, for going over and making 
valuable suggestions concerning the more important parts. 

If it is thought by any that I have given undue space to particular 
periods of the history, let it be remembered that certain great prin- 
ciples and events have been generally so incorrectly stated, or so 
studiously omitted, in the histories our youth have been accustomed 
to study that I have felt called on to give them more clearly and more 
fully than might otherwise seem necessary. 

It is hoped that the questions and the blackboard or slate exercises 
will be found useful; but the intelligent teacher will see to it that the 
scholar understands the text, and is interested and stimulated to pur- 
sue further the story of our country's history. 

With a full sense of the responsibility involved in publishing a 
history of our wonderful country for the study of our youth, with the 
earnest hope that it may prove acceptable, and with the fervent 
prayer that it may prove useful in training future citizens of our great 
Republic, I send it forth on its mission. 

J. W. J. 

University of Virginia, 
April 2, 1895. 



AUTHOR'S NOTK. 



AUTHORITIES CONSULTED. 

It has not been deemed wise to cumber the text with foot-notes of 
authorities consuhed in the preparation of this history, but the 
author has made diUgent use of many authorities in sctthng points 
of doubt. 

Besides twenty-five of the leading school histories of the United 
States, which he has had on his shelves and freely used (frequently 
to avoid their errors), he has consulted for the general history such 
books as Windsor's ''Narrative and Critical History of America," 
Bancrofts's, Hildreth's and A. H. Stephens's "History of the United 
States," Thwaites on "The Colonies," Hart on "The Formation of the 
Union," and Woodrow Wilson on "Division and Reunion," Rives's 
"Life and Letters of Madison," Lee's "Memoirs of the War in the 
Southern Department," Madison's "Journal of the Constitutional 
Convention of 1787," and a large number of books and pamphlets 
bearing on the Revolution and the early history of the Union: Irv- 
ing's "Life of Washington," Marshall's "Life of Washington," Wil- 
liam Wirt Henry's "Life of Patrick Henry," Campbell's "History of 
Virginia," lives of Jefiferson, Madison. Monroe and Adams, Benton's 
"Thirty Years in the Senate," "Letters and Times of the Tylers," 
Congressional Debates and Reports of Departments, and a large 
number of other books, pamphlets and manuscripts. 

For the causes, conduct and results of the great "War between the 
States," he has studied and consulted Jefiferson Davis's "Rise and 
Fall of the Confederate Government," A. H. Stephens's "War Be- 
tween the States." Bledsoe's "Is Davis a Traitor?" Judge Sage's 
"Republic of Republics," Derry's "Story of the Confederate States." 
Southern Historical Society papers, "Official Records of the Union 



AUTHOR'S NOTE. 

and Confederate Armies," Taylor's "Four Years With Lee," Col. 
VVm. Allan's "Jackson's Valley Campaign," "Virginia Campaign oi 
1862," and "Battle of Chancellorsville," Dabney's "Life of Jackson," 
"Life of Albert Sidney Johnston," by Col. William Preston John- 
ston; Joseph E. Johnston's "Narrative," Hood's "Advance and Re- 
treat," Jones's "Reminiscences of R. E. Lee," "Christ in the Camp," 
and Davis "Memorial Volume," Fitzhugh Lee's "Life of R. E. Lee," 
Roman's "Memoir of General G. T. Beauregard." John Johnson's 
"Defence of Fort Sumter and Charleston," Grant's "Memoirs." 
Sherman's "Memoirs," Draper's "Civd War in America," Greeley's 
"American Conflict," Scribner's "Campaigns of the Civil War." 
Swinton's "Army of the Potomac," Ropcs's "Civil War," Jordan's 
"Life of N. B. Forrest," Bullock's "Secret Service of the Confed- 
eracy in Europe," and many other books, pamphlets and manu- 
scripts too numerous to mention. 

In a word, the author has sought to verify every mooted point, and 
holds himself prepared to sustain every statement he has made by the 
most unquestioned authority. 



CONTKNXS. 



PAGE. 

Preface 3 

Aiitlior's Note 5 

PART I. 
DISCOVERY AND EXPLORATION. 

CHAl'T R. 

I. Discovery of America by tlie Northmen and Early 

Navigators 1 1 

II. Spanisli Explorations 22 

III. French Explorations 2"^ 

IV. English ami Dutch Explorations 32 

Blackboard and Slate Exercises. 38 

Chronological Summary of Events 39 

PART II. 

Settlement and growth. 

V. Settlement of Virginia 40 

VI. Settlement of New England 49 

VII. Settlement of New York, New Jersey, Delaware 

and Pennsylvania 57 

VIII. Settlement of Maryland, the Carolinas and Georgia. 6t 

IX. Intercolonial Wars 63 

X. Colonial Home Life 69 

Blackboard and Slate Exercises 74 

Historical Initials 76 

Chronological Summary of Events "77 

7 



CONTENTS. 

PART III. 

REVOLUTION AND INDEPENDENCE. 

CHAPTER PAJE. 

XI. Opening of the Revolution 79 

XII. The Revolution 88 

Blackboard and Slate Exercises log 

Historical Initials in 

Chronological Summary of Events. ............. 112 

PART IV. 

THE BUILDING OF THE UNION. 

XIII. The Formative Period 114 

XIV. Washington's Administrations (1789-1797) 120 

XV. John Adams's Administration (1797-1801) 130 

XVI. Jefferson's Administrations (1801-1809) 133 

XVII. Madison's Administrations (1809-1817) 142 

XVIII. Monroe's Administrations (1817-1825) 154 

XIX. John Quincy Adams's Administration (1825-1829). 161 

XX. Jackson's Administrations (1829-1837) 166 

XXI. Van Buren's Administration (1837-1841) 172 

XXII. Harrison and Tyler's Administration (1841-1S45) . . 176 

XXIII. Polk's Administration (1845-1849). 182 

XXIV. Taylor and Fillmore's Administration (1849-1853). 189 
XXV. Pierce's Administration (1853-1857) 192 

XXVI. Buchanan's Administration (1857-1861) 195 

Blackboard and Slate Exercises.... 217 

Historical Initials 220 

Chronological Summary of Events 221 

PART V. 

THE WAR FOR SOUTHERN INDEPENDENCE. 

XXVII. Lincoln's .'\dministration (1861-1865)— First Year 

of the War (1861) 226 

XXVIII. Second Year of the War (1862) 259 



CONTENTS. 9 

CHAPTER. PAGE. 

XXIX. Third Year of the War (1863) 293 

XXX. Fourth Year of the War (1864) 313 

XXXI. Last Year of the War (1865) zz7 

Blackboard and Slate Exercises 359 

Historical Initials 360 

Chronological Summary of Events 362 

PART VI. 
REUNION AND PROGRESS. 

XXXII. Johnson's Administration (1865-1869) 365 

XXXIII. Grant's Administrations (1869-1877) 374 

XXXIV. Hayes's Administration (1877-1881) 384 

XXXV. Garfield's and Arthur's Administration (1881-1885). 389 

XXXVI. Cleveland's First .Administration (1885-1889) 396 

XXXVII. Harrison's Administration (1889-1893) 402 

XXXVIII. Cleveland's Second Admini.stration (1893—) 411 

Blackboard and Slate Exercises 426 

Historical Initials 428 

Chronological Summary of Events. 430 

List of Presidents 433 

Historical and Statistical Tables 434 

Appendix 435 



PART I. 

Discovery and Exploration (A. D. 860-1687.) 



CPIAPTER I. 

DISCOVERY OF AMERICA BY THE NORTHMEN AND 
EARLY NAVIGATORS. 

1. The Mound=Builders. -AnuMig- the most interesting 
relics found in various parts of our country are those of tlie 
mound-lmilders. Sonic of these in the Mississippi valley 
cover an area of several acres each. For a long- time it was 
believed that they were the work of a people who lived on this 
continent long before the American Indians. Later investi- 
gations, however, lead to the belief that the mound-builders 
were the ancestors of the present tribes of Indians who oc- 
cupy different portions of our country. 

2. The American Indians — No person can tell where 
tlie red men of America came from. N'arious theories have 
])een brought forward to explain their presence here when 
the country was discovered. The most reasonable one is 
that they made their way from Asia across Behring Strait 
thousands of years ago, and, gradually pushing southward, 
spread over North and South America. 

With the exception of the Eskemos, the various tribes of 
Indians show a general resemblance. Their skin is brown 
or copper-colored ; their hair long, straight, black and 
coarse; their beard scanty; their eyes deep-seated, w^ith the 
iris dark; nose broad and prominent; face wide across the 
cheeks, which are high; forehead broad and low, and the 
jaws powerful. They have little muscular development. 



12 FfcnooL nrsTOh'Y of the fxtted >^tates. 

Tliey are indolent, stoical to the last degree, grave and taci- 
turn, cruel in war, with a poetic and imaginative tempera- 
ment, which is often shown by a simple eloquence of the 
highest order. The belief that the American Indian is dy- 
ing out is a common error. The best authorities agree that 
there are as many, if not more, in the country today than ever 
before. While some tribes have disappeared, others have 
increased, and they will doubtless exist as long as the Cau- 
casian race. 

3. The Northmen. — A thousand years ago the natives of 
Norway, who were known as Northmen, were the most dar- 
iilg sailors in the world. The ships of other nations kept 
near their own shores, but the mariners of Norway roved 
from the North Sea to the Mediterranean. Most of them 
were pirates, who ran down, robbed and burned ships 
wherever they found them. Steering out on the stormy At- 
lantic, they were gone for days and weeks, with little fear of 
not being able to return whenever they chose to do so. Thus 
it happened that one of the sea rovers, named Naddod, about 
the year 860, was catight in a tempest, which drove him on 
tlie coast of Iceland. He called it Snowland, but did not 
stay long. Another Northman, a few years later, sailed 
around the island and took home so pleasing an account that 
a colony settled there. They soon became discouraged, 
however, and all went home, declaring the island not fit for 
the habitation of man. The attempt was renewed soon after, 
and a colony was established, which lasted for hundreds of 
years. 

One of the members of this colonv was driven westward 
to Greenland, where a settlement was also planted and flour- 
ished for a time. A navigator, while striving to make his 
way thither, about the close of the tenth century, was forced 
so far southward that he caught sight of the upper eastern 
portion of our continent. In the year 1000, a Northman, 



SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 13 

known as Lief the Lucky, with a crew of thirty-five men, 
landed somewhere near Newfoundland. It is believed they 
cruised along the coast of New England as far south as 
Rhode Island. They named the country Vineland, and 
when they set sail, their little vessel was loaded with luscious 
grapes and valuable timber, which they carried back to show 
their wondering countrymen. Other Northmen visited the 
new and strange land and a colony was founded. But the 
settlers quarreled among themselves and acted so cruelly 
toward the Indians that the latter gave them little rest. By 
and by, all the settlements were abandoned. Not a white 
man was left on the North American continent, which, it 
may be said, had been found and lost again. Hundreds of 
years rolled by, and all that was known of the New World 
was that which had come down in misty legend and tradition. 
The vast continent lay in silent grandeur and desolation, with 
the oceans booming against its shores and with no white sails 
of vessels dotting the vasty deep. The centuries swept past, 
and still the great world lay sleeping and forgotten. The 
awakening did not come till the fifteenth century was draw- 
ing to a close. 

4. Christopher Columbus. — Christopher Columbus was 
a native of Genoa (gen'oa), Italy, where he was born between 
1435 ^'^"^^ 1450. He worked with his father, a wool chandler, 
until a large boy, when he went to sea and became a good 
sailor. He was thoughtful and fond oi study. He came to 
believe the earth was round. Other learned people agreed 
with him, but all thought it much smaller than it really is. 

Now, if the earth was a sphere, it followed that a ship could 
sail round it. The valuable spices, silks, gold, and pre- 
cious stones, which were brought from India to Europe were 
carried on the backs of camels and other beasts of burden. 
It would be an incalculable saving if a route to India and 
Asia could be found by sailing westward. Columbus was so 




First Sight of Land by Columbus. 
Receptiou of Columbus at Court of Ferdiuand uiul Isabella. 



SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE I MTIJ]) STATES. 15 

firinl} convinced that this was practicable that he gave his 
whole thought and energy to procuring the means of fitting 
out an expedition to make the search. 

He was too poor to buy or man the smallest ship. Portu- 
gal, at that time, w^as the leading country in sending out navi- 
gators on voyages of discovery. "Prince Henry, the Navi- 
gator," had fitted out a numl)er of such expeditions, which 
coasted along Africa. One of these in 1487 doubled the 
Cape of Good Hope, but went no further. Columbus natur- 
ally tiu'ned to Portugal for help. Doubtless he would have 
obtained it had Prince Henry been alive, but all to whom he 
applied were doul)ters, and shook their heads. The king's 
advisers ridiculed his theory and considered him little better 
than a crazy man. The king, however, was half-convinced 
that the ardent sailor was right. So he secretly sent out one 
of his captains to make search for the new route to Asia. 
This navigator w^as too timid to go far, and hurried back with 
word that no such route existed. When Columbus learned 
of the trick by which the king had tried to rob him of his 
rights he was indignant and left the country. He sent his 
brother to England to make his ofTers to the king, while he 
turned to see what he could do in Spain. 

The story of the wanderings and discouragements of Co- 
lumbus is one of the most pathetic in history. At times he 
was compelled to beg for food and lodging, and often went 
Inmgry. Now and then he earned a little money by draw- 
ing charts and maps and selling them. His wife died, but 
holding the hand of his little boy, he wanflcred from town to 
town, following the court and urging his claims whenever he 
gained the chance. Now and then some wise man listened 
thoughtfully, and showed by his questioning and manner that 
he was beginning to wonder whether there was not grotmd 
after all for the arguments of the weary but ardent Italian. 

Spain at that time was busy fighting the Moors. Columbus 



16 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

was rebuffed and put off, again and again, until at the end of 
seven years the Junto to which King Ferdinand referred the 
matter pronounced against the scheme, and the monarch 
confirmed the decision. CJne obstacle to the success of Co- 
lumbus in enlisting favor was the liberal reward he insisted 
upon. He demanded a large share in the lands he discov- 
ered, and would never consent to abate those claims in the 
slightest degree. 

But the day came when he felt there was no hope of getting 
anything from the rulers of Spain. With a heavy heart, he 
turned to leave the country, thinking he might interest the 
king of France in his project. He had not gone far, how- 
ever, when he was overtaken by a messenger from Oueen 
Isabella with the glad news that she had agreed to furnish 
him the means for fitting out his expedition. The heart of 
the great navigator must have throl)bed with delight. 

5. The Westward Voyage — Columbus found it hard to 
engage crews for his vessels. Where there was so much 
su])erstition among the learned, the common, uneducated 
people had no l^elief in the sclieme of the navigator. They 
were sure that, if they ventured out too far on the "Sea 
of Darkness," as the Atlantic was called, they would 
be devoured by awful monsters ^\•hich sported in those 
waters. At an\' rate, they were almost certain they would 
never return to their homes again. When at last a sufficient 
number of men were engaged to manage the little ships, 
their weeping wives and families bade them good-bye, as 
they believed, forever. 

The inunortal fle^t consisted of three caravels, or small 
vessels, only one of which, the Sanfo Maria, had a deck. This 
was the vessel in which Columbus himself sailed. The 
others were the Pi)ifa and the Nina. They left Palos. with 
120 men on board, Friday, August 3, 1492. 

Six days after setting sail, the fleet reached the Canary 



SCHOOL HISTORY OF TIIH UNITED STATES. 17 

Islands, riicrc they slaved until some repairs were made 
on the /'//;/() and fresh water and supplies were taken on 
board. Then the three vessels turned their prows westward 
and set out on the most famous voyage in the history of the 
world. 

Columbus had to resort to every means of which he could 
think to calm the fears of the sailors and prevent them from 
breaking" out in niutin}-. because the wind blew steadih' 
from the east, they thought it would never change and they 
would be unable to return. The navigator deceived them 
by keeping two records of their progress. He did not let 
them see the true one. but showed them one which indicated 
that they had not gone nearl\- as far as was the fact. 

After, a time the neetUe of the compass began to swerve 
irom the north. This puzzled Columbus, but when his men 
found it out he was ready with the ex])lanation that the needle 
pointed to a star which, revolved around the north star. That 
of necessity woitld cause a variation, and they believed him. 

( )nc fact, however, could not be hidden from the terrified 
men: every day and hour were carrying them further from 
their homes and increasing the probability that they would 
never be able to sail Ijack over the vast waste of waters. They 
grew homesick, sullen, and so frightened that they plotted 
among themselves to throw Columbus overboard and to take 
charge of the ships themselves. Had the discovery of land 
been delayed a few days longer this would probably have 
been done. 

Columbus threatened and pleaded with them. He told 
them of the great riches they were sure to find, and promised 
them rewards if they would continue a little while longer. 
Fortunately, the signs of land soon becatne so unmistakable 
that hope took the place of despair and discontent. Birds 
that were known never to venture far from land circled about 
, the ships ; the branch of a thorn tree, with berries on it, drifted 



18 



SCHOOL Ul^niltY Of THE iSlTBL> ^TATEH. 



past, and finally a carved stick was seen an<l taken from the 
water All now believed they were drawmg near land. 

Htrdlv an e^■e was closed that night on board the three 
.hiys Columbus took his station on the upper deck, near 
the stern ot the Sonia Uaru, and peered long and anx.ons y 
through the .larkness to the westward. All at once a hght 
flashed out like a star. Then it gli.led along, as ,f close to 
the horizon, and bobbed up and down, just as a torch does 
when carried in the hand of a n.an running along the beach. 
There had been so many disappointntents that Columbus 
.lecided to wait before calling out that he had discovered 
land, r.ut the light quickly vanished. 

6 The Discovery of Land— About 2 o'clock in the 
,„„,„iug, the boon, of a sutall cannon on board the /'»,^. told 
the thrilhng .tews that lan.l had been discovered As the 
s„n can.e up out of the ocean behin.l tltctn. the sadors saw a 
lovelv island, covered with tmpical vegetation and the naked 
and wondering nafves peering Iron, among J •'■'■•«; ^J 
their strange visitors. This was on I-nda>', October 12, 

'Tolumbus put on his brilliant uniforn, and "'^'^ -««;' 
ashore. Stepping out on solid land, be ''--"^J--^ ' 
an.l thanked ( io<l for crowning Ins voyage with such .na, 
: ous success. Then be unfurled the stan.lard o, Spam and 
took possession of the country in the nan.e of Ins ^ov-^^^ 
The sailors who had been so rebellious now crowned arot nd 
and begged his forgiveness, it can well be undenstood that 
the great discoverer freely pardoned them. 

It is not known with certainty precisely where Columbu 
made his first landing ,n the New World. The ,s^and wa 
one of the Bahamas, and he calle.l >t San Salvador.^ t ts 
o-enerallv believed to have been Watling Island. Certam. 
however, that it was a part ol India, he called the nattves 



.vr//oo/> nisToh'Y or the vmted tiTATi:t:i. 19 

Indians (iiuryansj, by which uamc they will always be 
known. 

7. The Return of Columbus. — Columbus stayed several 
days where he had landed, and then made a cruise among the 
adjoining islands. He discovered Cuba and Hayti and left 
a small colony at the latter. Through a mishap, the Santa 
Maria was wrecked, so that the return to Spain was made in 
the two smaller caravels. He took nine Indians with him, 
and reached Palos on the 15th of March, 1493. 

As may be supposed, the return of Colum1)us to Spain was 
the grand triumph of the life of the navigator. He was re- 
ceived with the highest honors by the king and queen, and 
his great discovery caused a ])rofound sensation w^herever it 
became known. When he spoke of making other voyages 
he found no lack of means or of men. 

8. Other Voyages of Columbus — The second expedi- 
tion of Columbus consisted of seventeen vessels and 1200 
men, among whom were many distinguished persons. It 
sailed frcjm Cadiz, September 25, 1493. V isiting Hayti to 
find out about the colony he had left there, the dreadful dis- 
covery was made that not a white man was alive. They had 
acted so brutally toward the Indians that the latter over- 
whelmed and massacred them all. h>om the very first, the 
])ioneers of this country followed not only an unchristian, 
Init a most unwise course toward the Indians. 

The result of the second expedition was disappointing. 
The mines that were opened were unproductive, nor could 
the riches that all had counted on be found. On his third 
voyage in 1498 Columbus saw the mainland of South Am- 
erica. His attempts at colonization were failures. Although 
a great discoverer, he was a poor governor, and did not know 
how to rule the men over whom he had authority. An offi- 
cer sent out from Spain to look into the complaints made 
against Columbus, arrested him and sent him home in irons. 



20 ^SCIWOL HISTORY OF THE LNITED sTATEtS. 

The king and queen were shocked, and ordered his instant 
release. On his fourtli voyage, he discovered and named a 
number of new islands. He coasted Costa Rica an I 
sailed as far as the Isthmus of Darien. He returned to 
Spain in 1504, broken in health and spirits. Queen Isabella, 
his best friend, was dead, and it was impossible for him to 
obtain liis rights. He died in poverty, May 20, 1506, believ- 
ing to the last that he had not discovered a continent, but 
only the eastern parts of Asia. 

9. The Naming of America — There has been much dis- 
cussion as to how America came to be named in honor of 
another person than Columbus. Amerigo Vespucci (am-a- 
re go ves-poot'cheej, or, as it is Latin, Americus V^espu'cius. 
was an Italian, born in 1452. Like his famous predecessor, 
he was a skillful navigator, whose ardor to discover new 
lands was fired by the achievement of Columbus. He made 
four voyages westward, and in his pul^lished accounts 
claimed that his first was in May, 1497. If this was true, he 
was the first man of that day to look upon the American con- 
tinent. Late investigations seem to point to the Inill. 
of Vespucci's declaration. At any rate, he coasted South 
America previous to 1503. The claim was set up in an ac- 
count of the four voyages that the newly-discovered country 
should be called America. The claim was conceded, and 
the name will doubtless so remain to the end of time. 

10. The Voyages of the Cabots. — It is a striking fact 
that the three navigators whose names are forever associated 
with the discovery of America were Italians. John Cal^ot. 
a A'enetian, sailed v/estward from Bristol, England, in the 
spring of 1407. in search of a northern passage to China. 
Instead of finding what he sought, he found the continent of 
North America. The first land he saw is believed to have 
been Cape Breton Island, at the mouth of the St. Lav/rence. 
It was a grand discovery, and the claim of England to the 



.s'r'/voo/. liisro/n or nii: i \it!:d stati:s. 21 

coiUinc'iil was based u])oii it. The follcjwing' vcar, Sebaslian, 
the SUV. of John, sailetl in his father's traek, and explored the 
coast from Nova Scotia as far south as Cape Hatteras. It 
should be remembered that after all this was done, no one 
Ijelieved the truth, that America was a continent, l)Ut all 
thought it a part of the mainland of Asia. 

Questions. — i. What is .said about the relics left by the mour-'^l 
Iniilders? What is the most reasonable belief regarding tho.ic 
people? 

2. Where iHd llie American Indians come from? What is di.- 
most reasonalde llieory? What of tlieir general resemlilance? De- 
scri'De the appearance of the IiuHans; tlicir character. Are they in- 
creasing or diminishing in nnmher? 

,?. What can yon tell -djont the Northmen? What of Naddod? 
Of the settlement of Icelantl? ()f Greenland? Of Lief the Lucky? 
Of the visits of other Nordimen? Of the final result? What was 
known of the New World? 

4. What do you know al)Oul the birth and youth of Columbus? 
Flow were the treasures Ijrought from India? What were the views 
of Cohunbus? Why did he not set out at once on his voyage of dis- 
covery? Wliat had been done Ijy Prince Henry the Navigator? 
What of the visit of Columbus to Portugal? What mean act w?s 
committed by the king? What did Cohimhus do? Show his im- 
poverished condition. I low was he treated in Spain? What Vv'as 
(Mie obstacle in the way of his sticcess? Relate wdiat followed. 

5. What delayed the starting of the expedition? Describe the 
lleet. When did it sail? Where was the iirst stopping place? What 
frightened the sailors? How did Colnml)us calm their fears? What 
about ihe compass? What fact could not l>c liidden? What did the 
men ])lot lo do? Hovv did Columlnis prevent their mutiny? What 
convinced them at last that they were approacliing land? Describe 
what Columbus saw that night. 

6. Give the particulars of the discovery of land. When did it take 
place? Describe the landing of Columbus. Where is it believed 
this took place? What of the name "'Indians?" 

7. Describe the return of Columbus. How was he received? Wiiat 
of his discovery? 

8. Describe the second expedition of Columbus; the visit to Hayti; 



22 SCHOOL iiTSTonr of the fxtted states. 

the results of llic second expedition; tlie attempts of Columbus at 
C-, Ionization. Wiiy did he fail? What outrage did he suffer? What 
of his fourth voyage? His return to Spain? His death? 

9- State how America came to receive its name. 

10. What about the nationaHty of the three navigators associated 
in the discovery of America? Describe the voyage of John Cabot; 
of Sebastian Cabot. What belief still prevailed? 



CHAPTER II. 

SPANISH EXPLORATIONS. 

11. The First Circumnavigation of the Qlobe. — In 151Q, 
Ferdinand Magellan, a Spaniard, sailed along the eastern 
coast of South America to the strait named in his honor, 
passed through it and entered ttpon the vast Pacific, which 
received its name from him. Dottbling the Cape of Good 
Hope, after the death of Magellan, and the loss of several of 
his shi])s, one vessel reached Spain, after an absence of 
abotit two vears. This was the first circumnavigation of the 
globe, and ])rove(l that Columlnis had discovered a new 
world, instead of the eastern coast of Asia. 

12. Discovery of the Pacific Ocean Although the Pa- 
cific ocean received its name from Magellan, it had been dis- 
covered several years before his memorable voyage. \ asco 
Nunez de lUilboa (vas'co noon'yeth d;i bald:)0'ah), a lawless 
Spanish navigator, was attached to a vessel which was 
wrecked on the coast of Darien. Balboa led the crew 
throtigh many perils to ati Indian village, thus saving them 
from starvation. A native told the adventurers that six days' 
travel to the westward lav another immense sea, beyond 
which was a country abounding with gold. The prospect of 
obtaining the precious metal caused the Spaniards to push 
eagerly into the interior. In the month of September, 1513, 
they reached the base of a high mountain, from the top of 



SCHOOL iiis'iOh'] oi T.n: i\rri:n states. 23 

which iheir hidian j^'uicK' \uh\ tlirm the ^rcal sea cuukl l)c 
seen. J'-ahjoa ordered his nierj to wait while he climl)ed U) 
the summit alone. 

The tired explorers did as instructed, and watched their 
leader as he laboriously toiled to the sunmiit. They saw 
liini halt, o:aze fixedl\- to the westward for several minutes 
and then drop on his knees. Then he turned, and, in excite- 
ment, beckoned to them to join him. \\ hen they did so, all 
looked out on the Pacific, the mightiest ocean of the globe. 
This discovery led to the con((uest of Mexico and Peru and 
the colonization of the western coast of our country. In the 
Southwest many evidences still exist of tlie visits of the 
Spaniards during the hrst half of the sixteenth century. In 
the city of Santa Fe (fa), New Mexico, stands an adobe 
fa-do'ba) building, that is, one made of sun-dried bricks, 
wliich was erected in 1542. 

13 Discovery of Florida — In 1512, Ponce de Leon (pon' 
tha da la-on'), who was wiih Columbus on his second voyage, 
heard of a wonderful land, north of Cuba, where tliere was a 
spring whose waters would make a person young again. He 
set out in search of the land, and discovered it on Easter Sun- 
day, 1513. He did not find the fountain of eternal youth, 
and was killed by Indians, in 1 521, wliile tr\ ing to form a 
settlement at some unknown ])oint in Florida. 

«4. De Narvaez Expedition,— In 1528, Pamphilo de Nar- 
vaez (i)am'fee-lo da narva'cth), with four ships and a brigan- 
tine, 400 men and about 100 horses, landed near 1'am]ia Bay, 
in I'dorida and made preparations to march into the uUerior. 
Their brutality to the Indians caused the ruin of the expedi- 
tion. The natives fouglit theiu at every step, and they w-ere 
finally forced to return to the seacoast. There they man- 
aged to construct a number of boats, in wliich they embarked 
for Mexico. They were wrecked and driven on the coast, 
where the Indians made prisoners of the survivors. At last. 



24 sirnoof. i/r STORY of the r\iTi:i) state >^. 

(jiih four niiscrahle l)einj:?s were left. These gTaduall) 
worked their way through Texas and Sonora to Cahfornia, 
where they were eared for by tlieir countrymen. 

15, De Soto's Expedition. — Hernando de Soto sailed 
from Spain in 1 538 with an expedition consisting of nine ves- 
sels and nearly a thousantl men, among whom were a num- 
ber of priests and mechanics. They took with them several 
hundred horses, many hogs and a score of trained blood- 
hcjunds. This expedition landed at Tampa Bay, May 18, 
1539. Its experience was similar to that of Narvaez. The 
men suffered from the hostility of the Indians, and were often 
reduced to the verge of starvation. When they reached the 
point where Narvaez had turned back, they asked De wSoto 
to do the same, but he refused. 

Like all his predecessors, De Soto and his party looked 
upon the Indians as onl}- fit to l)e shot down and killed in 
cold l)lood. The most cruel outrages were inflicted u])on 
the natives, who made the explorers pay dearly for their 
wickedness. At Mavila, from which the name of the city 
and bay of Mobile is taken, De Soto massacred more than 
2000 indians, his own loss being considerable. In the spring 
and summer of 1541, the explorers wound their way across 
the present State of Mississippi and thus discovered the 
Father of Waters. 

The precise course taken by De Soto is not known. No 
doubt he reached the site of Little Rock, in Arkansas. Dur- 
ing the three years of wandering the expedition lost one- 
third of its number and nearly all its property. Finally, De 
Soto became disheartened, and, in the spring of 1542, turned 
about and started for the sea. The leader w^as worn out by 
suffering and hardship, and one day lay down, knowing he 
would never rise again. Calling his men around him, he 
begged their forgiveness for any wrong he had done them, 
bade them good-bye, and died. This was May 21, 1542. 



SCHOOL iiisToh'Y or Till-: I \fTi:n stmi.'s. lt, 

De Solo had made liic i^i^noranl iiali\cs hclicvc he could 
never die. His survivors wtrr aliaid llial if the luihaus 
learned the truth tliey would laU upun and massacre aU the 
rest. So the\ kejit his death a secret. Late at night tlie 
body was placed in a boat, which was silently rowed out on 
the. river. The blanket wraj^ped about it was heavily 
weiglited before it was lified over the gunwale. It instantb' 
sank out of sight. Iduis the man who discovered the Mis- 
sissippi found his grave in it. 

The expedition, left without its head, went to pieces. 
r>uilding a number of brigantines, the men spent nearly 
tln-ee weeks floating down the river and continually fighting 
with the Indians. Tn Julw 1543, the renniant reached the 
mouth of the Mississippi. Cruising along tlie coast of 
Louisiana and ITwas, thev at last found a colony of their 
countrymen, wh.ere they received the care which all soreh- 
needed. 

16. Founding of St. Augustine — Pedro Menendez (ma- 
nen' deth), a cruel and fanatical Spaniard, with an expedition 
numbering 1500 men, arrived off the mouth of the St. John's, 
in Florida. There he saw the ships of Ribaut carrying the 
flag of France. He attacked them late that night and drove 
most of them to sea. Tlie others, being at the mouth of the 
river, Menendez could not land. He, therefore, went back 
to the fine harbor which lie had discovered, and began the 
town of .St. Augustine (1565). This is the oldest settlement 
in the L'nited States. 



Questions, — 11. Describe the first circumnavigation of the globe. 

12. Give the particuhirs of the discovery of the Pacitic ocean. To 
what did this discovery lead? What evidences remain of the early 
visits of the Spaniards? 

1,3. Describe Ponce de Leon's visit to Florida. 

14. What can you tell about the expedition of De Narvaez? Whal 
of the troubles of his men with the Indians? What followed? 




A Narrow Street, St. Augustine, Fla. 

Old City Gates, St. Augustiius Fla. 

Oldest House in the United States, Sante Fe, New Mexico. 

Old House in St. Augustine, Fla. 



SCHOOL iiisToL'V or 'I'm: imted siwtf.s. 27 

15. What of De Soto's (.'xpeditioii? W'licii did il land ai 'rani])a 
Bay? What was its experience? How were the Indians treated? 
What occurred at Mavila? Relate how the Mississippi was discov- 
ered. What is said of the course taken by De Soto? Of his doatli? 
Of his burial? Give the subsequent history of the expedition. 

i6.' Give the particulars of the fonndinp: of St. Auiitistine. 



CHAPTER III. 
FRENCH EXPLORATIONS. 

17. Verrazani's Expedition. — Although Sijaiii today is 
but a secoiul-rate power, slic was the most ini])ortaut uiari- 
time nation at the time of and for a l<Mig' period after the dis- 
covery of America. Tliere was a strong rivalry between her 
and France. In 1524, France sent out a fleet of four vessels, 
under the command of Verrazani (za'ni), who, like Colum- 
bus, was a native of Italy. Two months later, with l)ut a 
single ship left, he reached the mainland of yVmerica. His 
account of his voyage is so vague that it is uncertain what 
])ortions of the country he saw. It is claimed that he first 
sighted the shore of North Carolina, and, coasting north- 
ward, entered the bay of Xew York, and continued u]) tlie 
New England coast. He gave the name of "New h'rance" 
to the countries which he visited. X'errazani seems to have 
been the first navigator who gained a correct idea of the size 
of the globe. 

18. Cartier — In the spring of 1534. Jacques Cartier (kar- 
tva'), a skillful navigator, sailecl from France with two ships, 
with crews of sixty-one men. He entered the mi)utli of the 
St. Lawrence. The shores of New Foundland looked so 
desolate that he expressed the belief that it w^as the land to 
which God had banislied Cain. He took possession of the 
country, however, in the name of France, and returned home 
after an absence of only five months. 



28 f^CHOOJ, JIfsrORY OF THE FXTTED l^TATEi^. 

Cartier was sent out with anotlier expedition the followinj:^ 
spring This time he had three ships, and anchored in the 
month of the St. Lawrence, on the loth of Angnst, 1535. 
Leisurely ascending the river, he anchored off the site of 
Quebec. The Lidians treated him kmdly, and told him of 
another town, further up the river. He sailed thither, and 
passed the winter there. The city of Montreal stands near 
the spot. Cartier's attempts to found a colony were failures, 
but his discovery gave France a valid claim to the immense 
region wdiich she upheld for more than a htmdred years. 

19. Ribaut. — Having failed to plant colonies in the north, 
France now directed her efforts toward settling the south. 
In February, 1 562, Captain John Ribaut (re-bo') sailed from 
Havre with two ships. He was sent out by Lord Admiral 
Coligny, leader of the Huguenots, who were so much perse- 
cuted in P>ance that they sought a home in the New World. 
Florida was sighted on the last day of April. Coasting 
northward, he entered the mouth of the St. John. The In- 
flians showed marked friendship, and the visitors were 
charmed with the country. Ribaut took possession in the 
name of h^rance, and continued nortliward, giving French 
names to the various rivers discovered. In the latter part of 
May, he dropped anchor in the fine harbor of Port Royal. 
There he decided to plant a settlement. 

The men were so pleased tliat all vvished to stav. The 
leader, however, selected thirty and left them behind, while 
he sailed for hrance. The settlers set to work with ardor 
and built a strong fort on an island in Archer s creek, about 
six miles from the present site of Beaufort. Before long, 
they grew discontented and homesick. They quarreled 
among themselves, and finally rigged up a worthless boat, in 
which they set sail for France. When all were at the point 
of death, they were picked up by an English vessel, wdiich 



SCHOOL Hf^TOh'Y OF THE VXITED HTATE^. 21) 

carried the feeblest to I'^ance and took the others as pris- 
oners to England. 

20. Laudonniere. --When Ribaut reached France, civil 
war was raging" and it was impossible for him to retnrn. In 
April, 1564. Admiral Coligny sent out three ships to repeat 
the attempts at colonization. They were under the com- 
mand of Captain Laudonniere (lo-do' ne-er), who was a 
member of the iormt.'r expedition. He picked out a spot, 
now known as St. joim's Bluff, where he began building- a 
fort. The Indians helped and did all they could to prove 
their good will. The fair prospects were soon blotted by 
the greed of the colonists. The men became dissatisfied 
with Laudonniere, who had to use harsh measures in self- 
defense. Some of the men stole two small vessels and 
started for the West Indies on a piratical expedition. Lau- 
donniere caused two larger vessels to be made read}' in 
which to pursue them. Before the start could Ijc maile, 
other malcontents stole them and followed their companions. 
The Spaniards captured three of the buccaneers, while the 
pilot of the fourth (who had been pressed into service) steered 
the vessel back to the colon)- before the pirates knew what he 
was doing. Latidonniere made them all prisoners and 
hanged the ringleaders. 

When ruin and destruction seemed inevitable, Ribaut ar- 
rived with seven ships and an al:)undance of sup]dies. This 
caused rejoicing, despite the misfortune and suffering al- 
ready undergone. But the most overwhelming disaster of 
all was at hand. 

It w^as at this juncture that the ferociotis Menendez 'd\)- 
peared with his powerful fleet and attacked the French ships. 
Three of the latter were up the river, and the other four were 
no match for the Spaniards. They put to sea, and by su- 
perior sailing escaped. Ribaut. learning that Menendez liad 
landed men and simphcs further south, prepared to attack 



30 SCHOOL HIHTORY OF THE UXITIJD ^'^TATES. 

them. A violent storm, however, scattered his vessels. By 
a forced march through swamps and a driving tempest, Men- 
endez descended upon the almost unprotected fort, which 
was completely surprised. The garrison, including the 
women and children, were massacred. Shortly after, when 
another force of French surrendered, they were also put to 
death. 

21. Champlain. — Samuel de Champlain (sham-plane') 
now became the leading figure in French exploration. Leav- 
ing the banks of the St. LawTence, at the beginning of the 
seventeenth century, he discovered the lake named in his 
honor. His maps and accounts added greatly to the knowl- 
edge of the country. He joined De Monts (mong) and 
founded the colony of Port Royal, in Nova Scotia, in 1605. 
This settlement, now known as Annapolis, was the first per- 
manent French colony planted in America. Champlain 
founded Quebec in 1608. 

22. La Salle. — The greatest of all French explorers was 
Cavalier La Salle (leh sal'). When he first came to Canada, 
in 1666, he was hardly twentx-three years old. He was a 
born explorer, and soon started on an expedition westward. 
In the country of the Seneca Lidians he fell ill, and was 
obliged to part from his companions, near the head of Lake 
Ontario. He soon recovered and set out again. He made 
his way to the Ohio river, down which he descended to the 
falls opposite Louisville. Upon his visit to France, he was 
made a nobleman and appointed governor of the country 
around Fort Frontenac, which he had built on the shore 
of Lake Ontario. He replaced the building with a much 
stronger one, and soon had four small vessels on the lake 
and a thriving trade with the Lidians. 

Li the month of August. 1679, La Salle launched, at the 
port of Niagara, a small vessel, which he named the Griff en. 
In this he and his crew sailed the length of Lake Erie and 



SCHOOL HLSTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 3] 

then across Lakes St. Clair, Huron and Michig-an to Green 
Bay. There he sent back the Griff en for supphes and crossed 
the lake in canoes to the mouth of the St. Joseph, where he 
built a fort. His next visit was to the Indian villages of the 
Illinois country, where he made treaties with the red men. 
In 1680, he built a fort near the present site of Peoria. Send- 
ing Father Hennepin to visit the country to the northward, 
La Salle made the entire journey on foot and alone to Fort 
Frontenac, hundreds of miles distant. There he learned 
that the Griff en was lost. On his return with a new party to 
the fort planted near Erie he found it had been broken up by 
the Indians, and all the white men were gone. He made 
his way to the mouth of the Mississippi, where he set up a 
colunni with the French arms, and claimed the country for 
his king". 

La Salle found himself in high favor when he once more 
visited France. His proposal to concpter the rich mining 
country in the Southwest was accepted by the king, who 
made him commandant of the country. His expedition con- 
sisted of four ships and nearly 300 persons. They were 
worthless fellows, however, and the naval officer in connnand 
had no friendship for La Salle. The two cfuarreled and there 
was much wrangling among the others. The ships ])assed 
the mouth of the Mississippi for a considerable distance be- 
fore La Salle discovered the mistake. When he appealed 
to the naval commander to return, he refused, and the ves- 
sels anchored ofif Matagorda Ray. Then the officer de- 
clared he must go after supplies, and, sailing away, left La 
Salle with one small vessel, which had been presented to him 
by the king. 

La Salle built a fort and began cultivating the soil. The 
Indians were hostile, and killed a number of the men. ( )thers 
died from disease, until onlv forty were left alive. With a 



32 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

few companions, La Salle started for the Illinois country. 
He had not penetrated far, however, when the miscreants 
who were with him treacherously shot him to death (1687). 
The survivors were made prisoners by the Spanish, who had 
been sent to that part of the country to drive out the French. 

Questions — 17. What is said of Spain? Of France? Give an ac- 
count of Verrazani's expedition. 

18. Describe Cartier's first expedition. His second. What of his 
attempts to found colonies? What did he accomplish for France? 

19. Give an account of Ribaut's expedition. What of the Indians? 
What was done by Ribaut? Give a histor}' of the colonists left be- 
hind. 

JO. What of Ribaut's visit to France? What of the ne.xt expedi- 
tion? Give a history of it. What of Ribaut's return? Give an ac- 
count of the doings of Menendez. 

21. What of Champlain? What of him and De Monts? Of Que- 
bec? 

22. What is said of La Salle? What happened to him in the coun- 
try of the Seneca Indians? What followed? How was he honored 
on his return to France? What did he do? Give a history of the 
Griffen. What was La Salle's next step? What of his journey to 
Fort Frontenac? What of the Griffen? What did he next do? 
What grand scheme did lie form on liis visit to France? What is 
said of the naval commaufler and his companions? Give an account 
of what followed. 



CHAPTER IV. 

ENGLISH .AND DUTCH EXPLORATIONS. 

23. Sir Hugh Willoughby. — Sir Htigh Willoughby left 
London with three ships in May, 1553. He was in search of 
a short passage to India, and sailed eastward. For two 
■/cars nothing was heard of him. Then some Russian fisher- 
men, in a Lapland harbor, saw two ships drifting helplessly 



SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 33 

in the ice. Going" aboard, tlicv found the body of Sir Hugh 
Willoughby, seated at a table in the cabin, with his journal 
o[)en and a pen grasped in his rigid fingers. He had been 
frozen to death months before. The bodies of the crews 
were scattered around, everyone dead from the terrible cold. 
The third ship reached Archangel, and the captain and crew 
made their way overland to Moscow. This visit was the 
means of opening a new channel of trade. 

24. Frobisher — In 1576. Martin FrolMsher sailed with 
three small vessels in (juest of the elusive western passage. 
He tried it three times, on one of his voyages entering the 
strait named for him. He believed Cumberland Island to be 
a part of the mainland of Asia. The result of his voyages 
was unimportant, for the regions visited are practically value- 
less to the world. 

25. Sir Humphrey Gilbert — Sir Humphrey Gilbert 
sailed for America in charge of an important expedition in 
June, 1583. With every prospect of high success, the enter- 
prise was marked by the most tragic disaster. They had 
hardly set sail when his largest vessel deserted and went back- 
home. The men were unprincipled, and became nuitinous. 
At Newfoundland, ( Gilbert had to send home one of his four 
vessels with the sick and most of the relKdlious members of 
his crews. In a tempest, the largest of his three remaining 
vessels was wrecked and all. except fifteen, were drowned. 
The smallest boat, in which Sir Hum])hrey took passage, 
foundered at sea in a storm and went down with all on board. 

26. Sir Walter Raleigh — Sir Walter Raleigh was a half- 
brother of Gill)ert and a favorite at the court of Queen Eliza- 
beth. He was much im])resscd 1)\- the views of his relative, 
and did his utmost to carry them cnit. He sent out two well- 
manned vessels in April, 1584, to find the best place for a 
colony. They carried back such a glowing report that Ral- 




Deal I) i.ii (..I'liLTul 



(jaebi.-i- >■ 



.11 Wiiiii'ii. liuiiliLT JLll. 



SCIIOOI. IflSTtfRY OF THE I MTEU STATES. 3.") 

eigh was knig'hU'd and allowed to name the new country \ ir- 
i;inia, in honor of the virg'in Oueen l{lizal)etli. 

In liie s])rins4- of 1585, a larj^e and well-e(|ui|)|)e(l ex])edi- 
tion sailed for the new eountr\ . A fort was built on Roa- 
noke Island, but troubles with the Indians were continuous 
from the lirst, and the settlers i^ave their wlujle attention to 
the search for .^'old. They w(ndd have perished but for the 
timely arrival of Sir h'rancis Drake, who took them back' to 
England. It was on this visit that the Kn!L;iishmen learned 
the use of tobacco from tlie Indians and introduced it into 
England. Sir Walter Raleigh became fond of it. I'he 
story is familiar to all of his servant, who, seeing his master 
smoking a pipe, thought he was on fire, and in great alarm 
dashed water over him to put out the flames. 

Besides tobacco, the Englishmen learned the value of 
maize, or Indian corn, the potato and sassafras. These were 
far more useful than tobacco, and attracted much attention 
and favor in I'Jigland. Man}- million dollars' worth of corn 
and potatoes are raised annuall\ in the different countries of 
Europe. 

In 1587, Raleigh sent otit another colony of 150 men and 
women. rhe\' were under charge of John White, and (|uar- 
reled continually. While halting at Roanoke, the daughter 
of (lovernor White, the wife of Ananias Dare, had a daughter 
born to her. She was named N'irginia, and was the first 
child of English parentage born wilhm the ])rcsent territory 
of the I'nited States, (governor Wdiite sailed for England 
for help, but owing to troubles in that countr\-, was unable 
to return to America for three years. WMien he did so, to his 
dismay he could not find an\- member of the colon\- he had left 
behind. There were abundant signs of where the\' had been, 
but no trace of a li\'ing person appeared. Sir Weaker Ral- 
eigh sent several expeditions to clear up the mystery, but 



3(; SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

none succeeded. Years afterward evidence came to light 
that left httle doubt that nearly everyone of the settlers had 
been massacred by the Indians. For ten or fifteen years the 
English explorers continued to visit portions of the New 
England coast, but no serious attempts at settlement were 
made. 

27. Henry Hudson. — Holland was one of the leading 
maritime nations, but for a time showed little interest in the 
New World. She seemed to be content to let others 
scramble for possessions on tliis side of the Atlantic. A 
company of English merchants, at the beginning of the sev- 
enteenth century sent out Henry Hudson, an English sailor, 
in quest of a northwest passage. His crew consisted of only 
eleven men, among whom was his son. He plowed his way 
through the icefields along the eastern coast of Greenland 
until past the 80th degree of latitude. This was further than 
anyone had ever gone before. The enormous masses of ice 
blocked further passage and he was forced to turn back. A 
second attempt failed the following year, and the English 
merchants declined any more expense in wdiat certainly was 
a useless efifort. 

Hudson was so skillful a navigator that his services were 
sought by the Dutch East India Company. They fitted out 
a small vessel for him, called the Half Moon, and instructed 
him to sail to the northeast instead of the northwest. He did 
as directed, but the icebergs compelled him to disobey his 
orders and to turn to the west. When he sighted Cape Cod, 
he called it New Holland, not knowing that it had been 
named before by Champlain. Reaching Chesapeake Bay, 
he learned that a company of English settlers were ahead of 
him, and he turned northward. He entered Delaware Bay, 
but the water was too shallow to please him, and he steered 
northward. September 3. 1600, he dropped anchor opposite 
Sandy Elook. 



sciiaof. iiisToh'V OF THE I xrrEi) states. n? 

For ten days the IJalf Moon continued sailini^- up the beau- 
tiful Hudson, tlie navigator and his crew dehghted with the 
scenery. The Indians peeped out from the wooded shores 
with the same leehng of wonder that stirred the natives wlien 
they lirst looked upon the caravels of Columl)us. The Half 
Maoii ascended to the present site of All)any, and then, de- 
scending the river, sailed to Dartmouth, England, whence 
Hudson sent an account of his discovery to Holland. That 
country at once claimed sovereignty over the new territories 
tints opened to them, a claim that was just and which no 
other nation could dispute. 

The discovery added to tlie fame of Hudson, and he was 
once more sent in search of the northw^est passage. He en- 
tered tlie bav and strait named in liis honor and spent a winter 
in those dismal regions. His crew mutinied in the spring, 
and sent him and his son and a number of others adrift in an 
open boat. Thus they ]:»erished. 

Questions. — 23. Give the history of Sir Hugh Willoughby's expe- 
dition. 

24. Describe the expedition of Martin Frobisher. 

25. What is said of Sir Humphrey Gilbert? Give the particulars 
of his voyage. 

26. Who was Sir Walter Raleigh? What did he do? What was 
the result? What of the next expedition? What is said about to- 
bacco? Relate the anecdote concerning Sir Walter Raleigh. Of 
what else did Englishmen learn the value? What is said of corn and 
potatoes? What was done in 1587? Who was Virginia Dare? What 
was done by Governor WHiite? Tell what you know of the lost col- 
ony. What is said of other English explorers? 

27. What is said of Holland? Describe Henry Hudson's atteinpts 
to find a northwest passage. What of the Dutch East India Com- 
pany? Describe the voyage of the Ha// Moon until it anchored off 
Sandy Hook. Describe its voyage up the Hudson river. What was 
next done by Henry Hudson? State what you know of his last voy- 
age and death. 



8S sciKxn. iiisToin or nil': imteh states. 

BLACKBOARD AND SLATE EXERCISES. 
{Model.) 

Discoveries and explorations b}- llie Northmen: 

1. Naddod in 860. 

2. Lcif the Luckv in 1000. 



Under the Spanisl: Flag: 
I. 



Under the English Flag: 
I. 
2. 
3 
4 
5 
6 



Under the French Flag: 
I. 
2. 
3 
4 
S 
6 



Under the Dntch Flag: 
1. 



s('if()OL in STORY or nil: r sited stati:s. no 

CHRONOLOGICAL SUMAL\RY OF EVENTS. 

A. D. I'.i.W 

860. Naddod the Northman visited Iceland iJ 

1000. Lief the Lncky landed at Newfoundland and coasted along- 
New England 1 ,^ 

492. Columbiis discovered America, October u iS 

493. Columbus sailed on his second expedition, Septem])er 25. . i(j 
497. Amerigo Vespucci probably discovered the continent of 

America -o 

497. John Cabot discovered Labrador 20 

498. The Cabots explored the Atlantic coast 21 

498. Columbus discovered South America 19 

506. Columbus died. May 20 20 

512. Ponce de Leon discovered Florida, March 2j 23 

513. Balboa discovered the Pacific ocean, September 26 2;^ 

519-1520. One of Magellan's ships circumnavigated the globe. , 22 

524. Verrazani explored the coast of North America 27 

528. Narvaez explored a part of the coast of North America. ... 2,^ 

535. Cartier ascended the St. Lawrence 27 

541. De Soto, discovered the Afississippi 24 

553 Sir Hugh Willoughby set out on his ill-fated expedition.. . 32 
562. Ribaut i)lanted a Huguenot colony at Port R(^y;l 28 

564. Laudonniere attempted to plant a Huguenot colony on St. 

John river -9 

565. St. Augustine founded by the Spaniards 2^ 

576. Frobisher visited the arctic coast of America 3,^ 

583. Sir Humphrey Gilbert failed to plant a colony in .\merica. 33 

584. Sir Walter Raleigh sent out on his first expeilition 3,^ 

585. Sir Walter Raleigh sent out on his second expedition 35 

587. Sir Walter Raleigh sent out on his third expedi!io!i 35 

605. Port Royal. Nova .Scotia, founded by Champlain and De 

Monts 30 

608. Champlain founded Que!)ec 30 

609. Henry Hudson discovered the Hudson river 36 

1673-1687. La Salle made several expeditions threuigh interior 

America 30 



40 sriiooi. HJ.<T()h'Y (>/• ////; ( \iTt:i) si [Ti-.'s. 



P\RT 11. 

Settlement and Growth (1607-1763.) 

CHAPTRR \\ 
SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA. 

I. Founding: of Jamestown — \\ o have learned that St. 
Auiiustinc. louiuleU by the Spaniards in 15O5. is the oldest 
town in the United States. The part whieh it has played 
in our historv. however, has been of Httle account. England 
is our "mother country." and the impress received from her 
is far beyond that of all other nations combined. In 1606. 
James I. who was then on the throne of England, gave to a 
number of gentlemen all that part of America lying between 
the thirty-fourth and thiity-eighth parallels of latitude, which 
received the name of Virginia. The writing which convex eil 
this land was called a patent or charter. The Englishmen 
to whom the patent was granted were known as the London 
Company. They sent out three vessels, which carried 105 
men, but no women or children. 

When the vessels entered the mouth of a broatl. smooth 
river, they named it James, in honor of the king. It was the 
month of May. The sky was bright and the air soft and 
balmy. On the shores, brilliant with fragrant flowers, the 
wondering Indians peeped out at the ships, as did the natives 
more than a hundred years before at the caravels of Cohun- 
bus. To the wearied pioneers the fifty miles sail up the 
James was the most delightful they had ever known. 



sciioiH. iiis'i'ni,') or Tin: i \iri:it s'r\'ri:s. ii 



A laiidiiio was made i\la\ J^i,, 1007, and I lie lii st I'.ii^lisli 
sclllciiiciil ill America lic^iiii. Il was iiaiiicd |aiii(sli<vvii, 
also ill honor ol llic kiiii; who ha<l j^ivcii Ihciii the land. 
I'",vcr\ ihiiiL; |)roiiiis<(| wcN, and the settlers were in lii;.;li 
spirits. I '.lit I roil hie soon cai lie. I 'i oncers in a new conni iv 
always have a hard time. I he chaiit^e of snrioiiiidiiii;s, the 
dillereiit modes ol living; and the disapiioini nieiils hriii!^ 
hardships and siirierin^s. Instead of tilling the L^roiiml, the 
settlers spent most of tJieir lime in Imntini; for ,i;old, which 
the\ helicvcd ahoiinded all aioimd iheiii. 

.SiK h ;i coiirse was sure lo l.riiiL; disaster. The i)rovisions 
L;'ave oiii, si(d<iiess came, imt i I a1 last all were in despair. The 
"icii at the head of affairs were weak aiul nearlv everyone 
loii^id to '^o hat k to [''.upland. W hen matters were as bad 
as fhe\' could he, the pe<,plc elected ( aplaili John SmJlli, onc 
"I their mnnher, president or ruler. 

2. Captain John Smith. 'I his man had lived the life of 
an adventurer in different parts of the world, and had shown 
,L;reat personal conra.^'e, powers of endurance and real ahilit \-. 
lie was hrave, strong;-, and took llie rii^lit course with the 
i-olonists. 1 le made a rule thai no man should eat who did 
not work. I le set the e\;imple, and matters he^-an to mend. 

( aptain .Smith, with ;i mnnher of c()mpaiiions, sailed up 
ni.any of the streams which How into ( hesapeake \'>:[\. The 
people were ill sore iieeil of food, ;ind .Smith took the ri^lit 
course to i^-ei it. Me treated the Indians kindly and i^-avc 
llieui many presents, 'fhe re(| nieii were delio-hted, and in 
Inrn let him have many hnshels of corn, wliicdi were divided 
aniono- the starviu.i;- settlers. 

< )n an expedition up the jaiiics, ostensil)l\- to find a pas- 
s-d^c tlirou,<.;h to the Western ocean, hut reallv lo explore the 
country and seek: adventure, .Smith was captured near the 
present site- of Richmond h\ the Indians, carried bel'ore Chief 
Opecancaiiouf,'-|i. and was about to be i)uf to death when he 



42 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UXITED 8TATES. 

excited the interest and wonder of the Indians by exhibiting 
a small pocket compass. This saved his life for the time, 
and he was carried before Powhatan, a sort of emperor, who 
reigned over the country from the falls of the James to the 
present county of Gloucester. Powhatan had a seat near the 
l)resent site of Richmond, and his "chief place of council" at 
Werowocomoco, on Fork river in Gloucester, about twenty- 
five miles l^elow the present West Point, and it was to the 
latter that Smith was carried. 

He was kindly treated at first, but his death had l)ecn de- 
cided on, and they were about to execute the sentence by 
placing his head on a stone in front of Powhatan, and raising 
clul)s to l^eat out his brains, when Pocahontas, the favorite 
daughter of Powhatan, interposed and saved him by taking 
his head in her arms and interceding with her father for his 
life. Her re([uest was granted, .Smith found great favor with 
Powhatan, and remained with him until early the next Janu- 
ary (1608), when he was allowed to return, under escort, to 
Jamestown. 

Here he found great confusion and a conspiracy of Rat- 
clifife, Wingfield and others to return to England on the 
pinnace, which they had again seized. He put down the 
conspirators with a strong hand, and was devising means of 
saving the colony from starvation, when Pocahontas came 
at the head of a large band of Indians, bearing corn and veni- 
son. This she repeated again and again, as the necessities 
of tlie colony demanded, and she was called bv them "the 
dear and blessed Pocahontas." 

Captain Smith was elected president by the people — -tJie 
first instance in American Jiistory wJiere the people eJiosc 
their oii'n ruler, and for nearly two years served with great 
ability, firmness and success. Indeed, he has been justly 
called the sa7'i(uir of tJie J^ir<^inia colony. P>ut he was, unfor- 
tunately, so badly injured by the premature explosion of 



SCHOOL iiisToh'Y or Tin: i .\iti:i> stati:s. v.] 

{gunpowder thai he was obhgcd to go to iLnglaiul for mccHcal 
treatment, and never returned to Virginia, though he after- 
wards made several voyages to the northern coast and gave 
its name to Xca' EnglaiuL He cUed in England in 1631. His 
"General History" and other writings did much to call atten- 
tion to X'irginia and induce immigrants to go thither. 

The attacks made upon him at the time hv his enemies, 
and re])catcd by certain modern critics, have really no sub- 
stantial foundation, and Captain John Smith is unquestion- 
ai)ly the central figure in that period of \'irginia colonization. 

3. "The Starving Time." — The settlers suffered more 
than ever after Captain Smith left them. At the end of six 
months only sixty were left alive out of nearly 500. Some 
had been killed by Indians, but most of them died from dis- 
ease and famine. The winter of 1609-10 is know'n in history 
as the "Starving Time." The few that lived were sure they 
too would die unless they could get back to England. 

So all the despairing settlers went on board one of the 
ships and started to cross the ocean. At the mouth of the 
river, however, they met a vessel loaded with supplies and 
emigrants, imder charge of Lord Delaware, their new gov- 
ernor. The pioneers willinglv returned with their friends 
to Jamestown. By and l)y, other settlers came, and the 
colony prospered. 

4. The Third Charter. — The second charter, which was 
given to the London Company in 1609, did not work well, 
and a third one was granted in 1 61 2. This did away with 
the London Coimcil and allowed the stockholders to man- 
age their affairs as thev thought best. 

5. Pocahontas. — The daughter of Powhatan formed a 
strong friendship for the settlers, and she was a favorite with 
them. She often came to Jamestown, where all made her 
welcome. In 161 3 she married John Rolfe, and was bap- 
tized as a Christian in the little log church at lamestown. 



l^CHOOL UlSTOh'Y OF THE I'MTFA) STATES. 4.1 

Some years later she visited England with her husband and 
was received by the king and many noted people. She died 
when about to sail for America, leaving an infant son. Some 
of the leading families in X'irginia today are proud of their 
descent from Pocahontas. 

6. The Great Charter — Tlie London Company granted 
a "Great Charter" to \'irginia in 1618. This gave the set- 
tlers the right to help make their own laws. The first legis- 
lative body that ever met in this country was the House of 
Burgesses. It was called together by Governor Yeardley 
(yard'lc), July 30, 1619. 

7. Introduction of African Slavery — In August, 1619, 
a Dutcli ship sailed up the James and oiTered for sale to the 
colonists twenty negro slaves whom the captain had pur- 
chased from their cruel masters in Africa. At that time 
slavery was almost universal; there was no question of the 
right to buy and hold slaves, and the colonists did not hesi- 
tate to buy these, as thev could make them profitable in culti- 
vating tobacco. Ships of old England and of New England 
engaged in the slave trade, brought other slaves to \'irginia 
and to the other colonies, and African Slavery became estab- 
lished from New England to ( icorgia. 

Later on, discovering its evils, the \'irginia House of Bur- 
gesses and the authorities of the Georgia colony made re- 
peated petitions to the CroA\ n tor the abolition of slavery: 
but the interests of the slave traders of old and New England 
prevailed and these petitions were reftised. 

In the original draft of the Declaration of Independence 
one of the counts in the indictment which JefTerson drew 
against England was that she had forced African slavery upon 
the colonies, biit this clause was left out in deference to New 
England, as she was particeps criminis in the matter. And w^e 
will see further on that when the Constitution of 1787 was 
adopted the Slave Trade was perpetuated twenty years by the 



4() SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UMTED STATES. 

votes of New England against those of Virginia, Maryland 
and Delaware. 

8. Wars with the Indians. — Powhatan, the father of 
Pocahontas, was a true friend of the settlers as long as he 
Hved. W hen he died his brother became chief, and he was 
deposed quickly by Upecancanough, who laid his plans to 
kill all the whites. The attack of his warriors, March 22, 
1622, was so sudden that 400 people were killed in one day. 
In the war that followed, 4000 settlers were reduced to half 
that number, and the eighty settlements or plantations were 
all destro}'ed with the exception of eight. 

9. Virginia a Royal Province — King James did not like 
the way tlie London Compan}- ruled. So he took away their 
charter and granted a new one in 1624. The settlers had still 
the right to elect the members of the House of Burgesses, 
but the king appointed the council and their governor. Vir- 
ginia remained a ro}^al province until the Revolution. 

no. Prosperity. — The colony prospered. The white men. 
were quick to learn the value of tobacco, and raised a great 
deal of it. Large quantities were sent to England, where it 
gained favor. For a long time Virginia gave more attention 
to the cultivation of the weed than to 'anything else. The 
plantations lined the James for more than a hundred miles. 
A number of good women came over from England, and the 
colonists gladly paid 100 or 150 pounds of tobacco for a wife, 
that being the cost of their passage. 

II. The "Old Dominion."— The colony had continued to 
grow and prosper until in 1648 there were ten ships that 
traded with them regularly from London, two from Bristol, 
twelve from Holland and seven from New England, while 
the population had reached 20,000. Mrginia remained true 
to Charles I and the monarchy during the Civil War that 
resulted in beheading the king; and true, also, to Charles TT 
while he was an outlaw and fugitive. He sent from his court 



SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 47 

at Breda, in the Netherlands, a new connnission to (icjvernor 
Herkeley and an expression of his gratitude for the loyaky 
shown by Virginia. 

It was at this time that Charles elainied that X'irgiuia added 
a fifth country to his kingdom, making it consist of England, 
Scotland, h^rance, Ireland, and \'irginia, and devised, as an 
addition to the motto of the English coat of arms, "iin dat 
Virginia qiiiiifanr ("Lo! Virginia gives the fifth"). 

During- the I'ivil War in England and under "The Com- 
monwealth" of Cromwell, large numbers of the best families 
among the Royalists emigrated to \'irginia, where they were 
received with open arms and open houses by Governor 
Berkeley and the plantations generally, and thus originated 
the name "()/(/ Doinijiioii,'' which has been ever since applied 
to X'irginia. 

Cromwell was not disposed to be harsh towards \'irginia, 
but he could not be expected to tolerate her position, and, in 
1 65 1, Captain Dennis sailed up the James with what was 
supposed to be an ample force to reduce the colony to sub- 
jection. Berkeley prejxired a small but efficient force to 
make stout resistance; a number of Dutch ships which were 
lying in the river joined him, and the array was so formid- 
al)le that Dennis halted and began negotiations. These were 
in the highest degree favorable to the colony, her cherished 
freedom was secured, and A'irginia went on her way grow- 
ing and prospering. 

Sir William Berkeley retired to his plantations, wdiere he 
remained unmolested, and the General Assemlies elected as 
governors, Richard Bennett in 1653, Edward Digges in 1656 
and Samuel Matthew^s in 1658. On the death of Matthews, 
the General Assembly, by a decisive vote, March 13, 1660, 
elected as Governor again Sir William Berkeley, who 
c|uietlv accc]-)ted the office; and, when on the 29th day o) 
April of that year, Charles II ascended the throne of Eng- 



48 ^SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

land, Virginia was prepared, without confusion or tumult, 
to resume her old place of loyalty to the crown. 

13. Bacon's Rebellion — Sir William Berkeley, the gov- 
ernor, was a tyrant. He would not protect the settlers from 
the Indians, and did so many cruel things that the people, in 
1676, under the leadership of Nathaniel Bacon, rose in re- 
bellion against him. During the civil war which followed, 
Jamestown was burned to the ground and was never rebuilt. 
Today only a few ruins show where the first English settle- 
ment in America stood. Bacon was brave, able, elocjuent 
and the idol of the people. His rebellion may be appropri- 
ately called the first signs of the Revolution. He died just 
as he reached success, and the rebellion ended. Governor 
Berkeley punished without mercy those that had taken part 
against him. The king lost his patience and called him back 
to England. The governor who succeeded him was also a 
tyrant, but the colony continued to prosper. In 1650, Vir- 
ginia had a population of 30,000, and traded largely with 
England, Holland and the New England colonies. The 
earlier settlers were succeeded by a much better class of 
people, whose high character anfl untiring industry pro- 
moted the welfare of the colony. 

Questions. — i. What grant was made to the London Company by 
King James? What emigrants were sent out? Describe the ascent 
of the James river. The founding of Jamestown. The troubles tliat 
followed and their causes. 

2. What can you tell of Captain John Smith? Of his explorations? 
Of the story of his captivity among the Indians? Of his subsequent 
history? 

,i Give an account of the "Starving Time." 

4. Of the Third Charter. 

5. Of Pocahontas. 

6. What is said of the Great Charter? 

7. Tell how African slavery was introduced into this country. 

8. What is said of the wars with the Indians? 



SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 49 

9. Give the history of Virginia as a royal province. 

10. What is said of its prosperity? 

11. Virginia's prosperity and loyahy. Origin of the name "Old 
Dominion." Terms received from Cromwell. 

12. Describe Bacon's Rebellion. Its origin. Its results. 



CHAPTER VL 

SETTLEMENT OF NEW ENGLAND. 

13. Religious Persecution in t^ngiana. — During the sev- 
enteenth century, England persecuted many of her people 
whose views were not those of the Established Church of 
that country. To escape these persecutions, a number of 
families removed to other countries. They were called Pil- 
grims, because they wandered av/ay from home. They were 
so religious in their lives that they were also known as Puri- 
tans. 

14. Landing of the Pilgrims.— (Jne hundred and two 
Pilgrims, who did not like Holland, whither they had fled, 
decided to go to the New World. They sailed in the May- 
floi^'cr, and after a long and rough passage reached the coast 
of New England. They landed at Plymouth, Massachu- 
setts, December 21, 1620, in the midst of a driving snow- 
storm. 

The Puritans were hardy and industrious. They had fled 
'from persecution and were ready to face every trial before 
them. They had a hard time from the first. The weather 
was so severe that half the people died before spring. Once 
there were only seven well persons in the colony. Among 
those who died was John Carver, the first governor. 

15. Samoset and Massasoit — One day an Indian walked 
out of the woods and called, as he came up to the settlers: 
"Welcome, Englishmen!" The pleased colonists wondered 
where he had learned to Speak English. His name was 



50 aCHOOL HltiTORY OF THE UMTED STATES. 

Sam'o-sc't, and he liacl picked up a tew words ot our language 
from some fishermen on the coast of Maine. He was well 
treated, and soon after brought Mas'sa-';oit to visit the white 
people. Massasoit was chief of the VVampanoags. He 
made a treaty of peace with the settlers which was not broken 
for fifty years. 

i6. Canonicus. — The Narragansetts were a powerful tribe 
of Indians, not friendlv to the whites. Ca-non'i-cus, their 
chief, thought he would frighten the colonists by a declara- 
tion of war. He sent to (jovernor Bradford a bundle of ar- 
rows wrapped al)out with a rattlesnake's skin. The gov- 
ernor lost no time in filling the skin with i)owder and bullets 
and returning it. Canonicus knew what that meant, and de- 
cided to leave the white men alone. 

17. Prosperity. — The industry of the Pilgrims could not 
fail to bring good results, and after a time the settlers had 
corn to sell to the Indians. The MayHozccr went back to 
England in 1621, and the ship Fortune arrived soon after, 
with thirty-five colonists. Others followed, and, though 
there was sufifering at times, the colony prospered. In 1630, 
Governor Winthrop, with 300 families, founded Boston. 
Within the following ten years, Dorchester, Roxbury, Lynn 
and other towns were settled. 

18. Union of the Colonies. — The Massachusetts Bay 
Colony was separate from the Plymouth Colony. The for- 
mer was formed in 1628, and consisted of Salem and Charles- 
town. John Winthrop was the first governor. Between 
the vears 1630 and 1640, 20,000 people settled in Massachu- 
setts. The two colonies united in 1692, under the name of 
Massachusetts. 

19. Relis^ious Persecution. — The Pilgrims ought to have 
been the last persons in the world to molest those whose re- 
ligious views differed from theirs. The\- had fled from ])er- 
secution, but soon became more cruel than the English had 




WMsliiiigloii Crossiiiir tlii' Delaware 



Firsil IJluw lor Liberty. 



52 SCHOOL UlfSTORY OF THE IMTED tSTATElS. 

been. They formed so strong a hatred to the meek Quakers 
that the}' hned, whipped, imprisoned and banished many of 
them. When those that had been driven out of the colony 
came back, the settlers put four of them to death. By and 
by, the persecutions stopped. 

20. Banishment of Roger Williams Roo^er Williams 

preached the truth so plainly that the Puritans, among whom 
he lived, could not bear it. He told them a person must an- 
swer to God alone for his belief, and they were cheating the 
Indians by taking their lands without paying for them. The 
settlers answered these arguments by ordering him to be sent 
back to England. Williams slipped away from them, how- 
ever, and tied to the Narragansett Indians. These people 
gave him welcome, and he lived a long time with them. He 
was a Baptist and the champion of perfect religious freedom 
to all. 

21. King Philip's War. — When the friendly Massasoit 
died, his son, known as King Philip, became chief. He was 
a bitter foe of the whites, and formed a plan to slay them all 
by uniting the New England tribes against them. At Swan- 
sea, on Sunday, June 24, 1675, while the settlers were on their 
way to church, the Indians attacked them and killed and 
wounded several. Then they hurried off to assail the settle- 
ments in the Connecticut Valley. 

The men flew to arms. They carried their guns to church 
and stacked them outside during the service. The sentinels 
paced to and fro on the guard against surprise, and managed 
now and then to hear a part of the words of the preacher or 
to catch the music of a hymn. More than once the sermon 
was stopped by the sudden attack of the Indians. The 
preacher was sure to be among the foremost in drivmg oft' 
their enemies. 

22. The Swamp Fight — The red men were fierce and 
cruel, and the settlers showed them no mercy. Learning 



SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 5^ 

that tlie Narragansetts were about to join Philip, Josiah 
Winslow led 1500 men in the depth of winter against their 
stronghold in a swanijx In the fearful fight, 200 white men 
and 1000 Narragansetts were killed. 

23 Death of Philip. — King Philip was run down at last 
in a swamp near his old home on Mount Hope, not far from 
Bristol, R. I. While trying to steal out of the swamp, he 
came upon a white soldier and an Indian. The former lev- 
eled his gun and i)ulled trigger, but it missed fire. The war- 
rior aimed his musket and shot the chief dead. Some 
months later the war came to an end. 

24. riassachusetts as a Royal Province — Massachu- 
setts was made a royal province in 1684. The first governor, 
Sir Ednnmd Andros, arrived two years later. He was very 
harsh and oppressive, but the people l)ore with him for three 
years. Then they learned that King James had been driven 
from his throne, and they threw Andros into jail (1689), and 
took up again their old form of government. In 1692, Sir 
William Phipps became governor of the province, which in- 
cluded Massachusetts, Maine and Nova Scotia. 

25. The Salem Witchcraft. — ( )nc of the strangest delu- 
sions ever known took possession of Salem in 1692. A belief 
in witchcraft became so general that everybody seemed to 
have taken leave of his senses. Nearly all the old women 
were suspected of being witches, and in many cases suspicion 
meant death. Families were divided, and clergymen and 
judges lost their wits. Matters reached such a pass that no 
one could feel safe. The jails were crowded and the magis- 
trates were kept l^usy punishing the accused persons. 
Twenty were put to death and fifty-five tortured before the 
craze passed away. Then the people awoke to a sense of 
their sin and folly, and tlie delusion came to an end. 

26. Settlement of Connecticut, — The Dutch and the 
English claimed Connecticut. The former put up a fort on 



54 SCHOOL HIHTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Connecticut river, but some Massachusetts traders settled at 
Windsor in 1631. Hartford was founded in 1635. ^ good 
many people left Massachusetts and settled in Connecticut. 

27. Indian Troubles. -The Pequod Indians urged the 
Narragansett Indians to join them in driving the whites from 
their hunting-grounds. The Narragansetts would have 
done this but for Roger Williams. You remember that he 
was living among the Narragansetts. He pleaded with their 
chiefs not to help the Pequods, and finally they refused to do 
so. Then the Pequods decided to go to war alone. It was 
an awful mistake. One morning in the summer of 1637 the 
settlers fell upon them in their stronghold on the Mystic river 
and killed all the men, women and children. The whole 
tribe was l)lotted out in one day. 

28. The Charter Oak — The New Haven and Connecti- 
cut colonies were very well suited with the charter given to 
them in 1662. Governor Andros, however, came down with 
some soldiers in 1687 from Boston and ordered the people to 
surrender the charter to him. He did this by command of 
the king, who thought the people had too much liberty. The 
assembly at Hartford pleaded that they might keep the char- 
ter. It grew dark while the argument was going on. Sud- 
denly all the candles were blown out. When they were re- 
lighted, the charter, which had been lying on the table in the 
room, was gone. Captain Wadsworth had slipped out dur- 
ing the darkness and hidden it in the hollow of an oak. An- 
dros was angered, and declared the charter government at 
an end. He went back to Boston, but two years later he was 
turned out of office and the charter was brought from its hid- 
ing place. The Charter Oak was preserved with great care 
until 1856, when it was destroyed by a great storm. Con- 
necticut was governed by the old charter until the Revo- 
lution. 



I^CIIOOIj III story of Till-: UXTTED states. 55 

29. Settlement of Rhode Island. — Roger Williams made 
the first settlement in Rhode Island in 1636. He named the 
plaee I'rovidcncc to show his gratitude to God. Settlers 
from Massachusetts soon joined him. All were treated 
kindly. No one was disturbed because of his religious be- 
lief, l)ut perfect "soul-liberty" was guaranteed to all. In 
1647 all the settlements wqvq united in one colony. They 
were prosperc^us from the l^eginning. 

30. Settlement of flaine and New Hampshire. — iMew 
Hampshire was first settled in 1623 at Little Harbor, near 
i^ortsmouth, and at Dover. The land l^etween the Merrimac 
and Kennebec rivers was granted to Mason and Gorges. The 
country west of the Piscatacjua was taken by Mason, who 
named it New Hampshire. Gorges, who owned the eastern 
section, called it Maine. 

The settlements were so weak that they placed themselves 
under the care of Massachusetts. The union was broken 
and renewed three times. At last, in 1741, New Hampshire 
became a royal province and so remained until the Revo- 
lution. 

The people in Maine gave most of their time to hunting 
and fishing. They were afraid of the French that had settled 
near them. Massachusetts bought the region and kept 'n 
until 1820, when it became an independent State. 

31. Vermont. — The first settlement in Vermont was made 
near Brattleboro' in 1724. New York and New Hampshire 
each claimed the territory. The king, when appealed to, 
decided that it was a part of New York. 

Questions. — 13. What is said of religious persecution in England 
during the seventeenth century? Why were some of the persecuted 
jieople called Pilgrims and Puritans? 

14. Describe the voyage of tlie MayJIoxver. What is said of the 
Puritans? Of their sufferings? 



rt(\ SCHOOL HTSTORY OF THE VXITED STATES!. 

15. Relate the anecdote of Samoset. Of Massasoit. 

16. Tell the story of Canonicus and Governor Bradford. 

17. Give an account of the prosperity of the colony. Of the found- 
ing of Boston. 

18. Give an account of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Of the 
union of the colonies. 

19. Show how the Quakers were persecuted. 

20. What is said of Roger Williams? 

21. What is said of King Philip? Describe the attack on Swansea. 
..Vhat followed? Tell how religious services were often conducted. 

22. Give an account of the swamp fight. 

23. Tell how King Philip died. 

24. When did Massachusetts become a royal province? What is 
said of Sir Edmund Andros? What did the people do witli liim? 
What of Sir William Phipps? 

25. Give a history of the Salem witchcraft. 

26. Tell How Connecticut was settled. 

27. Give a history of the Pequod war. , 

28. Relate the anecdote of the Charter Oak. 

29. How was Rhode Island settled? 

30. Give the account of the settlement of Maine and New Hamp- 
shire. What followed? 

31. What is said of Vermont? 



SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE ! MTHD STATEl^. 57 

CHAPTER VII. 

SETTLEMENT OF NEW YORK. NEW JERSEY, DELA- 
WARE AND PENNSYLVANL\. 

32. The First Settlement in New York — It has al- 
ready been shown that the (hscovery and aseent of the Hud- 
son river in 1609 by Captain Henry Hudson, who was in the 
employ of the Duteh East India Company, g;ave Holland a 
claim to the territory which was first seen by that navigator. 
The report which he sent to Holland led a number of Dutch 
traders to go to Xew Netherland, as the territory was called. 
They formed a trading post on Manhattan Island in 1613, 
and another on the present site of Albany. The former was 
called Xew Amsterdam and the second Fort Orange. The 
Dutch traders l)ought a large nimiber of valuable furs from 
the Indians. 

The settlements grew slowly. In 1626, Peter Min'u-it, 
the first governor, bought all of Manhattan Island from the 
red men for a lot of trinkets worth about $20. Peter wStuy- 
vesant (stive'sant) became governor in 1646, and was the 
ablest of all the Dutch rulers, but he was unpopular because 
of his harshness. 

33. Capture of New Amsterdam by the British — Eng- 
land claimed Xew Xetherland because of the discovery of 
the Cabots. She. therefore, looked upon the Dutch as in- 
truders. In 1664, she sent a fleet to X^ew Amsterdam and 
demanded its surrender. The demand threw Governor 
Stuyvesant into a towering rage. He stamped up and dow'u 
the little town, with his wooden leg, swung his cane, berated 
the English, and called upon the citizens to keep out the inso- 
lent rascals. Rut the Dutchmen sliook their heads. They 
were tired of Stuyvesant, and thought the English rule 



58 siciloo/, HISTORY or Tin: ixited states. 

would be better than his. They refused to fight, and the 
wrathful g-overnor, unable to do all the fighting himself, was 
obliged to surrender. Accordingly, the English took peace- 
ful possession. They changed the name of New Amsterdam 
to New York, and that of Fort Orange to Albany. In 1673, 
when England and Holland were at war, a Dutch fleet retook 
New York, but it was restored the next year to England. 

34. Civil War in New York. — New York suffered from 
the tyrannical rule of Andros. When news arrived that 
James II had been dethroned, the deputy of Governor An- 
dros fled from New York. An uprising followed, and Cap- 
tain Leisler (lls'ler) took charge of affairs. The new gov- 
ernor sent Colonel Sloughter to New York, who demanded 
the surrender of the fort held by Leisler. The latter refused, 
and he and his son-in-law Alilborne were arrested and 
charged with treason. 

The wealthy people in New York disliked Leisler. They 
persuaded the governor, when intoxicated, to sign the death- 
warrant of Leisler and Milborne. When Colonel Sloughter 
became sober, he foimd that both men had been hanged. 
New York was a royal province until the Revolution. 

35. Settlement of New Jersey — New jersey was in- 
cluded in New Nethcrland. The Dutch erected a trading 
post at Bergen about 161 8. All of the present State of New 
Jersey was granted by the Duke of York to Lord Berkeley 
and Sir George Carteret. Carteret had been governor of 
the island of Jersey in the English Channel, and gave its 
name to the new province. The first English settlement was 
made near Elizabethtown in 1664. 

In 1674, the province was divided into East and West Jer- 
sey. West Jersey, which belonged to Berkeley, was sold to 
a number of Quakers. Some of those people settled near 
Burlington. Carteret sold his rights to William Penn and 
eleven other Quakers. These changes made much trouble 



SCHOOL iiisroh'Y or Till-: i \rTi:n states. r.9 

over the ownership of land. Mnallv, in 1702, the proprie- 
tors g-ave lip their rights to the Enghsh crown. Xew Jersey 
was nnited to Xew York and ruled by the same governor, 1)ut 
had a separate assenil>ly. In 1738, Xew Jersey became a 
royal province, and remained so until the Revolution. 

36. Settlement of DeJaware. — The first settlement in 
Delaware was made b\- tlie Swedes at Christiana, near Wil- 
mington, in 1638. They l)ought the land of the Indians, and 
called it Xew Sweden. Another settlement was i)lanted be- 
low Philadelplda in 1643. 'iii*' ''^'^^ the first in what is now 
Pennsylvania. The Dutch cajitured these settlements, and 
they prospered under their rulers. 

37. Settlement of Pennsylvania William Penn, a 

Quaker, was the son of Admiral Penn, to whom the English 
government owed a large sum of money for his services. 
Charles II paid the claim by giving to the son a grant for that 
vast tract of land known as Pennsylvania. The Duke of 
York added the present State of Delaware to the grant. 

\\ illiam Penn was a good and wise man. Although the 
Quakers were persecuted in England, the king liked i\Mm. 
It was the king who named the ]irovince Penns\ Ivania, 
against the wishes of the excellent Quaker. A good many 
of that sect were sent to America, and Pemi himself came 
over in 1682. He bought the land of the Indians, after pay- 
ing the king for the same. The red men were treated so 
justly that the treaty of peace which they made was not 
broken for seventv years. 

38. Philadelphia. — The citv of Philadelphia was laid out 
by Penn in 1683. Within a year it had a ])opulation of 7000, 
and increased more in three vears than X^ew York did in half 
a century. At the re(|uest of the "three lower counties," as 
Delaware was called, a separate government was given to 
them in 1703. They had their own deputy governor and 
assemMv, but were under one governor until the Revolution- 



fio i^rnooL uisToh'Y or the txiteu states. 

39. Mason and Dixon's Line — After J'enn's death in 
1718, his heirs appointed the governors until 1779. In that 
year the State of Pennsylvania bought their rights for about 
half a million dollars. The boundary between Maryland 
and Pennsylvania was fixed in 1767 bv two survevors, named 
Alason and Dixon. This has been known ever since as 
"Mason and Dixon's line," and is regarded as the l)Oundary 
between the free and what were the slave States of our coun- 
try. 

Quesiions. — 32. What was the effect of the report sent to Holland 
by HLiiry Jliulson? What trading posts did they form? What is 
.said of the settlements? What purchase was made by Peter Minuit? 
What of Governor Stuyvesant? 

33. On what did England base her claim to New Netherland? De- 
scribe the capture of New Amsterdam by the British. What change 
of names was made by the English? What took place in 1673 and 
the following year? 

34. From what did New York suffer? Tell what took place when 
the news was received that James II had been dethroned. What fol- 
lowed? 

35. Where was the first trading post established in New Jersey? 
What grant was made by the Duke of York? How did New Jersey 
receive its name? Where and when was the first English settlement 
made? What took place in 1674? What is said of West Jersey? 
What of Cartaret? What followed? What took place in 1702? 
What followed? What took place in 1738? 

36. Tell what you know about the settlement of Delaware. 

37. What do you know about William Penn? How did he gain 
possession of the province of Pennsylvania? What kind of man was 
he? Who named the province? How did Penn treat the Indians? 
What was the result? 

38. What is said of Philadelphia? Of its prosperity? What of 
the "three lower counties?" 

39. What followed Penn's death? Tell what is meant by Mason 
and Dixon's line. 



SCHOOL HISTOh'Y OF Till': UNITED STATES Gl 

CHAPTER \TI1. 

SRTTLE.MENT OF MARYLAND, TPIE CAROLINAS AND 
GEORGIA. 

40. Settlement of Maryland — The Roman Catholics 
sulferetl much persecution in England during the reign of 
Charles 1. Cecil Calvert, or Lortl lialtimore, was a rich 
nobleman of that faith, who secured a grant of the land north 
of the Potomac. His purpose was to give his brethren a 
refuge from persecution. Eeonard Calvert, a brother of 
Cecil, made the first settlement in 1634 at St. Mary's, near the 
mouth of the Potomac. 

When the Roman Catholics reached the ])rovince, how- 
ever, they found that William Clayborne, of X'irginia, had a 
trading post there. The\' drove him out, and lie went back 
to X'irginia, which claime<l that Maryland was a ])art of her 
grant, and the Catholics, therefore, were intruders. The 
king was appealed to, and decided in favor of Lord Balti- 
more. 

Clayborne returned to Maryland in 1645, stirred up a re- 
bellion and compelled Calvert to ilee. V>\ and by, Calvert, 
in turn, expelled Claylxjrne and his folUnvers. The Catho- 
lics established a liberal government. In 1649 the}' ])assed 
the "Toleration Act," which allowed all to worship Cod as 
they chose. A great many persons in the other colonies, 
who were persecuted for conscience's sake, found shelter in 
Maryland. 

When the Protestants secured a maj(irit\' in the assembly, 
they oppressed the Catholics. Civil war lasted for years. 
The rights as proprietor were taken away from Lord Balti- 
more in 1601, and INIaryland l)ecame a ro\al province. In 
17 1 5, the fourth Lord Baltimore recovered his rights, and 



(ii' scHooi. HisTiiin' or tiif cxitfh states. 

religious loloraiion was restored. Comparative peace lasted 
until the Revolution. 

41. Settlement of the Carolinas — In 1663. the land be- 
tween llorida and \ iri^inia was granted by Charles II to 
Lord Clarendon and a number of noblemen. The Albe- 
marle colony had already been established near the mouth 
of the Chowan river by settlers from Mrginia. English 
emigrants formed the Carteret colony in 1670. The first 
settlement was on the banks of the Ashley in 1670, but it was 
removed in 1680 to the present site of Charleston. 

The soil and climate were so favorable that thousands of 
people were attracted thither. Among them were many 
Huguenots, or French Protestants. They were thrifty, in- 
telligent and moral, and without superiors among the pio- 
neers of our country. 

The colonies flourished, but the settlers and proprietors 
did not get on well together. In 1720. the right of govern- 
ment and seven-eighths of the land were returned to the 
crown. The province was divided into North and South 
Carolina, and lias so remained ever since. 

42. Settlement of Georgia. — Ceneral James C^giethorjie 
was a rich ami benevolent Englishman, who felt a syuipathv 
for his countrymen when he saw them thrown into jail be- 
cause they were too poor to pay their debts. With a view of 
helping them, he obtained from King C^eorge II the grant of 
a tract of land, which he named Georgia. 

Oglethorpe came over with the tirst emigrants, and 
foundetl Savannah in ir^^v Others followed, and the col- 
ony prospered. The Spaniards tried to drive out the Eng- 
lish, but Oglethorpe showed great skill in defeating them. 
A number of rules caused discontent anunig the settlers. 
Some of the ]^ioneers moved away, and the settlenuMUs lan- 
guished. blnall\ . in 1752. the trustees of the province gave 



sciioor, iiisTouY or Till-: imthd states. cs 

l)ack their charter t(j the crown. Tlie laws were made more 
Hheral, and prosperity came again. 

Questions —40. What is said of tlic Roman Catholics in Eng- 
land? Wiiat of Cecil Calvert? What was his i)nr])ose? Tell wliat 
3'ou know of the lirst settlement in Maryland. What was the 
tronhle with Cl.ayhorne? What was the kin;j,''s decision? What fnr- 
tlier tror.bles were had with Clayhorne? Give an acconnt of the 
"Toleration Act." How did the Protestants trea.t the Catholics? 
Give the subseciuent history of Maryland. 

41. What grant was made in 166.3? What of the Albemarle col- 
ony? The Carteret colon}-? Where was the first settlement made? 
What was done in 1680? What is said of the soil and climate? t_)f 
the IIii,ij,nciiots? What took place in 1729? 

42. What do you know of (jeneral James Oglethorpe? What did 
he obtain? What did he do in \~,u? What followed?' What took 
place in 1752? What was the result? 



CHAI'TER IX. 
INTERCOLOxNIAL WARS. 

4>. King William's War. — Idiere were many wais 
among" the nations of liurope. As time rolled on, England 
and France became rivals in the New World. Their colo- 
nies shared their jealousy, so that wdien the governments on 
the other side of the Atlantic began fighting, the LXdtlers ia 
America did the same. 

When \\ illiam 1 I 1 was king of England in lOS;;, war 
broke cnit between that conntr\- and France and lasted imtil 
1607. The Indians of ]\Iaine and Canada fought on the side 
of I'^-ance, and the lroc|uois, or l-'ive Nations of New York, 
on the side of the iMiglish. A great man}- cruel deeds were 
done by the red men. 

44. Queert Anne's War. — Queen Anne's War began in 
170J ;uid ended in 1713. It was between .Spain and k'rance 



"S 






°8 'a 

< a. 2; \ 







iiCUOOIj HISTORY OF THE UXITED STATES. 05 

on one side and England on the other. The Iroquois In- 
dians took no part, because of their treaty with France. New 
England suffered greatly. Her frontier was ravaged and a 
number of settlements al^andoned. 

45. King George's War King George's War opened 

in 1744 and lasted four years. It was between England and 
France. Louisburg, on the island of Cape Breton, one of 
the strongest fortresses in the world, w'as captured by the 
English and colonial troops in 1745, but given back to 
F' ranee when peace came. 

46. The French and Indian War The mightv strug- 
gle between England and b' ranee, as to which nation shcjuld 
be master in the New World, began in 1754 and lasted nine 
vears. The English settlements extended along the sea 
coast for a thousand miles. The French had a line of mili- 
tary stations from Lake Ontario, down the Mississippi to 
New Orleans. France intended to found an empire in the 
valley of the Mississippi. 

West of the Alleghany mountains was a vast region 
claimed by both England and b^-ance. They pushed into 
the disputed territory, and the English and b^'cnch traders 
met each other. The c|uarrel tlnis begun caused the French 
and Indian War. 

The b^rench estaldished several ])osts to keep out other 
traders, most of whom were A'irginians. The latter com- 
plained to Governor Din-wid'clie, who asked the House of 
Burgesses to instruct him what to do. That Iwdy directed 
him to send a protest to the French general and demand an 
explanation of his action. The young man selected as the 
bearer of this message was George Washington. 

47. George Washington — Washington at that time was 
about twenty-two years old. He was six feet two inches tall, 
active, pow-erful, a fine horseman, of good habits, brave, 
truthful, an affectionate son and respected by all who knew 



66 SCHOOL nif^TORT OF THE UNITED .STATES. 

him. He was born in Westmoreland county, \'irginia, Feb- 
ruary 22, 1732. 

48. Washington's Journey Through the Wilderness. — 

The journey from Wlhiamsburg to i^'ort La l]ccuf (Ich buf) 
and back again was fully a thousand miles. It led through 
a trackless forest, over w^ild mountains, across dangerous 
streams and through regions inhabited by hostile Indians. 
On the same day that Governor Dinwiddle handed Wash- 
ington his letter to the French commander, the young man 
started with five companions. One of them w'as a famous 
guide, named Christopher Gist. 

The little party were on horseback, and the weather during 
the first part of the journey was pleasant, \\hen they 
reached the Ohio river, Washington called a number of In- 
dians together, and after a talk persuaded several to go with 
him to the French post. There the officer received and read 
the letter brought to him by Washington, antl handed his 
reply to the young A'irginian. 

When the time came, on the return journey, to part from 
the Indians, the pack-horses broke down. Washington gave 
up his saddle-horse to carry the luggage, and he and Gist set 
out on foot ahead of the rest. They took an Indian for their 
guide, but he was a traitor, (^ne afternoon, as night was 
closing in, he raised his gun and fired point-blank at Wash- 
ington, but missed him. Before he could reload. Gist seized 
him and would have put him to death had not Washington 
prevented him. So they let him go. 

There was no doubt that the warrior meant to bring others 
to attack the two men. They, therefore, hurried forward, 
night and day, until they reached the Alleghany river. It 
was full of floating ice, carried swiftly down stream by the 
current. The two set to work and made a raft, on which they 
pushed out from shore. While Washington was plying the 
pole, it was wrenched from his grasp and he was flung into 



SCHOOL HISTORY OF THfJ UNITED STATES. 67 

the water; but he was a powerful swimmer, and scrambled 
out again. He and Gist spent the night on an island, and 
the next morning walked ashore on the ice. 

The journey lasted more than two months. The French 
commander's reply was that he was at Le Boeuf by order of 
his superior officers, and he meant to drive all the English 
out of the disputed territory. This meant war, which soon 
began. 

The French had built Fort Du Ouesne (du-cane'), where 
Pittsburg now stands. Washington led a force to drive them 
out, l)Ut they were too strong, and after hard lighting he was 
obliged to withdraw. 

49. Braddock's Massacre — In the summer of 1755, Gen- 
eral Ih'addock, who had arrived from England with two regi- 
ments of British regulars, marched against Du Ouesne. 
Washington was his aide. Two thousand Americans joined 
Braddock, who did not hesitate to sneer at them as of little 
account. He marched into the forest with drums beating 
and colors fl} ing. Washington warned him of the danger 
he ran in doing this, but the conceited British officer told the 
young \ irginian that he wished no advice from him. 

When about ten miles from the fort, the troops were at- 
tacked by hundreds of French and Indians. Washington 
and his \'irginians leaped behind trees and fought as did the 
red men. Braddock was angered at the action of the Vir- 
ginians, and would not let his soldiers fire except by platoons, 
even though no enemy was in sight. Braddock fought 
bravely until mortally wounded. All the officers on his staff, 
except Washington, were either killed or disabled. At last, 
Washington brought ofif the renmant of the army. One-half 
the men had been killed or wounded. 

50. Capture of Quebec — During the first two or three 
years of the war the English and Americans lost gnnmd. In 
the summer of 1759, General Wolfe, with 8000 troops and a 



68 SCHOOL HlSTOlii OF THE UNITED STATES. 

large fleet, set out to capture Quebec. The city was de- 
fended by Montcalm, with a force about as strong as that of 
Wolfe. 

It was a long time before the English commander could 
find a way of climbing the high banks of the river to the plain 
above, where a part of the city lay beyond the reach of his 
gims. Finally, a steep, narrow path was discovered, up 
which Wolfe and his men stealthily climbed at night. When 
the sun rose, the astonished Montcalm saw the English 
army drawn up in battle array before the city. 

Had Montcalm stayed in Quebec he would have been in 
little danger. He was a brave man, and marclied out to at- 
tack them. Wolfe was wounded twice, but continued the 
fighting and led the bayonet charge that won the battle. At 
the moment of victory he was struck a third time and mor- 
tally wounded. As his men were carrying him to the rear, 
he heard some one exclaim: "They run! They run!" "Who 
run?" faintly asked Wolfe. "The French," was the reply. 
"God be praised, I die happy," he said, and passed away a 
few minutes later. 

Montcalm fell about the same time. When the surgeon 
told him he must die, he replied: "I am glad I shall not live 
to see the surrender of Quebec." A monument in that city 
was erected in honor of those two brave officers. 

51. The End of French Rule in America. — Quebec 
surrendered September i8, 1759. Its fall marked the end of 
French rule in America. A treaty of peace was signed in 
February, 1763. France yielded to England all her posses- 
sions east of the Mississippi, except two small islands near 
Newfoundland. These were kept as fishing stations. Spain 
ceded Florida and the part of Louisiana this side of the 
Mississippi to England. France ceded New Orleans and 
that part of Louisiana lying west of the Mississippi to Spain. 
France no longer owned an acre of land in America. 



SCHOOL f/lSTORY OF THE VXTTED SiTATE^. («) 

Questions. - 43. What is said of England and France? When did 
King William's War begin and end? What part was taken by the 
Indians? 

44. When did Qneen Anne's War begin and end? What nations 
were engaged? What of the Iroquois Indians? What is said of 
New England? 

45. When did King George's War begin and end? What nations 
were involved? What is said of Louisburg? 

46. What great question was at stake in the French and Indian 
War? When did it begin, and how long did it last? Where were 
the English settlements? Where were the French military posses- 
sions? What did France intend to do? Where was the disputed 
territory? What were the preliminary incidents? 

47. Describe General Washington. When and where was he born? 

48. What journey was made by Washington? Describe his jour- 
ney to the French post. What happened to the pack-horses on the 
return? What was done by Washington and Gist? Relate the in- 
cident of the Indian. Of the mishap in crossing the Alleghany 
river. What answer was brought back by Washington? What of 
Fort Du Qucsne? 

49. Describe Braddock's march toward Fort Du Quesne. The 
massacre. The part performed by Washington. 

50. What is said of the first two or three years of the war? What 
did General Wolfe attempt to do? Describe the capture of Quebec. 
The death of Wolfe. Of Montcalm. 

51. When did Quebec surrender? What did its fall signify? What 
did France yield to England? What was kept by France? What 
was ceded by Spain? What did France cede to Spain? How much 
territory did France retain in America? 



CHAPTER X. 

COLONIAL HOME LIFE. 

52. Growth of the Colonies. — The number of colonies 
had grown to thirteen, with a population of about 2,000.000. 
There were slaves in every part of the country. All the colo- 
nies were Protestant. 



70 SCHOOL HISTOJiY OF THE UNITE I > STATES. 

53' The Strict Laws — In colonial times the laws were 
very strict. We would not submit to them in these days. 
For instance, in Hartford, a watchman rang a bell each 
morning as an order for everyone to rise from his bed. One 
Sunday, a man, on coming home from church, found his fire 
had burned out. He split some kindlings and started it 
again. The church officers condemned him for breaking 
the holy day. In Massachusetts there were fourteen, and in 
Virginia seventeen, ofifenses punishable with death. 

54. Methods of Punishment — Some of the methods of 
punishment were odd. If a woman scolded too much, she 
was placed near her own door for several hours with a gag 
in her mouth, that everyone who passed might see her and 
take warning. For other offenses, a person w^as ducked or 
soused in water, or put in the stocks. A stock was a frame 
in which the feet or the feet and hands were fastened. The 
pillory was a frame through which the head and hands of a 
criminal were put. 

55. The Dress — The trousers of the men and boys re- 
sembled the present fashion of knickerbockers. The rich 
used silver buckles and buttons. The trousers of the poorer 
people were made of coarse cloth, deerskin or leather. The 
well-to-do used velvet, and their coats showed a great deal of 
lace and ornament. Some cjf the people were as fond of dis- 
play in dress as their descendants are today. The gowns of 
the girls and women were not very different from those now 
worn. The waist was pretty close under the arms, but the 
hats and bonnets often showed plenty of ornament in the way 
of ribbons and designs. 

56. The Houses and Furniture — At first, all the houses 
were made of logs, with small windows. The latt°- were to 
guard against Indians. Glass was so scarce that most of the 
panes were oiled paper. No one used carpets. The few 
articles of furniture, such as tables, stools and chairs, were 



srnooL nrsiTonY or ri/r: vxtted s^rxTEfi. "i 

put together by the head of tlie family. Sonietiines the 
floor was the hard g-round. All the eooking was done in the 
big fireplace. An iron arm, called a crane, on which pots 
and kettles were hung, was swung over the fire. No such 
thing as coal was known, and a flame was started by means 
of a piece of steel and flint. 

57. How They Ate — \Y^ry little money was in circula- 
tion. Among the jioorer people the children often had to 
stand while eating from the table. lUocks of wood were 
sometimes used as plates. There were knives, but fingers 
served as forks. At first, coffee and tea were never seen, but 
nearly every family made its own beer. Rum and liard cider 
were drunk by the church people and everyone else. No one 
found fault unless a man drank too much. 

58. How They Traveled — As the use of steam was un- 
known, there were no cars or steaml)oats. Stages ran be- 
tween important points, but most of the traveling was done 
on foot or on horseback. The chief settlements being near 
the sea, or on large rivers, the long journeys were made on 
coasting sloops. In 1766, when a line of stages ran between 
New York and Philadel])hia in two davs, the time was con- 
sidered so wonderful that the stages were called "flying ma- 
cliines." The same journev is now made in two hours. 

59. How the Clothing Was Made No family could 

get along without a spinning wlieel. With it the thriftv 
mother and daughters spun the thread for the shirts, coats 
and trousers of the male members of the family, the garments 
for the females and the yarn for the stockings of all. After 
the yarn was ready, the mother's knitting needles shaped it 
into coverings for the feet. 

60. Education — The schools were poor. The cliief work 
of the teacher was to keep the children in order with the hel]) 
of a big switch, which was nearly always in his hand. The 
seats and desks were as uncomfortable as they could be. The 



72 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE I XITEI) STATES. 

teacher was liarsh and fond of nsnig the rod, and tlie text- 
books were not to be compared with tlie beantiful ones which 
it is your privilege to use. There was a good deal of ignor- 
ance among the masses. Alany men and women could not 
write their names. The first printing press in America was 
set up in Cambridge in 1639; tl^^? first newspaper was printed 
in 1704, and the first college (Harvard) was founded in 1636, 
and the second (William and Mary, in Virginia) in 1693. 
Other colleges were rapidly organized, such as Yale, 1700; 
Princeton, 1746; Columbia, 1754; Pennsylvania University, 
1749, and Prown University, 1764. There were, among the 
colonists, many highly educated men and some beginnings 
of literature. 

In the early da}S of the Virginia colony, Sandys made his 
translation of Ovid's Metamorphoses, a work of great repute 
in its day ; and Pyrd's account of the running of the boundary 
line between Virginia and North Carolina was read with 
great interest, and was pronounced a w^ork of high literary 
merit. The writings of Penjamin Franklin attracted great 
attention for their clear, direct style and practical wisdom; 
and Jonathan Edwards was enriching theology and meta- 
physics by his learned and able writings. 

The necessities of the people stimulated invention, and a 
rude cotton gin was in use on some of the plantations, many 
of the implements of every-day use had been improved, and 
Franklin had made experiments in electricity which resulted 
in his invention of the lightning rod. David Rittenhouse 
establislied a rude observatory and gained distinction by his 
astronomical studies and observations. 

61. Relis:ion and Religious Worship. — There were no 
Sunday-schools until after the Revolution. The sermons 
were one, two, three and sometimes four hours long. No 
fire was allowed in the building, even on the coldest days, 
though sometimes a woman or weak person would bring a 



srnoor. nrsroNY of the t^ited i^tates. 73 

foot-wanner, if a man or boy became drowsy and nodded, 
the constable, who was on the watch, brought back his 
senses by whacking iiis head with a rabbit's foot, fastened to 
the end of a stick. If the sleei)y one was a female, the other 
end of the stick, to which was fastened a rabbit's tail, was 
brushed against her forehead. In New England, Sunday 
i)cgan at sunset on Saturday and lasted twenty-four hours. 

Prof. Geo. F. Holmes says: "The state of religion among 
the people differed greatly in the different provinces. The 
Church of England was the established church in New York, 
\ irginia and the Carolinas. In Maryland, the po])ulation 
remained largely Roman Catholic. In New England, the 
original Puritanism was dominant, but its rigor had become 
much softened. A solenm and somewhat gloomy piety, 
however, still prevailed. The Presbyterians were numer- 
ous, influential and earnest in New Jersey. There, but es- 
pecially in Pennsylvania, were the cjuiet and gentle Quakers. 
In Carolina and Georgia, Moravians and other Cjerman 
Protestants were settled, and Huguenot families were fre- 
({uent in X'irginia and South Carolina. 

"Everywhere, however, was fountl an intermixture of 
creeds, and consequently the need of toleration had been 
experienced. Laxity of morals and of conduct was alleged 
against the communities of the Anglican Church. In the 
middle of the eighteenth century a low tone of religious sen- 
timent was general. The revival of fervor, Vvhich was ex- 
cited then by the Wesleys, was widely spread by Whitefield 
in America, and Methodism was making itself felt through- 
out the country. The P)aptists were spreading in different 
colonies, and were acquiring influence by their earnest sim- 
l^licity. They favored libertv in all forms, and became 
warm partisans of the revolutionary movement." 



74 SCHOOL IflsrORY OF THE UXITED STATES. 

Questions.— 5_'. Describe tlic growtli nl tlic colonies. What of 
slavery? 

53. What is said of the laws in colonial times? Illustrate. 

54. How were scolding women punished? How were otiier of- 
fenders punished? What was the stocks? The pillory? 

55. Describe the dress of the men and boys. How did the dress 
of the poor and the rich differ? What of the gowns worn by the 
girls and women? 

56. Describe the houses. The furniture. How was the cooking 
done? What of coal? How was a fire started? 

57. What is said of money? Show how the families ate at the 
table. What is said of the drinking habit? 

58. Describe the metliods of travel. What of tlie "tfying ma- 
chines?" 

59. Show the use of the spiiming wheel. 

60. What of the schools? Of the teachers? The seats and desks? 
The text-books? What is said of ignorance? Illustrate. When 
and where was the first printing press set up? The first newspaper 
printed? The first college founded? The second college founded? 
The other early colleges? Educated men, and beginnings of litera- 
ture? What about inventions? 

61. What is saitl of Sunday-schools? The sermons at church? 
The arrangements for comfort? What was done when a man or bo\ 
became drowsy? If a woman became sleepy? When did the New 
England Sunday begin and end? The state of religion in the differ- 
ent colonies? 

BLACKBOARD AND SLATE EXERCISES. 

Where, when and by wiiom each Colony was settled. 

(Model.) 

Virginia: 

1. Jamestown. 

2. 1607. 

3. English. 



SCHOOL HISTORY OF '/'///•; I X/Ti:/> STAT/lS. 



New York: 
I. 

2. 

3- 

Massachusetts: 
1. 

2. 



I. 

2. 

3- 

Connecticut: 
1. 
2. 
3- 

Maryland: 
I. 

2. 

3- 

Rliode Island: 
I. 

2. 

3- 



l)fla\vai-c: 
1. 
2. 

3- 

Pennsylvania: 
1. 



Maine and New Hampsliire: The Caroiinas. 



r. 

2. 

3- 

New Jersey: 
I. 
2. 
3- 

Vermont: 
I. 
2. 

3. 

Georgia: 
I. 

2. 

3- 



INTERCOLONIAL WARS. 
Between what Nations and tlicir Duration. 

King William's: t-- ^ 

^ J^ing Cxeorge s: 

I. 

2. 

2. 

Queen Anne's: t^ 

J French and Indian: 

I. 

2. 

2. 



76 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

HISTORICAL INITIALS. 

Note to Teachers. — The following can Ijc made an interesting and 
profitable exercise. It is suggested that some pleasing reward, in 
che way, perhaps, of some slight special privileges, be given to the 
pupils bringing in the best list of answers. They should understand 
that, in order to obtain the necessary information, they must consult 
the more elaborate treatises on history. These questions afford ex- 
cellent subjects for composition. 

I. What navigator turned an eclipse of the sun to good account? 

(C. C.) 
' What adventurer hid himself in a cask, in order to go to sea, and 

afterward made a great discovery? (B.) 

3. When, for a brief time after 1607, was there no English settlement 

in America? (16 — ) 

4. What American princess visited and died in England? (P. or R.) 

5. What governor of New Amsterdam had but one leg? (S.) 

6. What governor of New Amsterdam was a numskull? (W. V. T.) 

7. Where did Samoset the Indian learn to speak a few words of 

English? 

8. Who sent another man to do his wooing, and thus Inst his in- 

tended wife? (M. S.) 

9. What clergyman was twice expelled from the Massachusetts col- 

ony? (J. L.) 

10. Who translated the Bible into the Indian tongue? (J. E.) 

11. What woman preacher was expelled from Massachusetts and 

afterwards killed by Indians? (A. H.) 

12. What two regicides found safety in New England? (Col. W. 

and G.) 

13. What governor thanked God that there were no free schools or 

printing in his colony? (B.) 

14. What governor, on his way from England, was captured by 

Turks and afterwards escaped and ruled his colony? (S.) 

15. What governor introduced the cultivation of rice in the Caro- 

linas? (T. S.) 

16. What governor became a tramp and vagabond? (J. C.) 

17. What governor signed two death warrants while intoxicated? 

(S.) 

18. What governor had five sisters and twenty brothers? (S. W. P.) 



SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 77 

19. What judge spent one day each year in penance and prayer for 

having condemned innocent persons to death? (S.) 

20. What Indian chief, during a war with the settlers, issued promis- 

sory notes signed by himself and afterward redeemed them? 
(P.) • 

CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY OF EVENTS. 

A. I). Pai^e 

607. Jamestown settled by the English, May 2,^ 41 

609-1610. "Starving Time" in Virginia 43 

612. The third charter given to Virginia 43 

613. Pocahontas married to John Rolfe 43 

618. The Great Charter granted to Virginia 45 

6ig. The first legislative body in America met in Virginia 42 

619. African slavery introduced at Jamestown 45 

620. The Pilgrims landed at Plymouth 49 

622. An Indian massacre took place in Virginia, .March 22 46 

623. New Hampshire settled at Dover and Portsmnuth 55 

624. A new charter granted to Virginia 46 

628. The Massachusetts Bay Colony formed 50 

630. Boston founded 50 

631. Connecticut settled ;:t Windsor 54 

634. Maryland settled at St. Mary's ., 61 

635. Hartford founded 54 

636. Rhode Island settled at Providence 55 

637. The Peciuod Indians exterminated 54 

638. Delaware settled at Christiana by Swedes 59 

645. Clayborne's rebellion in Maryland 61 

663. The land between Florida and Virginia granted to Lord 

Clarendon and others 62 

664. New Amsterdam captured by the English and name 

changed to New York 57 

664. New Jersey settled at Elizabethtown 58 

670. First settlement in South Carolina mrule on Ashley river. . 62 

C~2. New Jersey divided into East and West Jersey 58 

675-1676. King Philip's War 52 

676. Bacon's rebellon 48 

679. New Hampshire made a royal province 55 

680. Charleston, S. C, founded 62 

682. Pennsylvania settled 59 

683. Philadelphia laid out by William Penn .' 59 



78 HCHOOL HLSTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

A. D. rage 

1689-1697. King William's War 63 

1689. Andros deposed 58 

1692. Salem witchcraft * 53 

1702-1713. Queen Anne's War 63 

1703. Delaware received a separate government 59 

1724. Vermont settled 55 

1732. Washington born, February 22 66 

1733. Savannah, Ga., founded by General Oglethorpe 62 

1741. New Hampshire made a royal province 55 

1744-1748. King George's War 65 

1745. Louisburg captured 65 

1753- Washington's journey through the wilderness 66 

1 754- 1 763. French and Indian War 67 

1755. Braddock massacre. 67 

1759. Capture of Quebec 67 

1763. Treaty of peace signed 68 



SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 79 



PART III. 

Revolution and Independence U 765-1 783.) 

CHAPTER XL 
THE OPENING OF THE REVOLUTION. 

1. The Causes of the Revolution. — George III, king 
of Englaiul, acted the part ot a tyrant toward his American 
colonies. Many oppressive measures were enforcetl. In 
i66o, England passed the Navigation Act, which re(|uired 
all the connnerce of the colonies to be carried on in English 
ships, and forbade \ irginia to ship her tobacco to any coun- 
try except (ireat lintain. All trade between the colonies 
was severely taxed. In 1733, England enforced the Impor- 
tation Act, wiiicli laid hea: v duties on the sugar, molasses 
and nmi imported into the provinces. In 1750, she decreed 
that no iron works should be permitted in America, and the 
manufacture of steel was forbidden. These laws were 
evaded in evcr\- way possible, but the attempts to enforce 
them made the colonies angry and resentful. The Ameri- 
cans had given great help to the mother country during the 
bVench and Indian War, which so redounded to the glory of 
England. The cost, which was enormous, was mainly sad- 
dled upon the colonics. She would not allow them to have 
a delegate in the British Parliament to look after their inter- 
ests. This was faxatioii wifhout representation. 

2. The Stamp Act. — The most irritating measure, how- 
ever, was the Stamp Act, passed in 1765. This ordered that 



80 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

all newspapers, pamphlets, advertisements and legal doeu- 
ments printed in America should bear a stamp, bought from 
the English government. The v/rathful Americans mobbed 
the British officers and burned the stamps or sent them back 
to England. Parliament uas frightened, and repealed the 
Stamp Act the following year; but that the Americans 
should understand she did not yield the right to tax them, a 
new tax was put on tea, glass, paper and printers' materials. 
This added to the anger of the Americans. England sent 
troops to this country to enforce the odious laws. Riots in 
several places followed. 

The Virginia House of Ikirgesses was the first assembly 
to take formal action against the Stamp Act. Patrick 
Elenrv, a young menil)er from the county of Louisa, intro- 
duced resolutions, written on the l)lank leaf of an old law 
book, to the effect that Virginians had inherited all the 
rights of Englishmen ; that two charters had reaffirmed this 
principle; that it was an element of I'.ritish freedom that 
there should be no taxation icifhouf rcprcsciitafioit, and that it 
followed, therefore, that only the ( "icneral Assemljly of the 
colony had the right to impose taxes upon the people of the 
colony. 

These bold resolutions were bitterly and ably opi)osed, 
but Henry defended them with the fiery eloquence of which 
lie had given evidence a sliort time l)efore in the famous 
"Parsons case," at Hanover Court House. It was in this 
debate that the memorable scene occurred, when Henry 
reached his climax b\" exclainfing, "Cccsar had his Brutus; 
Charles I, his Cromwell, and George HI — " "Treason!" 
cried the .Speaker. "Treason!" echoed through the hall; 
but Elenrv, with Hashing e\'c and clarion voice, completed 
his sentence — "may profit by their example. If this be trea- 
son, make the most of it." The resolutions were adopted 



SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 81 

by a small majority — the boldest by a majority of only one; 
but they were sent to the other colonies and adopted in sub- 
stance by most of them. 

On learning of the adoption of these resolutions, the gov- 
ernor sent for the House of Burgesses and promptly dis- 
solved them; but, as was said b\- a Northern writer, "\ ir- 
ginia rang the alarm bell," and the other colonies heeded her 
warning. 

3. The Boston Tea Party. — England now tried to 
soothe the Americans by taking off the tax on everything 
except tea. The colonies, however, were contending for a 
principle, and \vould not admit the right of England to tax 
them at all. They refused to buy the tea. That which was 
sent to Charleston, S. C, was stored in damp cellars and 
spoiled. The cargoes which reached Xew York and Thila- 
delj)hia were nol alkjwcd to laml. 

In Boston, on tlie night of the i6th of Decemiier, 1773, a 
part\' of white men, i)ainted and dressed like Mohavv'k In- 
dians, went down to the harlxjr and boarded the shi})s Iving 
there. Tlie\ brought uj) all the chests of tea on Ijoard and 
emptied them iiUo the water. Then they went ([uiell}' 
home, and none of the liritish ever learned the nan/ic of a 
single one of the 'Tndians." This event is kncjwn as the 
"Boston Tea I'artw" When tlie news spread througli the 
other colonies, the peo]:)le were delighted and prcjud (^f the 
bold act. But there were other "Tea Parties" which have, 
somehow, 1)een lost sight of liy many writers, but wliich were 
even bolder than tlie one in lloston. At Wilmington, X. C, 
a band of bold men, led 1)\' Cornelius Harnett, fohn Ashe 
and Hugh Waddell. went in o]xm da}' and witliout disguise, 
and, boarding the tea ship, destroyed her cargo. In Annap- 
olis, the ship Peggy Stczvart, which had a cargo of tea, was 



SCHOOL niHTORY OF THE PNTTED STATES. 83 

towed into a safe place in the harbor and in broad dayhght 
burned with her entire cargo. 

By and b\-, the tithngs went across the sea to England. 
She was so angry that she shut up the port of Boston, moved 
the custom house to Salem, and made General Gage gov- 
ernor of Massachusetts. This oppression drew the colo- 
nies closer together and further away from the mother coun- 
try. All of the colonies expressed sympathy for Boston. 
Georgia sent her sixty-three tierces of rice, besides other 
provisions and '$/20 in money. 

4. The First Continental Congress — It was clear that 
war was coming, and the Americans saw the need of agree- 
ing upon a course of action. So they sent their wisest men 
to Philadelphia to discuss the matter and decide upon the 
best thing to do. This body was the first Continental Con- 
gress, and met September 5. 1774. Georgia was the only 
colony not represented. Her governor had no love for the 
"rebels," and would not allow the people to choose dele- 
gates; but she was in hearty sympathy with the cause. 

The first Continental Congress was not afraid to sav what 
it meant. It condenmed England for ([uartcring her sol- 
diers on the ])eo])lc, praised Arassachusetts for the s]3irit she 
had shown, and declared that the colonies would have no 
dealings with the mother country until she ceased to oppress 
them. 

The excitement increased every day. The old, the nud- 
dle-aged and the big boys formed companies that were called 
"minute nien." These were drilled in military movements, 
until it seemed as if the beating of the drum and the shrill 
notes of the fife were never still. 

We nuist remember that it was hardly a dozen years since 
the close of the I'rench and Indian War, in which tlie Ameri- 
cans had done so well. Thev had learned how to fight, and 



84 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

among them were a good many officers who were the right 
ones to lead in the great events at hand. There had been 
riots all over the colonies. The first blood was shed in New 
York city, where, in an affray between the soldiers and the 
citizens abont a "liberty pole," which the former had pulled 
down, several citizens were killed; but the soldiers were 
worsted and compelled to withdraw, and a new "liberty 
pole" was erected. 

The "Boston Massacre," by which, in an altercation be- 
tween citizens and soldiers, three citizens were killed and a 
number were wounded, occurred on March 5, 1770, and 
caused the most intense excitement throughout the country. 
In North Carolina was formed a band called "Regulators" to 
resist illegal faxes, but Governor Tryon, one of the most ty- 
lannical and objectionable of all the governors sent from 
England to rule the colonies, took the field against them, 
and, on the i6th day of May, 177 1, made an attack upon them 
on the Alamance river. The Regulators fought with tlie 
bravcrv that has ever characterized tlie soldiers of the "Old 
North State," l)ut their ammunition gave out and they were 
compelled to retreat before greatly superior numbers, leav- 
mg a number of their dead and wounded, on the field. 

Trvon followed his success with cruel rancor, hanging- 
several of the captured and. confiscating the estates of others 
who svmpathized with the Regulators, and dividing the pro- 
ceeds between the governor and his favorites. The Regu- 
lators found refuge among the friendlv Cherokees, where 
they formed a republic of their own, which afterwards be- 
came the State of Tennessee. 

In Rhode Island, in 1772, the people had shown their 
spirit bv boarding and burning the Cas[>ec, a British armed 
vessel, which had made herself especially obn<Jxious in en- 
forcing the navigation laws and "acts of trade.'' 



sriIOOI. IIIXTORY OF TIIK fXITEf) ><TATEH. SH 

Uut in \ ir^inia the fires of patriolisin hiirned as steadily 
and as brighllx as in any of tlie eolonies. I'lie House of 
Burgesses was in session May 24, 1774, when tlie news eame 
of the Boston "Tort Bill" and other measures which the 
British government had adopted against lioston, and at 
once passed resolutions of sympathy for their oppressed fel- 
low-patriots, made the cause of Massachusetts the cause ol 
Virginia, ap])(Mnted Jime i as a day of fasting, humiliation 
and prater, and ordered a suitable sermon to be preached on 
the occasion. 

Tlie next day the governor, Lord Dunmore, dissolved the 
body, Init tliey at once repaired to Apollo Hall, in tiie old 
Raleigh tavern, wlierc they passed strong resolutions, con- 
demning the course of England towards the colonies, and 
pro])osing a general congress to consult on tlie i)roper meas- 
ures to Ik- taken. They recommended that tlie delegates 
elected to the next House of 'Burgesses should meet "in 
Convention" in Williamsburg 1st of August, and aj)point 
deputies to represent \'irginia in the "General Congress" 
Vvdiich they ]jroi)osed. This was done, and the \'irginia 
delegation had no small influence in shaping the action of 
the Continental Congress. 

But the sjjirit of the "Old Dominion" rose to its full height 
when the \'irginia convention assciiil)led in March, 1775, in 
the historic old .St. John's Church in Riclimond, and Patrick 
Henry introduced his famous resolutions, denouncing, in 
direct terms, the presence of British trooi)s in America as 
dangerous to American freedom, and ])roposing that the 
Virginia colony should be at once put on a war footing and 
measures immediatelv taken for that end. Some of the 
ablest men of the convention argued against these resolu- 
tions as being extreme, and contrasted tlie weakness of Am- 



86 SCHOOL HIiiTORY OF THE UXTTEf) >'<TATEf<. 

erica with the strength of the greatest mihtary and naval 
power of the world. 

It was then that the "forest-born Demosthenes" rose to 
the climax of his power and swept everything before him in 
a speech of unsurpassed eloquence, which rang out like a 
clarion call to l:»attle. He concluded with the memorable 
words: "Gentlemen may cry, Peace! Peace! but there is no 
peace. The war is already beginning. The next gale that 
sweeps from the North will luring to our ears the clash of re 
sounding arms. Our brethren are already in the field. Why 
stand we here idle? What is it that gentlemen wish? What 
would they have? Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to l)e 
purchased at the price of chains and slavery? Forbid it, 
Almighty God! I know not what course others may take, 
but, as for me, give me liberty or give me death!" 

The resolutions were adopted, and from her blue moun- 
tains to her seashore the notes of busy preparation for the 
impending struggle were heard, and the sons of Virginia of 
every creed were foremost in the great contest for liberty. 
Henry's burning words were prophetic, as the war actually 
began the verv next month. 

5. The Battle of Lexington. — General Gage had 3000 
troops in Boston. He learned that the Americans had gath- 
ered some military supplies at Concord, a few miles away, 
and April 19. 1775, sent a body of soldiers to destroy them. 
The "minute men" along the route were warned, and ran 
from all directions to meet the British. 

It was just growing light when the troops reached Lex- 
ington. One of their officers rode forward and ordered the 
"minute men" on the village green to disperse, saying , "Dis- 
perse, ye rebels! Disperse!" The patriots held their 
n-round. The officer commanded his soldiers to fire. They 
obeyed, and seven of the "minute men" fell dead. 



SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. S7 

A scattering fire was returned, and the Americans fled. 
The sokhers marched on to Concord, destroyed the stores 
there ant! then started l)ack. lUit the kiUini;" of the patriots 
at Lexington had roused the people. \\h(j swarmed about 
the troops and fired upon them as fast as they coukl load 
their guns. Thev knelt behind stone walls, fences, trees 
and bushes, and took deadl\' aim at the invaders, who were 
shot down so fast that it looked as if none of them would 
live to reach Uoston. Reinforcements were sent to tlie Urit- 
isli, however, or all of them would have been killed. 

Little idea can be formed of the wild excitement caused l)y 
the battle of Lexington. Men leaped u])on horses and rode 
at breakneck pace to carry the news through the countrw 
The farmers left their plows, dashed to their houses, caught 
up their rusty flintlocks and powder-horns, kissed their fam- 
ilies good-b\c. and then made all haste to I'oston. Israel 
Putnam was laying a stone wall at his home in Connecticut, 
when a galloping horseman shouted tlie news to him. Put- 
nam was nearly sixty } ears old. His many daring exploits 
had made him famous, and he was known as "( )1(1 Put." He 
dropped his work, and, without stoi)ping to ch.ange his cloth- 
ing, sprang on his horse and hardly drew rein until he had 
ridden the seventy miles to Poston. 

The news of the battle of Lexington s])read rapidly 
through the colonics — as rai^dl}' at least as means of com- 
munication by special carriers would allow — and created 
everywhere the wildest excitement and ])romptest action. 

In Rhode Island, the patriots seized and carried oil from 
the batteries fortv cannon. Charleston. S. C. seized the ar- 
senal and distributed the arms among her volunteers. 
Georgia seized the royal magazines and prepared to join her 
sister colonies. In Mecklenburg count}-. North Carolina, 
on the 20th of May, 1775, delegates assembled at Charlotte 



S8 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE (MTJJI) STATERS. 

ami passed resolutions absolving iheniselves from all iurlher 
allegiance to Great Britain, and thus North Carolina has the 
honor of passing a "Declaration of Independence" more 
than a year before that passed by the Continental Congress at 
Philadelphia. The forts of Ticonderoga and Crown Point, 
which commanded communications with Canada, were ca]) 
tured l)y P)Cnedict Arnold and Ethan Allen, the latter de- 
manding the surrender of the fort "in the name of tlie (ireat 
Jehovah and the Continental Congress." 

Questions. — I. How did George III act toward his American col- 
onics? What is said of the Navigation Act? Of trade between the 
colonies? Of the Ini])ortation Act? Wliat was done in 1750? Wliat 
is said of these laws? What is meant by taxation without represen- 
tation? 

2. What were tlie provi-sions of the Stamp Act? What followed 
its passage? Wliat new taxes were imposed? Describe the action 
of the Virginia House of Burgesses on Patrick Henry's resolutions. 

3. W'hat is said of the tax on tea? Give the story of the Boston 
Tea Party. Of other Tea Parties? How did England retaliate? 
What was the result? 

4. What is said of the first Continental Congress? WHiat did it 
do? W^Kit of the general excitement? What schooling liacl the 
Americans received in the science of war? The "first 1)lood." The 
Boston massacre. The Regulators. Action in Rhode Island. In 
North Carolina. In Virginia. Henry's resolutions in March, 1775. 
His famous speech and its results. 

5. What move was made by General Gage? Describe the collision 
fjn the village green. Relate the incidents that followed. Illustrate 
the excitement that prevailed. What of "Old Put?" Action in 
Rhode Island. Other colonies. The North Carolina "Declaration 
(if Independence." Forts captured. 

CHAPTER XIL 

THE REVOLUTION. 

6. The Battle of Bunker Hill.— General Ward com- 
manded the Americans, who decided to anticipate the I'rit- 



SCHOOL Hf STORY OF THi: UNITED STATES. Sl> 

isli by forlifving- J'.unkcr liill. I5reccrs Hill, nearby, was 
agreed u])on as the best plaee for defense, and the Ameri- 
cans threw up intrenchnients there in the darkness of night. 
The Dritish did not learn what had been done until the sun 
rose, June 17, 1775. Then the ships ni the harl)or opened 
fire, and C General Howe landed with 2500 troops to tlrive out 
the jKitriots. 

It was a great day in Hoston. The roofs and steeples were 
crowded with people, who, with l)reathless interest, watched 
the coming battle. The Americans numl>ered about 1500. 
I)ut they were poorly armed and had received little military 
training. Tlie "redcoats" were fine soldiers, and marchecl 
up the hill witli regular stej), drums Ideating and colors i\\- 
ing. No more thrilling jiicture can be imagined. 

"Wait till \()U can see the wdiites of their eyes,"" said Colo- 
nel Prescott to his men. When tlie Ih'itisli had almost 
reached the intrenchnients, the connnand "Mre!"' rang 
along the American line. A sheet of fiame and a crash of 
nnisketry l)urst from the jiatriots. and a score of soldiers fell, 
'idle fire continued, and the soldiers broke and fied down 
tlie slope. At the foot thev rallied, under cover of the 
smoke from burning Charlestown, to whicli (leneral (lage 
had set fire. 

Again, to the insi)iring strains of martial music, the lirit- 
ish columns marched up the hill, only to l)e scattered by an- 
other fierce volle\' from the guns of the defenders. But 
Ticncral (lage had sent reinforcements, which formed a third 
time and advanced against the Americans. These would 
have l)een repulsed as before had tlie ammunition of the 
patriots held out. But in their eager bravery they had ex- 
hausted their scant supplv, and were able to discharge but a 
single volley more. They clu1d)ed their guns and fought 
fiercely to keep back their enemies, but the redcoats 



swanuovl over the iuuvnohu\o\u>^, aiuK wiih fwoil hayonols, 
ihxn'v oiu the At\\onoanvS. Pho Knlilo of lUmkcr Hill was a 
victory Cv>r iho l^ritisli. 

7. Arrival of Washtnjiion.^ 'Iho soooutl Contutouial 
l"onj;'ross \\m\ »\oi in Plnluklphia in May an J nuulo Ikhm\qo 
W axshiujjion, of \ irjii»\ia, cou\mamlor-in-ohicf of il\o An\ 
orioan annios. Ho arrivoil al Canthrivliix^ Inly 3. anvl UH>k 
ohai^v v>f iho i4,o^x> poorly -ariiKHl and tlisoiplincil nictu w l\v> 
\vc!X^ alsv> poorly suppHoil with atwnmnitiow. TnUor his nta.s- 
lor hand ihoy in^|M>MvU fast, and sooti s^row ituo ati army of 
sonto olVioionoy, thous^h, as a military itum. Washinj^ton foil 
oMii^wl to nnuai»\ inaotivo much Untj^vr than tho in)|xuio)it 
wishos of tho [vttriots oonUl tolor;ito, anil honoo thoro was 
oonsidorahlo dissatisfaction at his delay in drivitij;- tho I'rit- 
ish fn^n Uostotv 

.s. Attc-mpt io v.ipturc c.ui.ida. — Tho lattor j^m of this 
\car ;iu-ic \\.\s ,-•,) .nuirjM to v.ipunv Canada by two annios. 
ono nnvlor Kichanl Montiixnnory. who luovod o»\ Moi\noal 
and fonnd it alx\ndonod, and tho other vmdor Arnold, w ho 
tuovovl on t^nohoc. After onconntorinji" vory j^roat hanl- 
ships and losii>i;' vor\ heavily of nton, whv> fell ont hy t*l\e 
w a\ \ \\c i\\ o artt\ies lutitod before Quebec aiul deiuandovl the 
snnvuvlor of the city. As they luul in their jv>int command 
only tv\y> n>ei\, the demanvl was refused, anil a nij^ht assault 
upon this stn^nji' fortress, which tuouutoil AX> jjuns, was de- 
feated, MoiUjiXMUory was killed, Arnold severely w\>ut\doil 
and Captaiit l^aniol Morj;'au, of NMrginia, whv> captured the 
adx^nco Kntterios, was contpelled. after a throe hours' ^^l~ 
lant hcfht, to sunvndor with his vlotachmont. 

9. Operations In the South.—l.orxl Dutunojv haviuji* 
rxMUv>vevl twoTtty banvis of powder ftvtti the tuajra.*iue at 
\\'illiaiusburji\ T^vtrick Ttenry oolloctoil xx^hmtoors for its 
tvcvw er\ . but a coutlict was delaved bv tho i^xw eruor's aimx^ 



si-iKKu iiisriu,') or Tiir i srri'n nv iv/.'x. i»i 

111;', 111 |i,i\ III! llu' piiwdii, I MiiiiiK M c, III i\\ cv II , llid iiii 
In Ml (I .1 I ', I il I'.li 111,111 I il w .11 .Mill Willi III \i ii li ills ; .iiiil, when 
llr W.is ilil.Mlcii ,ll t .ir.il I'.|IiI:M', IwiKc llllirs Ikiiii \'ii| |ii|k, 
;iinl llic \ iii'iiii.i liuic, ciiliictl llic iil\, III' ,i:;iiiii linik icI 

IIIM' lUI .1 111. Ill 111 W.ll Mill 111 Ullli.ll ilii I .Mill ImIMICiI IIic i ll\, 

wliiili III'. I iic.iih I w 1 1 iiiillii III'. li\ llic II iiill.iiM ,il II HI. I 'nil 
iiiiiic |ii 1 11 l.iiiiiiil II ((ill nil III ihc iU'!_;f(U'S, ;iii(l iiivilcd lliciii 
111 |iiiii III'. '.I.niil.ii il .iihI Ii;',IiI ;i:',.iiii:.l lliiii iii.i'.l ci s. ( I'liis 
\\.i'< llii' I II cicili III |i i||( i\\ I'll li\ llic I I'llci ,il'. Ill llic \\:ir (if 
iSdl (I;, * lie c-.l.ilili'.licd III'. (,iiii|i mi .111 I'.I.iikI |ii i i| c( led 
li\ lii'^ lleel, lull iTic iic\l siiiiiiiicr (iciici.il Amlicw Lewis, 
Ihe lieiii 111 ruiiil rie.i'..illl, illii\e nil llie lleel .llnl lunke ll|) 
III'. ( ,iiii|i. Iliir. \ II I'jiii.i 11 II ik 1 .11 e 1 i| I ICI '.ell, w liile seiidiii;'; 
lie I 1 1 1 II ip. Il I w ell III" Il e\ ei \ I i.i 1 1 le i li 1 1 le l\ e\ ( i| III ii ill. 

Ill \iillli ,iiii| .'^iMilli ( .11 I iliii.i, .il'.ii, llie rii\,il ;;i i\ eri|( IIS 
.liid llieii ,i(llieieiils weie (lii\eii (Hit, ;iii(l. Ill lliv' liniiier 
,"^l.ile. ;i l,ii<;e liiiiK nl I m ic. iiiel ;i li|( n k I \ delealiil Mnore's 
( 'leek ;il llie li.iiids nl ( oldiiel ( ',i'.W('!l. 

I'AI'N T.S ( )!•• i;;(). 



10. I :\ :iciiat i«)iii of Itoslon. \\\ M,ir(li, \ , ;isliiii;;l( m 

luHii'Jil liiliisell slrnii!', eii(Ml;',ll lii liUi'e llie I'.iillsli l(i e\;U"- 

i.ile I'xi'.hui, .111(1 .leci II iliii!',l\ lie I n Mill i,ii i led llieii liuliliea 

hui l(ii lliiee (l,i\s, ;iiid, on llie lliild iiivjil, seized and Inr 

ilie.l I '( 111 liesler lleiidils, w liieli e( imiii.inded llie eil\ and 

lie liai I II II I Ml I lie S( Mil II. llie I 'i il i'di ;'ener;il, jjowc, knew 

li.il llie ('il\ w,is nnleii.ilile unless lie (Ii(i\i' llie \nierie,ins 

I ( Mil llieir |i( isil i( Ml < Ml IV m (liesler llei;dils, w liu li I lie\ were 

ii.ikni;; sli(Mi;',er e\ i r\ d.i\. Iliiwe deiided lii e\.ienal'.'. 

.111(1, I'll llie r-|li 111 March, llicrc was an int'orinal aiMccinciil 

lli.il lie sluMild do so willuMil iiK ijeslal i( >n on the i)arl (li llu" 

.\nieiieans. 



92 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE FXTTED StTATESl. 

General Howe sailed for Halifax, taking with him a large 
number of Tories; the Americans entered the city. General 
Putnam was ])laced in command, and the property of refu- 
gee Tories was sold and the proceeds used for the public 
service. 

Supposing that Howe would attack New York, Washing- 
ton sent forward a part of his army to defend it, and hastened 
thither himself. The British plan for the year really was t(j 
relieve Quebec, still threatened b)- Arnold, ca])ture New 
York city, overrun the State, carry war into the South and 
invade the Northern colonies from Canada. They appre- 
hended no danger to Boston, and its enforced evacuation 
changed and delavcd tlicir ])lans. 

11. British Attack on Charleston. — In the latter pan 
of June, a British fleet, numbering about fifty vessels, at- 
tacked Charleston, S. C. Fort Moultrie replied with so 
much effect that the shattered fleet drew ofif and sailed for 
New York. In the midst of the battle, the flagstafif of the 
fort was shot away and the flag fell outside. Sergeant Wil- 
liam Jasper sprang over the breastwork, tied the flag to a 
spongestaff, and planted it again jn place. The hero was 
offered a lieutenant's commission, which he modestly de- 
clined. 

12. The Declaration of Independence, — North Caro- 
lina had directed her delegates to concur in a Declaration 
of Independence. The Virginia convention directed their 
delegates in Congress "to propose to that body to declare 
the United Colonies free, independent and sovereign States." 
Richard Henry Lee, of Virginia (not Henry Lee, who served 
so ably and gallantly in the army and was known as "Light 
Horse Harry," and was the father of Robert Edwarrl Lee), 
accordingly moved, on June 7, 1776, ''That fJicsc United Colo- 
nics arc and oiigJif to he free and independent Statcs^and that 



SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE LXITED STATES. 93 

all political connection bcticccn flicni and the State of Great 
Britain is and ought to be dissok'cd.'' 

The motion was seconded l^y Jolm Adams, of Massachu- 
setts, who took a leading and able part in the debate which 
followed; and, on the 2d of July, the motion was adopted, 
and a committee, consisting of Thomas Jefferson, of \'ir- 
ginia; Benjamin Franklin, of Pennsylvania; John Adams, 
of Massachusetts; Roger Sherman, of Connecticut, and 
Robert R. Livingston, of New York, was appointed to draft 
a suitable expression of this action. (Richard Henry Lee 
had been providentially called to his home in \irginia.) 

Thomas Jefferson wrote the draft, his original pa]:)cr was 
slightly altered by h>anklin and Adams, and, on the mem- 
orable fourth of July, 1776, the docimient w;is adopted bv 
Congress, signed by its memi)ers and proclaimel to the 
countr_\ and the world. The autograph signatures of the 
individual members are of dee]> interest, and manv incidents 
worth preserving occurred during the signing. Wlien 
Charles Carroll, of Maryland, was about to affix his signa- 
ture, some one remarked that as there were several of his 
name in the State he would probal)ly escape identification 
and punishment if the cause should fail, wliereupon tb.e 
brave old patriot wrote his name in unmistakable charac- 
ters, ''Charles Carroll of Carrolltoii." 

The hall in which Congress was sii.ing lias been preserved 
to this day as "Independence Hall;'" the bell which rang out 
the glad tidings is still preserved as "Old Liberty Bell^ Many 
other souvenirs of the grand event are carefully preserved as 
precious relics, \\hile the fourth of July has been ever ol)- 
served as a national holidav, and it is hoped will l)e still 
more generally observed in the future, that the youth of our 
land may learn and heed its lessons. The Declaration was 
welcomed everywhere with the ringing of bells, with bon- 



94 .SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES^. 

fires and illuminations, the firing of cannon and shouts of 
joy. The fight henceforth was not for rights as British sub- 
jects, but as American freemen. 

13. Campaign Near New York. — General Howe soon 
sailed from Halifax for New York. His brother. Admiral 
Howe, arrived from England with reinforcements, and the 
English fleet returned from the attack on Charleston. This 
made the strength of the invaders fully 30,000 men. Wash- 
ington, who had only 7000 soldiers fit for duty, made ready 
to defend the city. 

14. Battle of Long Island. — The British landed on the 
southwest shore of Long Island, August 22. General Put- 
nam and his 8000 men fought bravely, but the enemy got in 
their rear, and the Americans were badly defeated. Instead 
of attacking the Americans at Brooklyn, Howe awaited the 
arrival of the fleet. The patriots were helpless for two days. 
Then a dense fog came to their aid. Rather strangely, it 
veiled everything on the Brooklyn side, but it was clear in 
New York. At midnight the Americans stole away from 
Brooklyn, and, under cover of the fog, crossed the river. 

15. Defeat of Washington. — Washington was too weak 
to defend Xew York against the British, and they occupied 
the cit}'. The American conmiander withdrew to White 
Plains, where he repulsed an attack of the enemy. The 
British were so strong, however, that the Americans were 
forced to retreat, Octol^er 28. Fort Washington, on the 
Hudson, was captured November 16 by a large force of Hes- 
sians. Tiie Hessians were natives of Hesse-Cassel, Ger- 
many. The King of England hired several thousand of 
them to help his soldiers conquer America. 

16. Retreat Through New Jersey — Washington re- 
treated across New Jersey, hoping to save Philadelphia, 
which was the most important city in the country. It was 



SCHOOL TITXTORY OF THE UXITFA) STATES. 95 

in the (lei)th of winter, and the jiatriots were in rat^s. Hun- 
dreds had no shoes. In many plaees they left bloody foot- 
j^rints on the frozen ground. Cornwallis, the ablest of the 
British leaders, with 6000 men, followed in hot pursuit. The 
armies were continually in sight of each other and often ex- 
changed shots. The patriot force was about one-half tliai 
of the rcdc(^ats, and grew smaller as the retreat continued. 

17. Battle of Trenton, — Reaching the Delaware, Wash- 
ington seized all the boats and crossed into Pennsylvania. 
Cornwallis decided to wait for the river to freeze before fol- 
lowing the patriots further. Fifteen hundred volunteers 
joined W'asliington, and he resolved to strike the enemy. 
On Christmas night, in th.e midst of a fierce storm of snovv' 
and sleet, and with the Delaware filled with fioating ice, he 
crossed a few miles above Trenton, with 2400 picked men. 
15y a rapid march, he reached the town at daybreak, drove 
in the Hessian pickets, killed Colonel Rahl and sixteen 
soldiers and captured looo of the enemy. 

This Ijrilliant exj^loit kindled anew the fires of patriotism, 
\'olunteers liastened to join the patriot forces. Those 
whose terms of enlistment b.ad ended agreed to sta\-, and the 
darkest days of the struggle for independence, when hope 
was almost gone, were over. 

EVENTS OF 1777- 

18. Battle of Princeton — Cornwallis was so near that 
Washington recrossed to Penns\lvania after the battle of 
Trenton. Three days later he came back, with his armv 
increased to 6000 men. .Smarting with the disgrace of 
Rahl's defeat, Cornwallis attacked Washington at the As- 
sunpink creek, which flows through the town, but was re- 
pulsed. That nighi^ Washington stole out of Trenton, 
reaching Princeton by a roundabout course, and fell upon 



96 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

the rear of the British, January 3, at sunrise. He won a vic- 
tory before Cornwalhs could get back to the town. Then 
Washington went into winter quarters at Morristown, and 
the British did the same at New Brunswick:. 

i9. Lafayette — Benjamin Franklin was sent to France 
to try to persuade that country to helj) us in our struggle 
against England. It was some time before he met with suc- 
cess. Among those who decided to aid the Americans was 
Lafayette, onl\- nineteen years old, and a captain of dra- 
goons. He was rich, and fitted out his own vessel. He 
brought with him a number of French of^cers and a fine 
German soldier. Baron De Kalb. When they reached this 
country, in April, 1777, Lafayette asked Congress to allow 
him to serve in the patriot army, without pay, as Washing- 
ton was doing. He met Washington a few days after, and 
the warm friendshi]) which the\' formed lasted through life. 
He was made a major-general, when hardl\' twenty years of 
age. Pulaski, Kosciusko, Baron Steuben and othor dis- 
tinguish(_^d foreigners fought in the American armies. 

20. Campaii^n in Peimsylvania.-.-^General Howe stayed 
in New Yorlc until Sc]:)tcn::b:r, \vhcn he sailed, with a force 
of about 20.000 men. for Chesa])eake bay. Thence he 
marched toward Philadelidiia. Washington, with a much 
weaker force, met him at l^.randvwine. Scptenil)er 11. but 
was defeated. Lafayette w;is M-oundcd in the battle. Con- 
gress tied to Lancaster, and Howe occupied Philadelphia, 
September 26. An attack was made on the enemy at Ger- 
mantown, October 4, but without success. 

21. Washington at Valley Forge — Washington and 
his ragged army withdrew to A^alley Forge and went into 
winter quarters. Their sufferings were dreadful. The 
wretched log huts could not be warmed ; only a few had 
parts of blankets, and even straw could not be got. Food 



SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 97 

was scarce, and the patri(jts many times felt the pangs of 
starvation. To add to the darkness of the situation, there 
were intrigues against Washington and efforts to remove him. 
Washington made his home with Isaac Potts. One day 
Potts was walking up a creek, which wound through the 
woods near by, when he heard a person's voice. He 
stopped and listened; some one was praying near him. 
Stealing among the trees, he saw \ , ashington on his knees, 
pleading with heaven to save his beloved country. In tell- 
ing the incident to his wife, Potts said: "If there is anyone 
to whom God will listen, it is George Washington, and 
under such a commander our independence is certain." 

22, Surrender of Burgoyne. — The 1 British conmiander, 
Burgoyne, marched from Canada, in June, with a large 
army, intending to capture All)any and join Howe in New 
York. Had he succeeded, it would ])robably have been a 
fatal l)low to American liberty. He met with success for a 
time; but, by and by, his su])ply of food ran short, and he 
could get no more, (ieneral Gates, who commanded the 
patriot arm\-, attacked r>urgoyne, near Saratoga, Septem- 
ber 19 and ()ctol)er 7. 

While the condition of the Americans improved each da}', 
that of P)Urgoyne grew worse. Finally, the British were 
hemmed in on all sides, with little water and no food, and 
with the American batteries commanding their cam]i. All 
hope 1)eing gone, lUirgoyne, October 17, surrendered liis 
army of about 6000 men and a vast amount of war material. 
This was a great victory fc^r the Americans and helped to 
keep burning the fires of patriotism. 

EVENTS OF 1778. 

23. Aid from France. — The victory over Burgoyne gave 
France the excuse she was waiting for to aid the Americans. 



98 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UXITED STATES. 

She acknowledged our independence, loaned us money, sent 
military stores, and i,iromised to help us with a fleet. The 
news of the sailing" of a I'Yench fleet so alarmed Enghuul 
that she ordered the army in Philadelphia to join the British 
forces in New York. Howe had gone home, and Clinton 
now connnanded in Philadelphia. 

24. Battle of Monmouth Court House. — Clinton started 
oxerlantl. with Washington in jiursuit. He overtook tlie 
Pritish at .Monmouth Court House, New Jersey, June 28. 
It was one of the hottest days of the season. General Charles 
Lee was to have led the attack, but he ordered a retreat. 
Washington came upon the field at the critical moment, and, 
in a towering rage, ordered Lee to the rear. Then the com- 
mander-in-chief took inmiedictte charge and fought the bat- 
tle with his usual skill. When darkness came, Clinton stole 
away with his men to Xew York. It has siiice been charged 
that Cicneral Lee, while serving in the patriot army, was a 
traitor, and did what he could to help the enemy. He was 
afterwards tlismissed from the service for insubordination. 

25. Molly Pitcher. — While the battle was going on. 
"]\h)lh- riicher" Inisied herself carrying water from a spring 
to her liusband, who had charge of a cannon. She saw hini 
shot down, and heard an officer order the ])iece removed. 
]\Iolly droppetl her ])ail. ran to the cannon, seized the ram- 
mer and continued loading and firing the gun throughout 
the battle, ^\'asllinglon praised her for her bravery, made 
her a sergeant, and Congress granted her half-pay for life. 
This incident is shown on the monument which was erected 
some vears ago on the battle-ground. 

26. Failure of the French Fleet. — The French fleet ar- 
rived July 29. and entered Narragansett baw It went out to 
engage the English fleet under Ilowe, but a storm scattered 
ail the vessels. General Sullivan, who was to help in the 



SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 99 

land attack on Newport, barely escaped capture by Clinton, 
who had hurried from New York witli a large force to at- 
tack iiini. No further aid was given by the French fleet that 
year. 

27. Massacre of Wyoming. — The fourth of July, Colo- 
nel John lUitler led a l:>and of Indians and Tories into the 
l)eautiful "Vale of Wyoming," in the valley of the Suscpie- 
hanna, and routing and cutting to pieces the small patriot 
forces opposed to them, proceeded to massacre the old men, 
women and children in the most horrible manner. 

28. Virginia's Conquest of the Northwest — The North- 
west Territory belonged to \ irgiuia under original grant 
in her charter, but the British now held it, having es- 
tablished strong posts in connnanding positions all over the 
territory, from whence they encouraged the Indians to make 
forays on the white settlements along the frontier. 

The Continental Congress could s])are no troops to re- 
conquer this territory, though appealed to by Virginia to do 
so, and the governor, Patrick Henry, accepted the earnestly- 
profered services of George Rogers Clarke, of Albemarle 
county, who enlisted volunteers, chiefly in the western coun- 
ties and in what is now the State of Kentucky, marched into 
that region, and by real ability, rare skill and heroic courage, 
and patience in bearing every hardship and privation, he 
ca])lured forts Kaskaskia and Vinccntics, and other posts, and 
floated the flag of the "Old Dominion" over the whole of 
that "Northwestern Territory, "it being mmedlllinois county, 
I 'ii\Q;i}iia. The result of the retaking of this vast territory 
was that when peace came the British boundary line was 
forced back to the lakes, instead of coming down to the 
Ohio, as it would otherwise have done, and the State of V^ir- 
ginia had a clear title to this vast domain out of which the 
States of Ohio. Illinois, Indiana, Wisconsin, Michigan and a 



100 SCHOOL HItiTORY OF THE V SIT ED STATES. 

part of Minnesota were afterwards carved, and which, as we 
shall see, the old commonwealth, with lavish hand gaz'c, 
without money and without price, as a frcc-z^nll offering to 
the establishment of the Union — the most imperial gift that 
State or nation ever laid on the altar of country. 

29. The South Overrun. — Having done so little in the 
North, England now turned her efforts to the South. She 
met with so much success that by the close of the year Sa- 
vannah was captured and Georgia overrun. Among the 
killed during the assault on Savannah were the valiant Ser- 
geant Jasper and the Polish patriot. Count Pulaski. 

EVENTS OF 1779- 

30. Success of the Enemy in the South. — (jeorgia 
was not only overrun, but the royal governor was restored 
to power. England could claim that at least one of her col- 
onies had Ijeen brought back under the crown. An attack 
on Savannah by General Lincoln and the French fleet was 
repulsed. There was fighting in the North, but nothing of 
moment took place. It may be said that in 1779 the strug- 
gle for Amci'ican independence became languid. 

31. The War on the Ocean.— W'licn the war broke out 
few had any thought of making a fight against England on 
the ocean, where she had long been mistress. A number of 
privateers, however, were fitted out to sail along the New 
England coast. Congress established a naval depot, and 
the privateers did fine service. Five hundred ships of the 
enemy were captured during the first three years of the Rev- 
olution. 

Paul Jones was one of the bravest men that ever lived. 
He was given command of a squadron of five vessels, fitted 
out by the American Commissioners in Paris. While hunt- 



S'CfK'Of. msTith'Y OF THE IMTHI) KTATFj><. 101 

ing for tlie enemy off the northeast ecjast of England, he 
sighted the S era pis and the Countess of Scarborough, in 
eharge of a Heet oi nierehantnien. ISoth pai'ties eagerly 
prepared for battle, whieh openetl as night was elosing, Sep- 
tember 2^, and was one of the mcjst furions known in his- 
tory. 

The hring liad hardly begun, when two of the cannon on 
the lower deck of Jones's ship, the Bon Jjouinic Richard, 
burst, killing several men and rendering the guns useless. 
Jones was anxious to fight at close <|narters, but after clos- 
ing in, foimd he could not bring his guns to bear, so he fell 
off again. 

"Have _\-ou struck?" called tlie iMiglish connnander. 

"Struck!" shouted Jones; "I haven't l)egun lighting yet!" 

While the vessels were manoeuvring, the jil)l)Oom of the 
Scrapis cauglit in the niizzen rigging of the Richard. Jones 
lashed the b^c:)om to his ma; t, but the pitching of the vessels 
broke the hold. ( )ne of the anchors of the Scrapis pierced 
the (juarter of the RicJiard and held fa?t. The two ships 
were now locked together, and they flew at each other like 
tigers. 

When the Scrapis tried to fire, slie found the Richard so 
close that the port holes could not 1,'e opened. So thev were 
left shut, and the ]:)ort lids were l)Iown off b\' the first dis- 
charge o[ cannon. In the midst of the terrific fight, which 
lasted two hours, Jones was enraged to Ciuil that his l-'rench 
consort was firing into liim. Leaving the Frenchman to be 
settled with afterward, Jones gave his whole attention to the 
enemy. 

The Scrapis had been on fire half a dozen times, and at the 
end (^{ two hours her commander lowered m-i colors. The 
Richard was in flames and was riddled, fones hadi barel\' 
time to remove his wounded and his crew to the Scrapis, 



102 SCHOOL HIf<TOIiy OF THE VXITED S^TATEH. 

when his own ship went to the bottom. The French com- 
mander who had fired into the Richard was cahed to account, 
and declared insane. Jones took his prizes to Holland, and 
then made many other captures. 

EVENTS OF 1780. 

32. The Treason of Arnold. — A shocking event took 
place in the summer of 1780. Benedict Arnold was one of 
the bravest men that ever drew a sword, and did splendid 
service for the patriot cause. Rut he had an evil temper, 
with bad habits, and married a Tory lady in Philadelphia. 
He made up his mind to betray, his coiuitry, for which he 
was promised a large sum of money and a general's com- 
mission in the British army. 

Arnold was in command of West Point, at that time the 
strongest post in the colonics. He agreed to surrender it 
and the garrison to Sir Henry Clinton, the English com- 
mander at New York. In so delicate and important a mat- 
ter, it was necessary that an officer should meet Arnold and 
arrange the details. Clinton sent Major Andre to perform 
the dangerous task. 

Andre went u]) the Hudson in a British sloop, and landed 
below Haverstraw, where Arnold was waiting on tlie l)ank. 
They talked a long time and arranged everything. Arnold 
gave Andre a map of the fortifications at West Point, and 
Andre placed the papers inside one of his stockings. He 
was also furnished with a pass by Arnold, in case he was 
stopped by any Americans. 

While Andre and the traitor were talking together, an 
American battery opened fire on tlic English sloop and 
compelled her to drop down stream. When Andre came 
to the shore, therefore, he saw that the vessel was beyond 



f^f'Hoof, fusToRY or Till-: ('\ frill) rtatpjs. 103 

reach. He was anxious to get back to New York, so he put 
on the (h-ess of a farmer, got a horse and started to ride 
thither. You must know that when he made this change in 
his dress, lie became a spy, antl, if taken, was liable to be 
hanged. Had he worn his uniform and l^een made prisoner 
he would not have 1)een harmed. Such are the laws of war. 
Clinton had warned Andre against doing so fatal a thing. 
As it was, Andre might have escaped had he kept his wits 
al)out him. 

The young officer reached Tarrytown, and ])erhaps was 
thinking of the deathblow he was helping to give to the 
cause of American inde]KMKlence, when three patriots, at the 
side of the road, stop])e<l him and asked his busines.s. One 
of the three had on a P.ritish coat. This led Andre to be- 
lieve they were his friends, and he made known that he was 
a P.ritish officer. 

He (|uickly discovered his mistake, but it was too late. 
Arnold's papers were found on him, and then his Imsiness 
and character were fully known. He offered a large bribe 
to the Americans to let him go, but they refused, and sent 
him to Washington. Through a blunder, Andre was given 
a chance to warn Arnold, who escaped to the sloop and 
reached New York. 

A good deal of pity was felt for Andre, but his fate, though 
hard, was just. He was tried by court-martial and hanged, 
October 2. Arnold received the payment agreed upon for 
his treason, and afterward did all he could against his native 
country. He earned a name which, through all ages to 
come, will stand next in infamy to that of Judas Iscariot. 

33. The War !n the South.— The British captured 
Charleston, May 12, 1780. General Gates, who was in com- 
mand in the South, did no effective service. There were 
Tories in that section, and the soldiers were ragged and 



KM SCHOOL IIIKTORY OF TIIH I MTlUt STATES. 

slarviiii;". AfttT a tiiiu', no organized resistance was made, 
r.ut if the South was pestered with I'ories, it had plenty 
of patriots. The most famous were Marion, .Smuter, Lee, 
I'iekens and iiorr\. 'idie\ , with tlieir followers, were tine 
horsemen, and knew the hidden paths and retreats in the 
forests and swam])s. They struck many sturdy blows 
a<^ainst the invaders, and were sometimes strong;" enough to 
capture lar^e forces of the enemy. They rendered the best 
of services to the cause of American liberty. 

34. Advr.nce oU Cornwallis, — Clinton ret'M-ned to New 
^^)rk^ joyfi-.'Iy re])ortinm" tlie concpiest of South Carolina, 
and C'ornwalHs, whom he left in connnaiuk advanct'il north- 
ward. ] laviat;" rcnited tiates at L'amden, Auc^nst i(), he ])ro- 
posed to advance into and concpier North Carc^lina. lUit, 
on the Sth of ( )ctol)er, tlie i)alriots, under ("oloiel William 
Cam])bell. defeated a ])od\ of Tories under Colonel h\M\>4-u- 
son at Kin.y;'s Mountain, nt-ar the Nortli Carolina border, 
killiui;- a lart;e num])t'r and ca])lurin^- the survivors, <Soo 
stront::-. This im])ortant success exposed the flan1< of Corn- 
wallis, and compelled him to retreat to Winnsboro, wliile it 
i^ave Creene. who had now succeeded ( iates, time to rally 
and reort;ani/.e his shattered army. 

EVENTS OF 1 78 1. 

35 Tlie War in the South.- (ieneral Cirecne, who, 
next to W'asliin^lon, was considered by nian\- tlie best offi- 
cer in the American army, was sent South and took the 
l)lacc of Ciatcs. He had only 2000 starvinq- ])atriots in raqs, 
but he handled tlieiii with i;-reat skill, and sent (ieneral Mor- 
gan into South Carolina to fioht the enemy there. AI origan 
routed a larc^e force imder Tarleton at the Cowpcns, Janu- 
ar\ 17, and withdrew before Cornwallis and his stron.q-^army 
could reach him. 




.Surrender of Cornwallis' 



Death of (ieiieral Wolfe. 



106 siciiooL nft^Toin' of the i sited KTATES. 

Greene was attacked and defeated at Guilford Gourt 
House, North Carolina, March 15, by Gornwallis. The 
latter, however, suffered many losses, and left the State for 
Virginia. Greene gained a victory at Eutaw Springs, Sep- 
tember 8, and managed matters with so much success that 
in a few months he cleared Georgia and the Carolinas of the 
enemy, who held only the cities of Savannah, Charleston 
and Wilmington. 

36. Surrender of Cornwallis. — Entering \'irginia, Corn- 
waliis, after doing nnich damage, intrenched himself at 
Yorktown. There he was besieged by the L^rench force 
under Rochambeau (ro-shong'bo), the Erench fleet under 
l)e Grasse (grass), and the Americans under Washington. 
These together numbered 16,000 men. The siege was 
pressed with all vigor, and Cornwallis, after a vain attempt 
to break through the lines, found himself helpless. Octo- 
ber 19, he surrendered his army of Sooo men ])risoners of 
war. 

37. The End of the Revolution. —The scene will al- 
ways be a memorable one in American history. It brought 
the end of the Revolution and secured to us our independ- 
ence. The arm_\ was drawn up in two lines, extending more 
than a mile. On one side were the French, with Rocham- 
beau at their head; on the <^ther were Washington and his 
staff. The Hritisli arm\', with slow step, shouldered arms 
and furled flags, marched between the lines. General Corn- 
wallis was so mortified that he pretended to be ill, and sent 
his svv'ord by General OTIara. General Lincoln, who had 
been forced to surrender Charleston the year before, re- 
ceived the sword of Cornwallis from D'Hara. 

A messenger mounted a swift horse, and started for Phil- 
adelphia with the news. It was a loug ride, but he reached 
the city, at the dead of night, four days later. The citizens 



HCEOOJj flJSTOL'Y OF Till-: I \ITi:/) ^TATH.S KiT 

were roused from sleep by the siioutinj;- ui the walehinan; 
"Past 2 o'eloek and Cornwallis is taken!" The whole city 
was quickly astir and wild with delight. The aged door- 
keeper of Congress dro]-)ped dead with joy. 

Congress came together at an early hour, and, in the 
afternotjn, marched to the Lutheran clun-ch, where thev 
gave thanks to God for saving the nation, business was 
at a standstill, and nothing was talked about or thought of 
except the glorious tidings that the American colonies had 
won their independence. 

38. Our Independence Acknowledged by England. — 
England saw that all hope of concpiering her American col- 
onies was at an end. She, therefore, made a treaty of peace 
with them, November 30, 1782. The final treaty was signed 
at Paris, September 3, following. Washington resigned his 
command of the army, bade adieu to his officers, and went 
back to Mount \'ernon, hoping he would be allowed to re- 
main there and spend the rest of his days in peace. 

It is worth noting that England did not acknowledge the 
independence of the .Inicricaii iVafioii. l)ut of eacli one of the 
thirteen colonies, mentioning each by name, and recognizing 
that each one became a Soirrci(j!:ii, Independent State. 

39. Patriots of all Sections.— Tn looking back over 
Vac history of the Revolution, we see that all sections did 
their duty and i)ore their share in the great struggle, and we 
would institute no invidious comparisons. 

Thomas Jefferson and P.enjamin Eranklin, James Madi- 
son and John Adams, James Otis and Patrick Henrv, George 
Washington and Xatlianiel Green, Ethan Allen and Francis 
Marion, John Starke and Light Hearse Harry Lee, and many 
others of our patriot leaders should be household names 
North and South, while we should hold in grateful remem- 
brance the patriot soldiers of the rank and file, and the he- 



108 SCHOOL U I STOUT OF THE UNITED STATES. 

roic women of all sections But it is a matter of history 
vvorth recording- that the different colonies furnished troops 
to fight the battles of independence as follows (we quote 
from a recent address of Gen. C. A. Evans, of Georgia) : 

"Passing the Indian troubles which antedated the Revokition, and 
beginning with the call to arms to win American Independence, what 
was the part borne by the Southern States in that Revolutionary 
struggle? I will answer that it is the glory of North Carolina to have 
shed the first blood for colonial liberty at Alamance in 1771, and hav- 
ing given her sons to the conmion cause, she fought on to the finish. 
Maryland furnished 20,000 men. South Carolina 31,000, Georgia 
nearly as many, and Virginia 56,000. South Carolina doubled New 
Hampshire, South Carolina and Georgia outnumbered New York, 
Virginia sent 16,000 more men than Pennsylvania. Massachusetts 
did the noblest of all the Northern States, yet South Carolina sent 
thirty-seven out of forty-two of its arms-bearing men and Massa- 
chusetts thirty-two out of forty-two. From official reports it is 
gleaned that the States in the Northern division sent 100 men for 
every 227 arms-bearing population, and the South sent 100 out of 
every 209. In the account of suffering by invasion, it appears that 
Norfolk was burned, Charleston and Savannah captured, and the 
Southern States invaded with British armies for years, while Wash- 
ington drove Howe from Boston in March, 1776, and from that date 
all Massachusetts was free from the presence of the enemy to the end 
of the war." 

Questions.— 6. Give an account of the battle of Bunker's Hill. 

7. Of Washington as commander-in-chief, and the condition of his 
army. 

8. Attempt on Canada. 

9. Operations in the South. 

10. The evacuation of Boston. 

11. British attack on Charleston, S. C. 

12. History of the Declaration of Independence.' Who wrote it? 
Incidents connected with the signing of it. The effect. 

13. Campaign in New York. 

14. Of the battle of Long Island. 

15. Of the defeat of Washington. 

16. Of the retreat through New Jersey. 



SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 109 

17. Of the battle of Trenton. 

18. Describe the battle of Princeton, 
ig. What is said of Lafayette? 

20. Describe the campaign in Pennsylvania in 1777. 

21. Describe the patriot army at Valley Forge. What story was 
fold by Isaac Potts about Washington? 

22. Give an account of the surrender of Burgoyne. 

2,^. What efifect was produced by Burgoyne's surrender? What is 
said of the alarm in England? 

24. Describe the battle of Monmouth Court House. 

25. Tell the story of Molly Pitcher. 

26. What IS said of the failure of the French Heet? 

27. Describe the massacre in the Wyoming Valley. 

28. Virginia's conquest of the Northwestern Territory. 

29. What of the overrunning of the South? 

30. Illustrate the success of England in the South. 

31. Describe the great naval victory of Paul Jones. 
,'^2. Relate the story of Arnold's treason. 

33. What is said of the war in the South in 1780? 

34. Describe the advance of Cornwallis, and the battle of King's 
Mountain. 

35. Greene's operations in the South. 

36. Surrender of Cornwallis. 

37. Relate the incidents of the surrender. How the news was car- 
ried to Philadelphia, and how it was received. , 

38. Independence acknowledged by England. 

39. Relative number of troops furnished by the several colonies. 

BLACKBOARD AND SLATE EXERCISES. 
{Model.) 

Causes of the American Revolution; 

1. Navigation Act. 1660. 

2. Importation Act, 1773. 

3. Iron and steel manufacture prohibited, 1750. 

4. Taxation without representation. 

5. Stamp Act, 1765. 



110 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Opening Events of the Revolution: 
I. 

2. 

3. 

Events of ^775- 
I. 

2. 

3- 

Events of 1776: 
I. 
2. 

3- 

4- 
5- 
6. 

7- 
8. 

Events of 1777: 
I. 
2. 

3- 
4- 

5- 
6. 
Events of 177S: 
I. 

3- 
4- 
Events of 1779: 
I. 
2. 

3- 

Events of 1780: 

I. 

2. 
Events of 1781: 

I. 

2. 

3- 

4- 



SVIJOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED ISTATES. Ill 

HISTORICAL INITIALS. 

1. Who sounded "the trumpet of the Revohition?" (J. O.) 

2. What general of the Revolution died from sunstroke? (N. G.) 

3. When did the fashionable ladies of Boston and Newport use dried 

raspberry leaves for tea? (17 — ) 

4. What American, during the French and Indian War, refused a 

major-general's commission in the French army? (I. P.) 

5. Who, when about to be executed by the British, expressed his 

■ regret that he had but one life to give to his country? (N. H.) 

6. What American general of the Revolution was a traitor, as 
proven by documents discovered within recent years? (C. L.) 

7. What general went into a fight against orders and won a victory? 

(B. A.) 

8. What woman loaded and fired a cannon throughout a battle? 

(M. P.) 

9. What brave leader on the American side was buried in the Sa- 

vannali river? (C. P.) 

10. What American general invited a British of^cer to dine with him 

and tlien served him with roast potatoes on pieces of bark? 
(F. .M.) 

11. Who gave over $1,000,000 of his own money to the patriot cause 

and was imprisoned for debt in his old age? (R. ]\I.) 

12. What governor ordered his battery to aim its cannon at his own 

house because it was the headquarters of the British com- 
mander? (N. of Va.) 
i3> What idiot boy saved a fort from capture? (H, S.) 

14. What lieutenant performed a daring exploit and was afterward 

President of the United States? (J. M.) 

15. What officer lost a battle and his own life because of a game of 

cards? (Col. R.) 
iC). Who was president of the first Continental Congress? (P. R.) 
17. What Quaker woman saved Washington's armv from defeat? 

(L. D.) 
t8. What boy fought bravely at Hanging Rnck and was afterward 

President? (A. J.) 
19. What battle was called by Jefferson "the joyful turn of the tide?" 

(K. M.) 



112 SCHOOL JI.STORY OF THE UNITED 8TATES. 

20. What adjutant-general of the Continental army was believed for 

a hundred years to have sought British protection, when it 
was discovered to have been another person with the same 
name? (J. R.) 

21. What general, when mortally wounded, propped himself against 

the saddle of his dead horse, smoked his pipe, and continued 
to give orders throughout the fight? (N. H.) 

22. In what battle were the opposing commanders cousins of each 

other? (W.) 

23. What is the present name of the Paulus Hook of the Revolution? 

(J. C.) 

24. What American (il'licer demanded and received tlie pledge of the 

honors of war before surrendering to a fcjrce four hundred 
times greater than his cnvn? (Capt. H. at V.) 

25. What signature was used l^y Benedict Arnold when holding his 

treasonable correspondence with the enemy? (G.) 



CHRONOLOGICAL SUM^IARY OF EVENTS. 

A. D. I'uKe 

1760. The Navigation Act passed 79 

1733. Importation Act passed 79 

1750. England forbade the manufacture of iron and steel 79 

1765. The Stamp Act passed 79 

1766. The Stamp Act repealed 80 

1767. Tax imi)osed on tea 80 

^773- The Boston Tea Party. December 16 81 

1774. First Continental Congress met in Philadelphia, Septem- 

ber 5 8.^ 

1775- The battle of Lexington, Ai)ril 19 86 

1775. Battle of Bunker Hill, June 17 88 

1775. Washington took command at Cambrid :e, July 3 90 

1776. British evacuated Boston, March 17 91 

1776. Charleston unsuccessfully attacked by the British, June 28. 92 

1776. Declaration of Independence, July 4 92 

^776. Battle of Long Island, August 27 . 94 

1776. Battle of White Plains. October 28 94 

1776. Fort Washington taken, November 16. 94 

1776. Washington's retreat through New Jersey 94 

1776. Battle of Trenton, December 26 95 



SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 113 

A. D. Pago 

1777. Conflict at Assunpink crock, January 2 95 

1777. Battle of Princeton, January 3 95 

1777. Arrival of Lafayette, baron De Kalb anu o.hers, April. ... g6 

1777. Battle of Brandywnie, beptember 1 1 g6 

1777. Burgoyne attacked by General Gates at Saratoga, Septeni- 

Iji^r ly 97 

1777. Philadelphia occupied by the British, September 2b 96 

1777. Battle of Gcrniantown October 4 g(3 

1777. Gates attacked Burgoyne a second time, October 7 97 

1777. Burgoyne surrendered, October 17 97 

1778. France acknowledged American independence 97 

1778. Battle of Monmouth Court House, June 28 q8 

1778. Arrival of the French fleet, July 29 98 

1778. The South overrun by the British 100 

1779. Georgia fully conquered by the enemy 100 

1779. Attack on Savannah by the French fleet, and General Lin- 
coln repulsed, October 9 100 

1779. Paul Jones's great naval victory, September 23 loi 

1780. Charleston captured by the British, May 12 103 

1780. Treason of Benedict Arnold 102 

1780. Andre executed, October 2 103 

1781. Battle of the Cowpens, January 17 104 

1781. Battle of Guilford Court House, March 15. 106 

1781. Patriot victory at Eutavv Springs, September 8 106 

1781. Surrender of Cornwallis, October 19 106 

1783. England made a treaty of peace with the colonies, Septem- 
ber 3. 107 



114 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



PART lY. 

The Building of the Union (1781-1860.) 

CHAPTER XIII. 

THE FORMATIVE PERIOD. 

1. Settlement of the West. — The development of the 
colonies did not remain wholly at a standstill dnring the 
Revolntion. The enterprising, adventurous character of 
the Americans can never be suppressed by circumstances. 
Previous to the breaking out of hostilities, Daniel Boone 
made his way alone to the wilds of Kentucky, whose rich 
virgin soil and abundance of game so charmed him that he 
soon took thither his own family and a number of pioneers. 
The reports brought back by hunters and trappers attracted 
others thither. The present State of Tennessee was invaded 
by these emigrants, who put up cabins, erected stockades, 
cleared and tilled the ground, and organized their own forms 
of government, until, long before the close of the last cen- 
tury, 25,000 settlers had located west of the Alleghenies. 
They suffered greatly from the hostilities of the Indians, but 
the energy and resolution of the pioneers soon overcame all 
obstacles, and the West began its amazing career of pros- 
perity, growth and development. 

2. On the Verge of Anarchy — The United States had 
gained its independence, but the separate States were in a 
woful plight. The people were poor, commerce was ruined 
and trade destroyed. The only power possessed by Con- 



SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UXITED STATES. 115 

gress was that of recommending the respective States to 
adopt certain measures: there was no means of enforcing 
these recommendations, and the States paid Httle, if anv, 
heed to the wishes of the general government. The Articles 
of Confederation agreed to in 1777 were too defective to 
meet the wants of the young nation. 

3. The Population. — At the close of the Revolution, the 
Southern States contained a little more than 1,000,000 
people, while there were 1.500,000 north of Mason and 
Dixon's line. Virginia, with its population of 400.000, sur- 
passed every other State. Pennsylvania and Massachusetts 
each had about 350,000. The most populous cities were 
Philadelphia (40,000). Poston (20,000). New York (14,000). 

Organization of the Northwestern Territory. — There 
having arisen complaint among some of the smaller States 
that Virginia would have overwhelming influence and con- 
trol in the confederation as soon as her vast territory should 
be settled, and Maryland especially refusing to sign on that 
account the Articles of Confederation, the Old Dominion, 
with self-denying patriotism and prodigal liberality, donated 
to the confederation her Northwestern Territory, to which 
she had indisputable claim both b\' grant in her charter and 
by the fact that her troops, unaided by the general govern- 
ment, had rescued it from British control. She, also, of her 
own motion, proposed that slavery be excluded from this 
territory. She made, as another condition, that her terri- 
torv should never again be abridged without her consent, a 
condition which, we shall see. was shamefully violated when, 
during the "War Between the States," West Virginia was 
cut off from the old State without the shadow of law or jus- 
tice and in palpable violation of this condition. 

Another interesting point connected with this North- 
western Territory is that, in 1785, the proceeds of one sec- 



llfi SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UXITED STATES. 

tion of the public lands in every township were set apart for 
school purposes, and formed the foundation of the "school 
fund" of the States formed out of it, so that it may be said, in 
all fairness and justice, that the magnificent school system 
which has been the pride of those great States was really the 
gift of old Virginia. 

Well might Hon. D. W. Voorhees, of Indiana, say, in his 
speech in defense of John E. Cook, one of the John Brown 
raiders: * * "The very soil on which I live in my Western 
home was once owned by this venerable commonwealth as 
much as the soil on which I now stand. Her laws there 
once prevailed, and all her institutions were there estab- 
lished as they are here. Not only my own State of Indiana, 
but also four other great States in the Northwest stand as 
enduring and lofty monuments of \'irginia"s magnanimity 
and princely liberality. Her donation to the general gov- 
ernment made them sovereign States; and since God gave 
the fruitful land of Canaan to Moses and Israel, such a gift 
of present and future empire has never been made to any 
people." 

Congress organized this territory, and there were after- 
wards carved out of it the great States of Ohio, Indiana, 
Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin and a part of Minnesota. 

It is proper to add that other States, such as Maryland, 
New York, Massachusetts, Connecticut and South Carolina, 
made to the general government gifts of small areas of their 
Western territory, while North Carolina gave territory 
which formed the State of Tennessee, and Georgia the 
princely domain extending from the Chattahoochee to the 
Mississippi river. 

But none of these gifts was comparable to that of the Old 
Dominion. 



SCHOOL IflSTOh'Y OF THE IXITED i^TATES. 117 

4. Shays's Rebellion. — Where evcrytliing was so dis- 
turbed and the y;-overninent so weak, there was sure to he 
disorder. In Massachusetts, Daniel Shays, formerly a cap- 
tain in the American army, led a mob of 2000 men, in 1787, 
against the government of Massachusetts, with the jnirpose 
of. compelling it to abolish taxes and issue a large amount 
of paper money. They dispersed the Supreme Court, sit- 
ting at Springfield; but General Lincoln, with a large force 
of militia, replaced the judges in their seats and tired upon 
the mob. The rioters fled in dismay, and the rel)ellion was 
ended. The ringleaders were tried and condemned to 
death, l)ut in the end all were pardoned. 

5. The Convention of 1787 While Shays's rebellion 

caused widespread alarm, it produced good results. Wash- 
ington, as well as all patriots, saw that a strong, firm and 
responsible central government must be organized without 
delay. A number of citizens in Maryland and \ irginia held 
a consultation with him at Mount Vernon, in March, 1785, 
with the result that commissioners from the leading vStates 
m.et at Annapolis the following year. The outcome of this 
assemblage was the calling of a national convention at Phil-' 
adelphia in May, 1787. At the appointed time every State, 
except Rhode Island, was represented. 

6. Adoption of the Constitution. — Washington pre- 
sided at this convention, which was composed of the ablest 
men of the several States. On the 17th of Septeml)er, the 
Constitution of the United States was adopted. Since this 
admirable document will jirobal:)!}' be the supreme law of tlie 
land through ages to come, its distinctive features should be 
understood by everyone. (See Appendix.) 

7 Provisions of the Constitution. — The United States 
government includes three departments- Legislative, Exec- 
utive, and Judicial. The Legislative consists of Congress, 



118 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE TXITEP STATES. 

composed of the Senate and House of Representatives. The 
members of the latter are elected directly by the people, and 
hold office for two years. The Legislature of each State 
elects two United States Senators, who hold of^ce six years. 
The chief points considered in forming the Constitution were 
to have a government which should l)c strong enough to 
preserve order at home and respect abroad, and, at the same 
time, allow local self-government and the regulation of its 
own internal affairs to each State. 

It was thought by the able and patriotic men who formu- 
lated the Constitution that these objects had been acccMU- 
plished by making the representation in the House depend- 
ent upon population, and giving to each State, little Rhode 
Island and Virginia or New York, regardless of territory or 
population, equal representation in the Senate, and by pro- 
vidirig that "a// pinucrs not expressly granted to the general go7'- 
ernmcnt ivcre reser:'ed by the Si ales. 

The Executive department consists of the President, 
chosen every four years by the electoral votes of the States, 
and it is his duty to see the laws enforced. 

The Judicial power of the United States is vested in a Su- 
preme Court and in such inferior courts as Congress may 
establish. 

8. The Ratification of the Constitution. — There was 
strong opposition to the adoption of the Constitution on the 
part of those who thought that too much power was given 
the general government, and on the part of some who did not 
think it had power enough. 

Provision was made that the Constitution adopted by the 
general convention should be ratified by Congress, and then 
submitted for ratification to conventions of each State, and 
should go mto operation, as to those States, when nine of 
them had ratified it 



sriiooj. iiisToh') OF Tin: i xiTun stati:s. im 

There was liigh (lel)ale in these State conventions between 
the "iederahsts" and "iVnti-l'^ederahsts," as tlie upitosing 
parties were called, but durinj;- the year 1/88 eleven of the 
States adopted the Constitution, and it went into operation 
early the next \ear in all of these States, leaving" out Xortli 
Carolina, which did not ratif}' until 1789, and Rhode Island, 
which (jnl\ ratilied in 1790. 

It is important to notice that the new L^nion was formed 
by the secession of eleven States from the old federation ; that 
several of the States, in ratifying the Ctjnstitution, (listimily 
rcscrzrd the ri_Q^!if of secession, thereby s^i'i'iir^ the r/_t;/// to all of 
the States: that it wcndd have lieeu im]'!ossil)le to form the 
Union without recognizing the right of a State to withdraw 
at pleasure, and that in those days the right of secession was 
univcrsall)' a :knowledged. 

9. The First Presidential Election. — The first presi- 
dential election in this cotmtry was held Januar}', 1789. The 
electors met shortlv afterwards, and l)y a unanimous vote 
selected George Washington, President, and John Adams, 
of Massachusetts, \'ice-President. This was against the 
v.'ishes of ^\'ashington, who hoped to spc.id the remainder 
of his days at his hcMiie at jMotmt Vernon; but he was too 
pure and exalted a patriot not to heed the call of his country- 
men. He bade goo(M)ve to his beloved home, and set out 
on his long journey to Ne\v York city, then the capital. 

This ride was one of the most remarkable ever made : the 
Father of his Country was welcomed everywhere with the 
highest honors. Cannon boomed, fireworks and ilhmiina- 
tions lit the heavens at night, thoitsands of children sang his 
praises, flowers were strew'u before his horse, men cheered 
and shouted, and all crowded forward to do homage to one 
of the greatest and best men that was ever born into this 
world. With fitting ceremonies, he was inaugurated first 
President, April 30. 1789. 



120 SlCnOOL HTStTORY OF THE UNITED .STATES. 

Questions. — i. What famous pioneer visited and settled in Ken- 
tucky before the close of the Revolution? What is said of the settle- 
ment of the West? 

2. Show the woful plight of our country when its independence 
was gained. Facts about the Northwest Territory. What States 
were formed out of it? 

3. What is said of the population? Name tlie lliree leading cities 
and their population. 

4. Give a history of Shays's Rebellion. 

5. What led up to the Convention of 1787? 

6. When was the Constitution adopted? 

7. Give its distinctive provisions. 

8. Ratification of the Constitution. 

9. What of the first presidential election? Give an account of the 
journey of Washington. When was he inaugurated? 



CHAPTER XTV. 
WASHINGTON'S ADMINISTR.^TIONS, (1780-1797.) 

10. George Washington. — 

George Washington was born in 
Westmoreland county, Virginia, 
February 22, 1732. Left fatherless 
at the age of eleven, tlie care of the 
son fell to his mother, a woman of 
rare strength of mind and force of 
character. He had but one brother, 
Lawrence, who was older than he. 
George was educated in the old- 
fashioned country school of the times. He early showed a 
fondness for military matters, and possessed the confidence 
of his playmates so fully that they selected him to settle their 
disputes, and his decisions were never questioned. At the 
age of sixteen, he was so expert a surveyor that he was em- 
ployed for three years in surveying an immense mountainous 




SCIIOOI. IIIST(>Ry OF THE IMTfUt ST.\TEi<. T21 

tract belonging to Lord Fairfax. He did the work t(j tlie 
liighcst satisfaction of his employer. His part in the h^rench 
and Indian War and his inestimable services in the Revolu- 
tion have been told in their proper places. 

Washington was a wealthy man and of the highest social 
rank. He was a vestryman and a member of the Episcopal 
Church. He was reserved of manner and sometimes seemed 
cold and distant. He was a magnificent specimen of physi- 
cal manhood. .Six feet two inches tall, he possessed pro- 
digious strength, and from a boy excelled in running, throw- 
mg, leaping, swimming and all manner of athletic sports. 
He was a superb horseman, displayed sound judgment 
rather than genius, had a fair education, but was a statesman 
of the highest order, whose exalted patriotism was never 
sullied by an unw(irthy act. 

Without Washington, the Revolution would perhaps have 
been a failure. History atTords no more striking instance 
of the "indispensal)le man" for the crisis. Though he never 
had the soldiers to enable him to win an important battle, 
except that of Yorklown, in which he was aided by the 
French allies, he won American independence. His cour- 
age and wisdom could not be surpassed; he united enter- 
prise with prudence, truthfulness with integrity; his dignity 
was simple and becoming; his tact and forbearance perfect, 
and his serene fortitude in the darkest hours of his country's 
adversity, when those about him despaired, when officers 
were insubordinate, jealous and treacherous, and he was 
environed by plots and cabals, were unsurpassed in the 
world's history. His faith in the ultimate triumph of Am- 
erican liberty never faltered. He was of an even, well-bal- 
anced nature, controlled at all times by the one purpose of 
doing right and serving his country. He never allowed his 
personal wrongs to interfere with his duty; he felt sympathy 



122 XCHnOI, fff.'^TONY OF THE UNITED SITATEf^. 

ratlicr than anger for his enemies, and not onee had a 
thon^^ht of aljandonino^ his post. The fact that he was rich 
hardly dims the cre(Ht of his refusal to accept pay for his 
leadership in the Revolution. The pages of history will 
scarcely hold a more illustrious name that that of George 
Washington. No more impressive proof of the veneration 
in which he was held everywhere was given than in the half- 
masting of the flags of the British fleet under Lord Bridport 
when news was received of his death. 

II. Finances. — Washington's wisdom was shown in the 
selection of his cabinet, or constitutional advisers. Thomas 
JefTerson was placed at the head of the Department of h'or- 
eign Affairs, General Knox was made Secretary of War, and 
Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury. Upon the 
last fell the heaviest burden, for the finances of the country 
could hardly have been in a more deploral)le condition. The 
old Continental currency, which served for a while during 
the early part of the Revolution, had become worthless. The 
public debt amounted to $80,000,000. Hamilton set out 
with the demand that the debts of the United States due to 
American citizens, as well as the war debts of the different 
States, should be paid to the last ]ienny. His plan for doing 
this was strongly opposed, but was adopted by Congress. 
The Ignited States Bank was organized in 1791, at which 
time there were only three l)anks in the country — one each 
in Philadelphia, Boston and New York. The United States 
Bank had a capital of $10,000,000, of which one-fifth was 
owned by the government. This measure was vehemently 
fought, but it passed, and the bank was chartered for twenty 
years. It was located in Philadelphia, where, in 1702, a mint 
for the coinage of money was established. 

While these measures provided for the funding of the pub- 
lic debt, there was urgent need of ready money. Hamilton, 



SCHOOL iiisToi:) or Tin: i \iri:i) stati-jk. 123 

therefore, uri^ed Coiii^ress to put ri (lut_\- upon certain o-oods 
imported into this coimtry, and to ])rohil)it tlie importation 
of sucli as comjjeted with i^oods made here. i»y tliis means 
ready money was (|uiekl\ secured for the treasury. 

12. The Whiskey Rebellion. -( )ne of the measures 
which Hamihon j^ersuaded Congress to ])ass was that of 
doubHng- the duty on imported spirits, and taxing- s])irits 
(Hstilled in the United States. This caused much inchgna- 
lion, especially in North CaroHna and Pennsylvania. The 
law was changed somewhat, hut it did not suit the ])eoi)le. 
The oflficers sent to Western Pennsylvania to collect the rev- 
enue were threatened with violence. The excitement inten- 
sified. The mails were robl)ed, buildings burned, and sev- 
eral thousand rioters (lew to arms. The local militia sym- 
])athized with them and in many cases g-ave them help. 
President Washington sent thither a large force from other 
States, under "Light Horse Harry" Lee. of Virginia, wdio 
soon brought the malcontents to terms. The ringleaders 
saved themselves from punishment bv ex]iressing sorrow 
for their course. This was a case of h^cal insurrection, not 
the movement of a sovereign State. 

13. Wars With the Indians.— Reference has already 
been made to the troubles of the Western settlers from the 
Indians. These became so serious during Washington's 
administration as to require the attention of the govern- 
ment. It is estimated that between the years 1783 and 1790, 
1500 persons were killed or taken captives by the Indians 
near the Ohio. General Harmar marched against them 
with a large force in 1701. Considerable destruction of the 
Indian villages and harvest-fields took place, but the sav- 
ages ambushed a part of the force and massacred almost all 
of them, inflicting a loss upon the American troops four 
times greater than their own. Not onlv was General Har- 



124 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE IMTED STATES. 

mar's campaign a failure, but it incited the savages to new 
atrocities. 

General St. Clair entered the Indian country in Novem- 
ber, 1791, with a force of about 1500 men. He had been par- 
ticularly warned by Washington to guard against surprise, 
but his failure was worse, if possible, than that of Harmar. 
He allowed himself to be outwitted by the Indians, who 
drove him tunuiltuously out of the country, with the loss of 
half his men. Many of the captives were burned at the 
stake by the ferocious savages. 

Washington was thrown into a towering rage by the 
frightful disaster, for the last words he uttered to St. Clair, 
when instructing him as to his campaign, were, "You know 
how the Indians fight us. Bci^'orc of a siirpriscT A com- 
mittee of Congress acquitted St. Clair, but the storm of pub- 
lic indignation caused him to resign his command. He 
was succeeded by General Anthony Wayne, whose headlong 
bravery during the Revolution had won him the title of 
"Mad Anthony." He proved himself to be the right man. 

The Indians tried every trick upon the advancing troops, 
whose total number was betw^een 3000 and 4000, but there 
never was an hour when General Wayne was not alert and 
fully prepared for them. August 20, 1794. he met the com- 
bined tribes and Canadians, who were confident of over- 
whelming the Americans with the same ease with which they 
had disposed of the previous armies that had dared to march 
against them. The battle was fought at Fallen Timbers, on 
the Maumee, August 20, 1794. The Indians were utterly 
routed. The Americans lost fewer than fifty killed, but hun- 
dreds of red men fell before the resistless charge of cavalry 
and infantry. The Indian confederation was overthrown, 
their country laid waste and a blow inflicted from which 
they did not recover for a long time. The following year, 



SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UXITED STATES. 125 

over looo chiefs and warriors met the United States Com- 
missioners at Greenville, where a treaty of peace was signed 
and an immense tract of territory ceded to the government. 
As a consequence, Western immigration was renewed and 
continued with little interruption for many years. 

1.4. Trouble With France — At this time, France was in 
the throes of one of tlie most horrible revolutions known in 
history. That fair land was crimsoned with slaughter that 
shocked the world. She became involved in a war with 
England, Austria, Prussia, Sardinia and Holland, and was 
eager to form an alliance with the United States. We nat- 
urally felt grateful to her for the help she gave us during the 
Revolution, but a union, such as she sought, would have 
been destructive to us and contrary to all principles of 
statesmanship. In 1794, "Citizen Genet" (zheh na), as he 
called himself, arrived in this country, and straightway be- 
gan plotting to involve us in a war with the nations fighting 
France. His course was unbearabl}- insolent from the 
first. Despite a proclamation, issued m April, 1793, forbid- 
ding our citizens to ecjuip vessels to carry on hostilities with 
the warring nations. Genet spent several weeks in Charles- 
ton, fitting out privateers against English commerce. 

He went so far as to sanction the capture of British vessels 
in American waters by French cruisers. These prizes were 
taken into American ports and sold by authority of the 
French consuls. Genet's course soon liecame so intolerable 
that President Washington ordered om- minister in Paris to 
demand his recall. This demand was complied with, and 
"Citizen Genet" found his occupation gone. 

15. A New Treaty With England. — England was still 
sullen toward our country because of its success in the war 
for independence. She became almost as troublesome as 
France. Late in November, 1793, she issued secret instruc- 



126 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

tions to British privateers to seize all neutral vessels found 
tradnig in the French West Indies. No notice was given 
to the United States of this high-handed measure, and the 
losses of our shipping became enormous. In May, 1794, 
Chief Justice Jay vvas sent to England, and arranged a new 
treaty. By it, England bound herself to pay for the dam- 
ages inflicted by her cruisers, and to withdraw all her gar- 
risons from the Western posts by June i, 1796. Some of 
the other provisions were so nuich more favorable to Eng- 
land than to us that great indignation was roused in this 
country, but the treaty was finally ratified, June 24, by the 
Senate. 

16. Treaties With Spain and Algiers. — October zy, 
1795, a treaty was made with Spain, by which the boundaries 
of Louisiana and Florida (both belonging to that country) 
and of the United States were clearly defined, and our coun- 
try gained the right for ten years freely to navigate the Mis- 
sissippi and to use New Orleans as a port. The treaty 
signed with Algiers was anything but creditable to us. That 
insignificant little power had made it her practice for years 
to compel the sliips of Christian nations to pay tribute, in 
order to save themselves from the Algerine pirates. Be- 
tween 1785 and 1793 these rogues had captured fifteen Am- 
erican vessels and made slaves of 180 officers and men. 
Under an agreement on the part of xAlgiers to stop this sort 
of work, signed November 28, 1795, we pledged to pay $800,- 
000 for the prisoners she then held, an annual tribute of 
$23,000, and to make a present to the Dey or ruler of a 
frigate worth $100,000. The navy of the United States was 
probably too weak at the time to enter into a war even with 
so puny a power, and the treaty was only a temporary make- 
shift, certain to be followed soon by more vigorous measures 
on our part. 



SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 127 

17. Invention of the Cotton Gin.— Probably the most 
important and far-reaching invention ever made m Am- 
erica was that of the cotton -in, in 1792. This was the work 
of EH Whitney, of Massachusetts, while livin- in Savannah. 
Although the South is peculiarly adapted to the culture of 
cotton, the industry was comparatively unprofitable be- 
cause of the tedious labor necessary to separate the seed from 
the cotton fibre. The cotton o-i„ cloes this so efTectively 
and rapidly as to equal the labor of several thousand persons. 
Its invention gave an impetus to the cultivation of cotton, 
which quickly made it an industry worth countless millions 
of dollars and wrought a peaceful revolution throughout all 
the cotton-growing States. 

18. The New Capital.— It was decided that the seat of 
government should be in New York city until 1790, when it 
was to be removed to Philadelphia, there to remain ten 
years. In 1800, the city of Washington was to become the 
national capital. Washington laid the corner-stone of the 
new capitol in 1793. 

19. Vermont the Fourteenth State — Vermont was the 
first State to be admitted into the Union after the formation 
of the government. It came in March 4, 1791. Its name 
signifies green iiioiiiilaiii, and it is often called "the Gieen 
Mountain State." It was discovered and explored bv 
Champlain in 1609. antl the first settlement was made in 
1724, near the present site of Brattleboro'. New York and 
New Hampshire claimed the territory, and each issued 
grants for land in Vermont. New York relinquished her 
claim a year before the admission of the State on payment 
of $_^o,ooo. 

20. Kentucky the Fifteenth State.— For several years 
Kentucky knocked at the door before she was admitted into 



128 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE FXITED STATES. 

the Union on June i, 1792. It is a mistake to suppose her 
name, as is generally believed, means the "dark and bloody 
ground." It is of Indian origin, and has a much milder 
meaning. Daniel Boone erected the fort known as Hoones- 
borough, and removed his family thither in June, 1775. 
Kentucky remained a part of Virginia until 1792, when a 
separation took place, at which time she had a population 
of nearly 100,000. 

21. Tennessee the Sixteenth State. — Tennessee was 
admitted June i, 1796. The first permanent settlement was 
at Fort Loudon in 1756. It formed a part of North Caro- 
lina, and existed as the State of Franklin from 1784 to 1788, 
when it was again united to North Carolina, but shortly 
after became an independent Territory. 

22. Formation of Political Parties. — As a result of the 
discussion over numerous measures of Washington's ad- 
ministrations, two distinct political parties came mto exist- 
ence. Jefiferson w'as the founder of the Republican party, 
which is now known as the Democratic party. Madison 
and Randolph afterward became leaders with him. They 
opposed the establishment of the United States Bank, the 
treaty with England made by Jay, and favored in general the 
reservation of as much power as possible by the separate 
States, instead of lodging it in a central government. The 
Federalists arrayed themselves against these measures, the 
most noted leaders being Hamilton and John Adams. 

23. Presidential Election of 1796 — Washington and 
Adams had been re-elected to a second term without opposi- 
tion. So general was the confidence in Washington that he 
was urged to accept the oflfice for a third term. But he 
shook his head to all such requests. He was growing old 
and feeble, and longed for the quiet of his home at Mount 



SCHOOL HIHTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



129 



\ ernon. He knew his country was safe, and he was entitled 
to retn-e and allow others to take up the work. In the presi 
dential election of iyc)6, Adams, the Federal candidate de- 
feated Jefferson, the Republican nominee, by three votes 
In accordance with the law of that dav. Jefferson bv this vote 
was elected Vice-President. 

Questions.-io. Give an account of Washington's birth and 
>outh. oflHs wealth and social position; his manner; h:s strength 

qualities. What nnpress.ve honor was pa.d to him at his death? 

11. Show tlie deplorable state of our finances. What was Hamil- 
ton s plan for meeting the difficulty? What uist.tutions were organ- 
ized.'' How was ready money obtained? 

12. Give an account of the Whiskey Rebellion 

13- What of the Indians m the We^t? Give an account of General 
Harmar s exped.t.on against the Indians. Of the expedition of St. 
ht','' pi, „^'''i""8-^""'^ ^"8-'-^'-. Of Wayne's expedition. The 
battle of Fallen Timbers. The treaty of Greenville 

trance involved? Give the history of "Citizen Genet." 
15- Give a history of the new treaty with England. 
i6. Of the treaty with Spain and Algiers. 
17- What is the history of the cotton-gin? 
i8. What is said of the new capital? 

In n\Z ' ':f °''V^ ''^' fourteenth State admitted into the Union. 

20. Of the fifteenth State. 

21. Of the sixteenth State. 

22.^Give an account of the formation of the two great political 

23- Of the presidential election of 1796. 



130 



SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



CHAPTER XV. 



JOHN ADAMS'S ADMINISTRATION. (1797-1801.) 




24. John Adams — John Adams, 
second President of the United 
States, was born at Braintree, 
Mass., October 19, 1735. He grad- 
uated at Harvard College at the 
age of twenty and became a lawyer. 
No member of the first and second 
Continental Congresses did more 
than he to crystallise the American 
sentiment for independence. He 
urged Congress to adopt the Declaration of Independence, 
and nominated George Washington for commander-in-chief 
of the armies. He was chairman of twenty-five committees, 
besides that of the Board of War and Board of Appeals. He 
accomplished important results as Conmiissioner to France 
and Plolland and as Minister Plenipotentiary to negotiate a 
treaty with Great Britain. He was the first American Min- 
ister to England, holding that of^ce until 1788. He received 
the thanks of Congress for the "patriotism, perseverance, 
integrity and diligence" displayed during his career abroad. 
He died on the 4th of July, 1826. 

25. The French Troubles — France was so offended by 
onr declaration of neutrality that she ordered her men-of- 
\\ ar to attack and destroy our merchant vessels. The Presi- 
dent called Congress together, and Commissioners were 
sent to France to adjust the trouble. The Directory re- 
fused to receive them, giving them to understand that before 
it could be done they must agree to loan France a large sum 
of money, and each member of the Directory was to be paid 



SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 131 

nearly $250,000 as a bribe. Then it was that Pinckney 
iiulignantly replied^ "Millions for defense, but not one cent 
for tribute." The Connnissioners were ordered to leave the 
country. 

The gratitude which i\niericans felt for the aid given by 
France during the Revolution was changed to anger at her 
insults. War actually began with that country. Our prep- 
arations were oi the most vigorous character. An army 
was voted, a navy ordered, and our merchantmen were au- 
thorized to arm themselves against the French men-of-war. 
Washington was called from his retirement to take charge 
once more of military matters. Although old and feeble, 
he cheerfully complied with the call, only asking that Alex- 
ander Hamilton should be the acting commander-in-chief. 
Washington was to select the officers and take an active 
part when necessary. As before, he refused to receive anv 
pay for his services. 

26. The Alien and Sedition Laws. — During the in- 
tense excitement. Congress passed the alien and sedition 
law s. These allowed the President to send out of the coun- 
try such aliens or foreigners as he deemed dangerous to our 
welfare, and made it a penal offense to defame Congress or 
the President, to excite the hatred of the people against 
them, to stir up sedition in the Uniterl States, to form unlaw- 
ful combinatif)ns for resisting the laws and to aid foreign 
nations against this country. 

The alien and sedition laws were vehemently opposed as 
contrary to the spirit of our institutions. They kindled the 
first flames of nullification, for the legislatures of Virginia 
and Kentucky declared themselves judges of the constitu- 
tionality of the measures, which they did not w'ish to obey. 

27. Fighting on the Ocean. — In February, i/gg, the 
American frigate CniistcUation, of thirty-eight guns. Com- 



132 SCHOOL HItSTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

modore Truxton, engagj^ed the French frigate Lliisurgcntc, 
forty guns, and forced her to surrender. A year later he 
compelled another French frigate, La Vengeance, of tifty- 
four guns, to strike her colors. For this exploit. Congress 
voted a gold medal to Commodore Truxton. Meanwhile, 
Napoleon Bonaparte fought his way to power in France, and 
quickly took steps for a reconciliation with America. The 
war cloud passed, and has never risen again between the 
two nations. 

28. Death of Washington — On the night of December 
14, 1799, Washington died of pneumonia at his home at 
Mount Vernon. His end was peaceful, "It is well," being 
his last words. His death was mourned by every man, 
woman and child in the country. There was hardly a town 
or village in which memorial services were not held. Gen- 
eral Henry Lee, "Light Horse Harry," wrote the resolu- 
tions which were read in Congress by John Marshall. They 
contained the immortal words, "First in war, first in peace 
and first in the hearts of his countrymen," which is perhaps 
the finest tribute ever paid to the illustrious Father of his 
Country. 

29. Presidential Election of 1800. — President Adams 
had become unpopular. He was accused of being a poor 
judge of men, of clinging to old notions, of being irascible 
and full of egotism. The Alien and Sedition laws lost him 
the tv/elve electoral votes of New York, and in the presiden- 
tial election of 1800 he received but fifty-six votes, while 
Jefferson and Aaron Burr, the nominees of the Republicans, 
each had seventy-three votes. This being a tie, the election 
was thrown into the House of Representatives, which met 
in February, 1801. On the thirty-sixth ballot, Jefferson re- 
ceived a majority, and Aaron Burr became Vice-President. 



sriiooi. iiisToh'Y or the imti:i> states. 



1.33 



Questions.— J4. Gwv a Md-raphical sketch u[ ilic second J'rcsi- 
(Icnt. 

25. W'liat caused tidublc willi France? dive a Iiistorj- of the ori- 
gin of the dechiration, "Aiiliions lor deiense, but not one cent for 
trijjute." Show vvliat preparations were made for war. 

26. Give the meaning and history of the alien and sedition hiws. 

27. Give an account of the fighting tliat took i)hu-e on tlie ocean, 
ilow was the troul)le witli France ended? 

28. Descrilx' tlie death of W'asliington. ( )f what words was Gen- 
eral Henry Lee tlie author? 

29. What caused the unpo])ul,irity of President Adams? (ii\e an 
account of the presidential election of 1800. 



CHAPTER XVI. 



JEFFERSON'S ADMINISTRATIONS. (1801-1809.) 



30. Thomas Jefferson. — Tliomas 
Jcfiferson, the third President of 
the I 'nited States, was horn at 
SliadweU, Alhemarle eountv, \'a., 
Ai)ril 2, 1743. His father was a 
weakhy planter, who died when the 
son w as fourteen }'ears old He en- 
tered William and Mary College, 
and was one of the hardest students 
in tlie institution. He sttidied ten 
and twelve hours a day, and l)ecame the most learned of all 
our Presidents. He was a tine mathematician and luusi- 
cian, and a master of Latin, Greek, French, Spanish and 
Italian. He married a wealthy ladv. and erected a fine man- 
sion, which he named Monticello (mon-te-chel'lo). His 
marked ability .caused his election to the Vir^-inia leg-islature 
while a voun,q- man, and he was soon after sent to Cong-ress. 
He was not an orator, but few equalled him in the use of the 




134 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE jyiTElt STATES. 

pen. He wrote the Declaration of Independence, and se- 
cured the passage of many excellent laws by his native State. 
He was the author of our decimal system of currency and of 
a parliamentary manual for the government of the United 
States Senate. He was Governor of Virginia during a por- 
tion of the Revolution, and narrowly escaped ca]iture l)y the 
enemy. He succeeded Franklin as Minister to France, and 
was the first Secretary of State under Washington. He is 
regarded today as the founder of the present Democratic 
party. 

Jefferson, although wealthy and highly educated, favored 
the utmost simplicity. He dressed plainly, wearing shoe- 
strings, instead of the silver buckles so fashionable in his day. 
He abolished the stately receptions given by his predeces- 
sors, opposed all titles, disliked pomp and ceremony, and on 
the day of his inauguration as President, rode alone on horse- 
back to the capitol. He is justly regarded as one of the 
greatest men wdio ever sat in the President's chair. 

He was author of the statute for "perfect religious free- 
dom" in Virginia, and was the founder of the University of 
Mrginia, which discarded the old "curriculunr' and intro- 
duced the "free system of independent schools." Through 
a series of years, this university had the highest standard of 
graduation of anv college on this continent, and it has ex- 
erted a wide influence in elevating the standard of education 
in Virginia and the South. JcfTcrson also proposed for his 
State a comprehensive system of free pul)lic schools. 

31. War With Tripoli. — We have already learned that 
for a long time the r)arbary States, in the northern part of 
Africa, had been accustomed to exact an annual tribute from 
the Christian nations. The payment of this tribute protected 
their vessels from the pirates tliat cruised in those waters. 
The Dey, or ruler of Tripoli, became angry because our 
tribute was not sent with sufficient promptness, and he had 



SrilOOI. HISTORY or Tlir IMTKO i<T\TEfi. 1^5 

the audacity to declare war against its. 1 ie (juickly received 
a lesson which lasted his nation for all time. l"he Tripolitan 
cruisers were riddled, and the barbarians were compelled to 
beg for mercy, d he first engagement off Malta was be- 
tween the Enter [rise, of twelve guns, and a Tripolitan vessel 
of fourteen guns. The pirate surrendered twice, but eacli 
time opened fire when the Americans attempted tcT take pos- 
session. She was then raked from stem to stern., her mizzen 
mast torn away and fifty of licr crew killed. Then, after the 
captain had thrown overboard Ids guns and ammunition, his 
surrender was accepted. Not a single man was killed on 
the Enterprise. 

In July, 1802, the Constellation attacked nine Tripolitan 
gunboats, drove five ashore and sent the others skurrying 
out of the harbor. The following year, the I'hiladelpliia, 
while chasing a blockade-runner, grounded on a reef in the 
harbor of Tripoli, and, being assailed l)y a fieet of gunboats. 
Captain Bainbridge and all his men were obliged to surren- 
der. Then followed one of the most daring exjdoits in the 
history of the American navv. 

On a dark night, February 15, 1804, Lieutenant Stephen 
Decatur, with a small vessel named the Intrepid, stole into 
the harbor and made fast to the Philadelphia, under the i)re- 
text that Ids vessel was a merchantman, and, having lost her 
anchors in a gale, could not obey the order to keep off. 
Leaping on board, the Americans quickly swej^t the deck, 
fired the frigate in a dozen places, and, while she was burn- 
ing to the water's edge, made off without the loss of a man. 
Soon after. Commodore Preble l)ombar(led and captured the 
city of Tripoli. For the first time in history the Stars and 
Stripes waved over a possession on the other side of the At- 
lantic. June 3, 1805, Tripoli eagerly signed the treaty of 
peace we dictated, and has remained quiet ever since. 



130 SCHOOL niSTORT OF THE UXTTED STATES. 

32. Establishment of the West Point Military Acad= 
emy. — During the Revolution, Washington reconiniended 
the location at West Point for a military school of instruc- 
tion. An act establishing the West P^oint APilitary Acad- 
emy was passed March i6, 1802. It provided that fifty ca- 
dets should receive instruction under the senior engineer 
(jfificer, assisted by the corps of engineers of the army. Sub- 
sequent acts established professorships and made the acad- 
emy a military body subject to the rules and articles of war. 
A superintendent was appointed in 1815, and in 1843 the 
present system of cadet appointments was instituted. This 
limits the number to 312, of whom fewer than one-lialf suc- 
ceed in graduating. 

33. Admission of Ohio. — Tn the year 1800, the North- 
western Territory was cut by a line running from the mouth 
of the Great Miami river to Fort Recovery and thence to 
Canada. Three years later (November 29), the country thus 
defined was admitted as the State of Ohio. Its name sig- 
nifies "beautiful river." It was first explored by La Salle 
about 1669. The first permanent settlement was made at 
Marietta in 1788. The Northwestern Territory from which 
Ohio was carved was created in 1787, and included the pres- 
ent States of Michigan, Ohio. Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin 
and part of Minnesota — A'irginia's princely gift to tlie 
Union. 

34. Purchase of Louisiana. — Louisiana, in Jefferson's 
time, was an immense territory, belonging to France. It 
embraced the present States of Louisiana, Arkansas, Mis- 
souri, Nebraska, Iowa, Indian lY^rritory, North and South 
Dakota, Montana and parts of Kansas, Minnesota, Wyom- 
ing and Colorado. This vast region was purchased from 
France, April 30, 1803, the price paid being $11,250,000. 
Our government assumed certain debts due from France tc 
American citizens, amounting to $3,750,000, so that the total 



fiClIOOL Ur^iTORT OF THE VETTED SiTATESi. 137 

cost of Louisiana was $15,000,000. Tlic area thus acquired 
amouuted to more than 1,000,000 s<iuare miles. 

The purchase was bitterly opposed, especially in New 
England, where they threatened to secede from the Union if 
it was consummated, and the legislature of Massachusetts 
actually passed and sent to the I'resident and Speaker of the 
House a resolution to the effect that they would consider the 
adding of the Louisiana territory to the domain of the United 
States just cause for exercising their riidit of secession. 

35. Duel Between Burr and Hamilton — A shocking 
tragedy took place on the 1 ith of Jul\', 1804, at Weehawken, 
New Jersey. Aaron Uurr and Alexander Hamilton, two of 
the most brilliant of Americans, were bitter j^ersonal enemies. 
Burr, although possessing extraordinary ability, was a 
vicious and dangerous man, and Hamilton opposed him 
with so much vigor that he prevented his election to the 
Presidency in 1801. Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel, 
which was fought on the day named. Hamilton fired his 
pistol in the air, but Burr aimed straight at Hamilton, in- 
flicting a wound from which he died the next day. The 
friends of Burr fell away from him, so that, in the fall of 1804, 
when Jefl^crson was re-elected. Burr was dropped as Vice- 
I'resident. 

Burr afterwards organized in the West an expedition 
which, he claimed, was intended to organize a settlement in 
Northern Mexico. But he was suspected of treasonable 
purposes against the government of the United States and 
a design to establish a new republic west of the Alleghanies. 
was arrested and had his famous trial at Richmond, Va., in 
which William Wirt so greatlv distinguished himself as pros- 
ecutor. 

Burr was acquitted, for w'ant of proof, but many believed 
him guilty, and this man of brilliant talents, who had come 
within one vote of being elected President of the L^nited 



18,S SCHOOL UrsTOh'Y or TIN': I \ITEI) STATES. 

States, Ijecamc lienccforth an outcast. J J is name was also 
smirched by his connection witli the romantic story of Blcn- 
nerhassett, his beautiful wife, and liis ideal home on his en- 
chanting island in the Ohio river, which became a wreck 
while he was in prison charg-ed with complicit\- in Uurr's 
C()ns])iracv. 

36. Expedition of Lewis and Clark Comparatively 

nothing- was known of the enormous country west of the 
Mississippi. Lpon the recommendation of President Jef- 
ferson, an appropriation was made by Cong-ress for its par- 
tial exploratic^n. On the 14th of May, 1804, thirty men left 
the Mississippi, under charge of Captains Meriwether Lewis 
and William Clark, both natives of Virginia. They worked 
their way in a flotilla for 2600 miles up the Missouri. They 
gave th.e name of Jefferson, Madison and Gallatin to the 
three streams which form the Missouri. Mounting the 
horses which they had captured, they pushed across the moun- 
tains. They discovered the two streams named respectively 
Lewis and Clark, followed them to the Columbia, down 
which they passed to the Pacific ocean. They were the first 
wliite men to cross the continent north of Mexico. They 
were absent more than two years, and the report which they 
pulilislied on their return caused profound interest. 

37. The First Steamboat Voyage Up the Hudson. — 
Several attempts, all resulting in failure, had been made to 
applv steam to river navigation. To Robert Fulton, a native 
of Pennsvlvania, belongs the credit of attaining the first suc- 
cess. The KatJicriuc of Clcrmoiif was launched at New York, 
August I, 1807. She vi^as an awkward structure, over 100 
feet long, nearly twenty feet Avide, with side paddle-wheel? 
and a sheet-iron boiler that had l)een brought from England. 
It took her tliirty-two hours to make tlie voyage to Albany. 
On her return, she ran aground and Inirst her boiler, though 



sciKKH. iiisToin or Till:' I \iTi:n status. vau 

witlujul liurtino- anyone. This \r>yd<^(' marked an era in the 
history of navii^ation. 

It ought to l)e a(hle(h however, that in Auj^ust, i/S/, John 
Fitch, of Connecticut, put a rude steanil)oat on the Delaware, 
which was seen and a(hnired 1)\- nienil)ers of tlie i'\'deral 
Convention, along with others, and tliat iu I)ecem1)er of the 
same year jaiues Rtunsey, of Slu-pherdstown, \'a., made on 
the Potomac a trial trip of a stc\aml)oat of his invention, and 
that General (iates, and others, who witnessed it, ]M-onounccd 
it a success. 

Fulton, however, succeeded in making k.is efTort a perma- 
nent success, and has won tlie credit of l)eing the inventor of 
the steamboat. 

38. Threatened War With England. — The war raging 
between TTancc and England soon affected tk.is countrv dis- 
astrously. England declared the coast of France in a state 
of blockade, and Napoleon retaliated by forbidding all com- 
merce with England. As a result, our vessels, wliich were 
largely engaged in the carr}ing trade, became th.e prey of 
both nations. This was a severe blow; l)ut the most exas- 
perating act of England was in enforcing the "right of 
search" with f)vu' vessels. Under the pretext that some of 
our shi]~)s em])loved deserters from tl^.e I'lritish na\'\-, slie 
stopped them in mid-ocean, and wherever slie ch(~)se, and 
searched tliem. Tliesc were high-handed acts, for it is 
agreed by all nations tliat tlie deck of a vessel is as sacred as 
the soil of the countr\- over \\hich a flag waves. 

In the spring of 1807. tlie British shi]) Lcaiidcr, cruising 
off New York, fired into a coasting vessel and killed one 
man. Thercu]ion, the President issued a ])roclamation for- 
bidding the Lcaudcr and tlie two ships accom])anying her 
from entering anv I'^nited States waters, and calling upon 
the civil and militarv authorities to ai^i/rehend the captain of 
the Lcaudcr on the charo-e of murder. While the envovs 



140 f^CHOOL HTSrORY OF THE FyiTED SITATES. 

sent to England to settle the trouble were thus engaged, the 
most intolera])le outrage of all oecurred. 

The British ship-of-war Leopard, of fifty guns, was cruis- 
ing ofif the capes of Virginia, on the watch for the American 
frigate Chesapeake, Captain Barron, which, it was claimed, 
had several British deserters on board. Captain Barron re- 
fused to submit to a search, whereupon tlie Leopard (June 
22) poured several broadsides into her. killing th.ree and 
wounding eighteen men. The Cliesapeake, being unpre- 
pared for action, struck her flag. 

This outrage set the country aflame with indignation. The 
President, by proclamation, closed all American harbors and 
waters against tlie British navy, prohil>ited intercourse with 
such vessels, and sent a special minister to England to ol^tain 
satisfaction. A hundred thousand men in the different 
States were ordered to hold themselves in readiness, and 
Congress was summoned to meet on the 25th of October. 
The action of the Leopard was disavowed by England, which 
offered reparation. She would not, however, give up the 
right of search. The promised reparation u'iis never made. 

39. The Embargo — The concessions of England and the 
fact that we had no navy postponed war. After consider- 
able discussion. Congress, December 22, 1807, passed the 
Embargo Act. This forbade American vessels to leave the 
ports of the United States. It was believed that by this 
means England and Erance would be forced to respect the 
neutrality of the L'nited States. The sad fact, however, con- 
nected with the Embargo Act was that it inflicted more in- 
jury upon us than upon anyone else. It was mercilessly 
ridiculed, and caused so much dissatisfaction that Congress 
repealed it on the last day but one of Jefferson's second 
term. 

40. Termination of the Slave Trade — When the Con- 
stitution of 1787 was adopted, the slave trade was extended 



SCHOOL HISTORY OF Till: UXITED STATUS. 141 

twenty years by tlie votes of New England, whose ships had 
l)een largely engaged in this bnsiness since 1636, and against 
the votes of X'irginia, Delaware and .Maryland. In 1808, 
therefore, it expired l)y enactment, though some vears be- 
fore the States of Georgia and N'irginia had passetl laws for- 
l)idding the importation of African slaves into those States. 

It will thus be seen that New England favored the ])erpetu- 
ation of the slave trade, because her slavers found it very 
l)rofitable, while these other States were in favor of abolish- 
ing it, altliough it was greatl\' to their interest to purchase 
negroes from African slavers rather than from the Northern 
States, who now began to find slave labor unprofitable, and 
were selling their negroes to the South, instead of setting 
them free. New England's history on this question is one 
of sordid self-interest and meddlesome interference, instead 
of philanthropy. 

41. The Presidential Election of 1808.— Charles G. 
rinckne\-, of South Carolina, was the nominee of the h'ed- 
eral ])art}' for President, and Kufus King the candidate for 
\ ice- President. The Repul)licans and Democrats put for- 
ward James Madison, of \'irginia, for President, and George 
Clinton, of New York, for \'ice-l 'resident. Madison was 
elected, and Clinton retained the Mce-Presidency, which he 
had held since 1805. 

Questions.— .30. Give a bioi^raphical sketcli of tlic third President. 

Ilhi>tratc his simple tastes. 

31. What brought al)out tlie war with TripoH? (live an account of 
tlie first engagement. Narrate the exploit of tlie Constellation. 
What misfortune befell \W Philadelphia? Tell tlie story of Lieuten- 
ant Decatur's exploit. 

T,2. Give a brief history of the West Point Military Academy. 

.33. What is said of Ohio? Of what did the Nortluvestern Terri- 
tory consist? 

.34. Show the extent of Louisiana when owned by France. Tell 
what you know of its purchase. 



142 tiCUOOL HIHTORY OF THE UXITED STATES. 

35. Give an account of the duel between Burr and Haniiltun. 
Burr's trial for treason. 

36. Tell the story of the expedition of Lewis and Clark. 

^y. Gi^■e an account of the first steandjoat voyage up the Hudson. 

38. What caused trouble with England? Relate the incident of 
the Leaiidcr and what followed. Of the atTair of the Leopard and 
Chesapeake aiul the excitement it caused. 

39. Gi\e a history of the Embargo Act. 

40. What is said of the slave trade in this country? 

41. What of the presidential election of 1808? 



CHAPTER XVII. 
MADISON'S ADMINISTRATIONS. (1809-1817.) 

42. James Madison. — The 

fourth J 'rcsiclciit of the United 
States was born at Port Conway, 
Va., Marcli 10, 175 1, and died 
Jnne 28, 1836. He received an 
excellent education, and ^fadti- 
ated from Princeton College 
when only twenty years old. He 
was elected to the Virginia Con- 
vention in 1776, and was offered 
and declined the mission to 
France upon the return of Jefiferson. He declined also the 
office of Secretary of State, when Jefferson resigned, fearing 
to create discord in Washington's cabinet. He was Secre- 
tary of State to Jefferson throughout both his terms. He 
was a courteous gentleiuan. highly cditcated, and with few, 
if any, enemies. An ardent friend of Jefiferson, he carried 
out his policy when he became President. 

43. The Affair of the President. — Affairs with Eng- 
land grew more irritating every day. On the i6th of Alay, 




SCnOOL n I STORY OF THE UNITE D STATES. 143 

1811, the British sloop Little Belt was busy stopping Ameri- 
can merchant vessels ofif our coast and enforcing the odious 
"right of search." just as night was closing in, her captain 
hailed the American frigate President, under Commodore 
Rodgers. The answer of the American not being respect- 
ful enough to suit the Englishman, he tired a shot at the 
President. Instantly the President let tly with a broadside, 
follo^^'ing it up with others, which badly cri])pled the Little 
Belt, besides killing eleven of her men and wounding twenty- 
one. This sort of reply may not have suited the English- 
men, but it "struck fire" in the hearts of the Americans who 
were beginning to clamor for a war with England. 

44. Battle of Tippecanoe. — Meanwhile, P.ritish emissa- 
ries were stirring up the Indians against us. Tecumseh, one 
of the greatest American Indians that ever lived, formed a 
confederacy of the tribes in the Northwest. (General Wil- 
liam Henrv Harrison, Governor oi the Northwestern Terri- 
tory and afterwards President of the United States, was sent 
W'ith a strong force against th.em. During the absence of 
Tecumseh, his warriors treacherously attacked the Ameri- 
can forces at night (November 7), near the mouth of the Tip- 
pecanoe river. The battle was a severe one. but in the end 
the savages were totally routed with great loss. Tins vic- 
tory was the cause of General Harrison's being afterward 
popularly known as "Old Tippecanoe." 

45. War Declared With England. — There was a strong 
minority in the country opposed to a war with England. It 
seemed to many that the questions in dispute, and the con- 
tinual shifting of events and conditions on the other side of 
the Atlantic, left the way open for an honorable peace. 

New England bitterly opposed the war, although it had 
really been brought on in the interests of her commerce, 
since she owned a far larger mmiber of vessels than any 
other section. Her pulpit, her press and her people gener- 



144 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UXITED STATES. 

ally denounced the war and all measures for its prosecution, 
and after the war actually begun the legislatures of the New 
England States nullified laws of Congress for raising men or 
money, refused to allow their militia to go beyond their 
State lines to meet the common enemy, and did everything 
in their power to thwart Congress and the President in their 
measures for carrying ©n the war. 

The opposition culminated in the "Hartford Convention," 
composed of delegates from all of the New England States, 
which convened on December 15,^ 1814. The convention 
sat with closed doors, but it leaked out and has been well es- 
tablished that they resolved to exercise their right of seces- 
sion, and to leave the Union if the war was not stopped, and 
fixed a day on which they would hold another convention 
for more decisive action. But the Treaty of Ghent was 
agreed on December 24, 1814, and was promulgated before 
the date fixed for this second convention, and secession was 
thus postponed to 1860-61, and transferred from New Eng- 
land to the Southern States. 

There was bitter feeling between the Federalists, who op- 
posed the war, and the Republicans, who favored it, and the 
hesitation of President Madison to take the moment(Jus step 
caused his denunciation in many quarters. A Congress- 
man declared that he could not be kicked into a fight. Fi- 
nally, the war spirit reached such a point that it ct)ul(l not be 
restrained. Congress voted to increase the army and navy, 
and on the 19th of June, 1812, declared w^ar with Great 
I'.ritain. 

46. Surrender of Detroit. — It was decided at the open- 
ing of the war that Canaila should be invaded. General 
William Hull, who had done good service in the Revolution, 
was governor of Michigan Territory, and wdien war was de- 
clared, was marching w^ith 2000 troops against the Indians. 
Having authority to use his discretion, he crossed and en- 



l-ICflOOL HISTORY or THE VSUTHI) STATES^. 145 

camped on the other side of the river. After lyini;- idle for a 
time, he learned that the British General lirock was marehin_t,r 
against him, whereupon he withdrew to Detroit. Brock 
and Tecumseh, with his Indians, soon appeared before the 
post. The garrison was eager for the battle and were in line, 
the gunners standing with lighted matches. At this junc- 
ture. General Hull became so frightened at the prospect of 
bloodshed that he ran up the white Hag in token oi sur- 
render (August 1 6). 

He thus gave up, not oidy the fort and stores, but all of 
Michigan. A court-martial sentenced General Ihdl to ])e 
shot for cowardice, but the President pardoned him, l)ecause 
of his age and services in the Revolution. 

47. Battle of Queenstown Heights. — Another Ameri 
can invasion of Canada came to naught. The New York 
militia refused to cross Niagara river to the helj) of their hard- 
pressed comrades at Queenstown Heights (()ct()ljer 13). 
The latter fought l)ravely, but were forced to surrender. 

48. The War on the Ocean — C)ur little navy, however, 
covered itself with glory. The American frigate Constitu- 
tion and the Gncrricrc (gare-e-are') met ofT the banks of New- 
foundland. Captain Isaac Hull, a nepliew of General Hull, 
potired broadside after broadside into the Gncrricrc, sweep- 
ing her deck, riddling her hull, and tearing her masts and 
rigging to splinters and shreds. When the Gncrricrc siu'- 
rendered, she was S(t battered that she could not be l)r()Ught 
into port. As for the Constitution, she set out at once to look 
for another fight. 

The engagement between the American sloop-of-war 
\]'asp and the British Frolic, off North Carolina (October 
13), was of the fiercest character. The Frolic was compelled 
to haul down her colors, but before the IJ'asp coukl make 
sail a British man-of-war 1)ore down and captured her. In 
the course of the first year of the war, our navy took more 



146 SCHOOL HIHTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

than 300 prizes and 3000 prisoners. Madison's re-election 
in 1812 proved that a large majority of tiie people were 
strong]}- in favor of the war with England. 

49. Invasion of Canada. — Another attempt was made 
to invade Canada in 181 3, Init little advantage was gained. 
The British still held i\Iichigan, and were preparing to in- 
vade Ohio, when a great naval victory changed the character 
of the whole camjiaign. 

50. Capture of the Chesapeake. — Our navy, as before, 
(lid Ijrilliant work, l)nt was not always successful. Captain 
James Lawrence, in connnand of the Chesapeake, was chal- 
lenged by the captain of the Sliamioii to come out from the 
harbor of l^oston and fight him. The Chesapeake was un- 
dergoing repairs and in no condition for ])attle, but the chal- 
lenge was accepted. A desperate engagement followed 
(June i), and the Chesapeake was captured. As the dying 
Lawrence was carried below, he called out: "Don't give up 
the sliip!" His words have become the motto of the Ameri- 
can navy. 

5!. Perry's Victory. — Conunodore ]^)arclay was on Lake 
Erie, with a British squadron of six vessels and sixty-three 
guns. Captain Perry, a young man who had never seen a 
naval battle, had nine American vessels, with fift}-five guns. 
These two squadrons met at the western end of Lake Erie, 
September 10, 1813. and in a battle of three hours, all the 
British vessels were captured. This was the first time in tlie 
history of Great Britain that she surrendered an entire 
squadron. Perry's dispatch to General Harrison, announ- 
cing tlie victory, was in the famous words: "We have met the 
enemy and the\- are ours." 

52. Battle of the Thames — Perry's victory relieved 
Ohio frr)m all danger of invasion. General Harrison 
gained a great victory over the British and Indians, on the 
Thames river, in Upper Canada, October 5, 181 3, and re- 




Whitr IIoiiso, Washington, D. C. 
Statue of VVasliington, Baltimore, Md. Statue of Washington, Richnioud, Vu. 



148 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

covered Michigan from the enemy. Great Britain prose- 
cuted the war with more vigor in 1814. Slie sent many re- 
inforcements to this country, among whom were thousands 
of veterans that had fought against Napoleon. 

53. The Last Invasion of Canada. — General Brown 
crossed the Niagara river, and the last invasion of Canada 
took place. Fort Erie was captured, and General Winfield 
Scott attacked the British at Chippewa, July 5, and won a 
victory. The fiercest battle of the war was fought on the 
25th at Lundy's Lane, opposite Niagara Falls. It was an- 
other American triumph, though the loss was heavy on both 
sides, and (ienerals Scott and Brown were wounded. 

54. Naval Victory on Lake Chaniplain. — General 
Brown had drawn all the troops from Plattsburg except 
1500 men. Learning of this, the British commander in 
Canada marched against the place with an immense body of 
troops. At the same time, the English vessels assailed the 
American tieet under Commodore McDonough (don'o), 
September 11, 1814. The attacking squadron was almost 
destroyed, and the British troops were repulsed. Thev tied 
so hastily that tlic sick and wounded and a large amount of 
military stores were left behind. 

55. Capture of Washington — A strong body of English 
troops sailed up the Potomac, and. landing near Washing- 
ton, captured the city (August 24), which had made little 
provision against attack. The I^resident's mansion, the 
capitol and a number of public buildings were l)urned. The 
enemy then set out for Baltimore. On the march. ( leneral 
Ross, the British conuuandcr, was killed b}- an .\merican 
sharpshooter. The attack on I'altimore (September 13) was 
repulsed. The event inspired Francis S. Key. then a pris- 
oner on a British vessel, to write our national song, 'The 
Star-Spangled Banner," when in the early dawn he saw the. 
Stars and Stripes still floating. 



sciiooi. iifsToh'v OF TiiK r\rn:i) states. ]\u 

56. The Battle of New Orleans. — The most hrilliaiil 
victui-\- of the war was gained by (ieneral Jaeks(rn at New 
Orleans, January 8, 1815. An army of 12,000 veterans, 
under General Packenhani, and a ])owerful lleet, attacked the 
city, liehind the intrenclnnents knelt the backwoods riile- 
nien, who were the finest marksmen in the world. Their 
deadly volleys were poured into the advancing ranks, which 
were scatteretl and repulsed again and again, until the as- 
sault was abandoned. The British lost more than 2000 men, 
among them General Packenham, while only seven of th.e 
Americans were killed. 

57. Naval Victories, — In the month of Februarv, 1815, 
I'aptain Charles Stt-wart. commanding tlie Cdiistiliitioit, met 
the Cxdiic and Lcraiit oft the coast of South .America, and 
captured l)oth vessels. The victory- was greath' due to []\c 
hue seamanship of Stewart, wh.o handled his ship so skillfidh- 
that the enemy was never once able to rake him, while he 
swe])t tlieir decks repeatedly. 

58. The American Privateers The privateers sailed 

from every port. Baltimore sent (jut tlie most, but many 
went from New York, l'lnladel])hia, Boston and Salem. 
Some of the cruisers leaving Charleston, liristol and IMy- 
mouth were only pilot boats, with t\vent\- or thirt}' men each. 
They harrassed the traders of the British West Indies. 

There were a few jiowerful frigates, however, the equal of 
the best in the F.ngiish navv. Most of the ])ri\'ateers were 
schooners, swift and well armed. A number were brigs and 
brigantines. They were crowded with men, so as to give 
crews to the capttired prizes. Sometimes the ])rizes were so 
numerous that the ])rivateer had hardly enough men left to 
handle it. 

All tlie shijis, of course, w'ere sailing vessels, without any- 
thing in the nature of armor. Their guns were cannon, 
loadino- at the nmzzle and firing S(^lid shot. Tl)e best gun 



150 sciiDoi. iiisToin oi Tin: i Mrnn xtates. 

in llic ship was llic "Long Tom," gcncrallx' mounted on a 
l)ivot forward. Its cliief use was to tire at a lieeing vessel. 

59. Exploit of the General Armstrong The priva- 
teer (Jciicral Anustroiig carried nine long guns, the largest 
JK-ing twenty-four pounders, or "long nines." Her crew of 
ninety were under the connnand of Caj^jtain Sanuiel C. Reid, 
of Connecticut. He sailed with many more men, but most 
of them were in charge of the prizes capttired. 

About the middle of September, 1814. the Gciicnil .Inii- 
stroiig put into the harbor of b^ayal, one of the Azore Islands. 
Captain Reid wished to provision his sliii). A few da\s later, 
Admiral Sir Thomas Cochrane stopped at Fa}al with l>.e 
same object. The ISritish admiral had three vessel-s: the 
llagship I'ldJitagcuct, ni seventy-four guns; the frigate Rofaii, 
of thirt}--eight guns, and the brig Carnation, of eighteen 
guns. This squadron was manned l)y 2000 men, and was 
on the way to occupy New Orleans. 

Discovering the American privateer, the British vessels 
placed tliemselves so as to prevent her escape. Since th.e 
waters wx^re ner.tral. Captain Reid did not think tlie luiglish 
would attack him. He took no risks, however, and p,re- 
pared for ])attle. \\y and l)y, several boats from the Plan- 
lagnni, crowded witli men, rowed through the water toward 
the privateer. Captain Reid warned th.em off several times, 
but tliey gave no heed. Then lie fired into the boats, killing 
and wounding a number of the crews (September 26). Th.e 
eneni}- then hurriedly retreated to the flagship. 

At night, seven other boats, containing about 200 men, 
and each carrying a carronade, attacked the General .Inn- 
si rang. The Americans replied with such effect that three 
of the boats were sunk and tlieir crews left struggling in the 
water. The others, rowing 1 ard and fast through the deadly 
fire, began clambering rp the sides of the privateer. As 



scnooL /iisTouY or riii: r\iTi:D stater. ir,i 

Ihcir heatls appeared above the j^uiuvales, they sliouted, "No 
(|uarter!"' 

"No quarter!" called back the Americans, firing- their pis- 
tols in the faces of the boarders, prodding them with ])ikes 
and luml)ling them into the sea as fast as tliey came within 
reach. The repulse was so decisive that onl>' two of the 
boats returned to the ships. The others, filled with dead 
and wounded, drifted ashore. The Americans lost only two 
killed and seven hurt. The Kno-Hsh acknowledged a loss (jf 
thirty-four, with eighty-six wounded. Among the killed 
was the leatler of the expedition. 

The British were so enraged that they determined to de- 
stroy the privateer, even though she was in neutral waters. 
The next day, the Caniation attacked the Cciicnil .Innslroiii^, 
but was so cri])i)led by the wonderfully accurate fire of the 
"Long Tom" that she was glad to haul off. Then the other 
vessels closed in. Captain Reid now saw there was no pos- 
sible escape, for the enemy had tw^enty men to his one. So he 
scuttled liis ship, lowered his boats and pulled for land. 

The iMiglish tlireatened to follow him even there. The 
Americans dashed into a stone fortress, and Captain Reid 
dared h.is enemies to attack him. They thought it best to 
leave Idm alone. 

The IJritish scpiadron was so badly crippled that it went 
back to England to refit. This so delayed the arrival of Sir 
Thomas Cochrane tliat he did not reach New ( )rleans until 
four days after General Jackson. Except for this delay, the 
enemy would have occupied the citv. and one of the most 
glorious \ictories in our historv never could ha\c been won. 

60. Peace — A treaty of peace between the United States 
and Great Hritain was signed at Ghent. Deceml)er 24, 1814. 
ft will be noticed that the battle of New Orleans and Ca])tain 
Stewart's naval battles were fought after that event. ITad 
the ocean telegraph or the swift steamers of today been in 



ir.2 SCHOOL HISTORY OF TIIR TMTFJ) STATES. 

existence, those l:»attles would never have taken place, hut 
tin-ee months were re(|uire(l for the news to reach the hostile 
forces on land and sea. 

61. War With Algiers — Algiers thought it a good time 
to take advantage of the situation, because we had neglected 
to pay her tribute, while we were engaged in fighting Eng- 
land. So the ruler let loose his pirates, with orders to col- 
lect the tribute. The United States promptly declared war 
with the Dey of Algiers, and Commodores Decatur and 
iuiinbridge were sent to the Mediterranean. On the i/th 
of June, Decatur captured the frigate of the Algerine ad- 
miral, took another frigate two days later, and then appeared 
Ijefore the city of Algiers. He demanded the instant sur- 
render of every American prisoner, indemnitv for all i)rop- 
erty destroyed, and the renouncing of all claims to future 
tribute. The terrified barbarian had no choice but to sub- 
mit, and the treaty was made on the (|uarter-deck of De- 
catur's ship. The Pasha of Tunis was made to pay a large 
sum of money for the American vessels he had allowed the 
English to capture in his harbor during the war. The 
Pasha of Tripoli was forced to do the same, and the Bar- 
bary States were so humbled that they have never given us 
any more trouble. 

62. Admission of Louisiana — Louisiana, the eighteenth 
State, was admitted into the Union, April 8, i8i2. It was 
named in honor of King Louis XIV, of France. The first 
settlement was made by Iberville, at Biloxi, near the mouth 
of the Mississijipi, in 1699. The territory was ceded to 
S])ain in i/C)^^, but re-ceded in 1800 to I^-ance. Its immense 
area has already been given. In 1804, it was divided into 
the Territory of Orleans (afterward admitted as the Sti^te of 
LcMiisiana) and the District of Louisiana, whose name was 
changed to Missouri, when the territory of Orleans became 
a State. 



RCIIOOL HISTORY OF THE VXTTED STATKS. ir.3 

63. Admission of Indiana. — Indiana, the nineteenth 
State, eanie into the Union, December ii, 1816. The name 
Indiana was given to that portion of the Northwestern Ter- 
ritory which remained after ( )liio was erected into a State. 
Its early development was nuich hindered 1)\- the hostilitv of 
Iinlians, bnt when that ended, its pros])erit\ and increase in 
population were rapid. 

64. The Colonization Society Al)ont tliis time (De- 
cember 23, 1816), the Colonization Society of the I'nited 
States was formed. The free negroes had become a dis- 
turbing element in our social s\stem, and many thought tlie 
solution of the difficulty la\' in sending t!:em bac]< to Africa. 
According!}-, the_\' were encouraged to emigrate thither. 
Lil)eria, on the west coast, was selected as the ])lace to which 
tlie free negroes were to be sent. Monrovia, the ca])ital, 
was named in honor of President Monroe. A Repul)lican 
form of gm'crnment was established, and the Rei)ublic of 
Liberia still exists, but it can never serve the iniri)ose origi- 
nall\- intended, for the good reason that the majority of ne- 
groes ])refer to remain in America. 

65. Presidential Election of 1816. — Tlie war of 181 2 
destro\ed tlie lA'deral partw Its l^residential candidate 
received the electoral vote only of New Iiam])sliire in 1816. 
fames Monroe, of \ irginia, and 1 )aniel Tompkins, of New 
^'ork, were elected President and \'ice- President by the 
Republicans. 

Questions 42. Give a 1)ioQ;rai)liic;il skctcli nf tlu- fDiirtli Pre ' 

dent. 

-1.1. Give tlie partienlar'^ of the affair <if tlie President. 

44. Tell what you know of the battle of Tippceanne. 

45. What is said of war with Ent^land? 

46. Deserihe tlie surri'iider of Detroit. 

47. What of the battle of Onecnstown Heisj^hts? 

48. Of the war on the ocean? Of the Frolic and the Wasp? 

49. Of the invasion of Canada? 



l^,^ sciiooi. iiisToin or riii: i \iTi:n sTArKs. 

50. 01 tlic c-apUiu' 111" tlic CInsapcakef 

51. Of Perry's victory? 

52. l)\ tlic h.-iUle ot" ihc Tlianies? 

53. Of tlu' last iiuasion of Canada? 

54. Of llic naval victory on Lake Champiain? 

55. The capture of Washington? The song of the "Star-Spangled 
Banner?" 

56. The Imttle of New Orleans? 

57. The na\al victories? What of the American privateers? 

5(j. What is said of the \s\-\\\\\q<:x General Armstrong? Describe 
her nieniorahle hattle witlrthe British tleet. What licaring ha<l this 
exploit on the hattle of New Orleans? 

(!0. What is said of the treaty of peace? 

f>i. What of the conrse of Algiers? Descril)e our war with the 
I'larhary States. 

62. Tell when the eighteenth State was admitted, and give a brief 
sketch of it. 

<i3. Do the same regarding the nineteenth State. 

64. fiive a history of the Colonization Society. 

65. Of the presidential election of 1816. 



CHAPTER XVTTT. 

MONROE'S ADiMINISTRATlONS. (1817-1825.) 



of ' 
roe 



66. James Monroe. — The fifth 
President of tlie United States 
was born at Monroe's Creek. 
\ Westmoreland county, \ irg-inia, 
\ April 2'$^, 1758, and died July 4, 
j 1 83 1. Thus, four out of the first 
7 five Presidents were natives of 
A'irq-inia, l:)esides three who have 
since held tliat oflfice. Virginia, 
therefore, has well earned the title 
'the mother of States and of Presidents." James Mon- 
was educated at William and Marv's College, and was 




SCHOOL II I STORY or Till: i \iti:i> st.\7'i:s. 155 

a solditT uiulcr Washington. As lieutenant, lie performed 
a brilliant exploit at the l)attle of Trenton, in the capture of 
a Hessian l)atter\ l)efore it could open fire on the Continen- 
tals. He did good service also at iirandywine, German- 
town and Monmouth. He studied law tinder Jefferson, 
served in the \ irginia Legislature, and was sent to Congress 
when only twenty-live years old. I'^-om 1799 to 1802. he 
was Governor of Virginia, and was afterwards sent bv 
^[^•csident jeti'erson to negotiate the ]:)urchase of Louisiana. 
Tn 181 1, he was again elected Governor of \'irginia, and 
became Madison's Secretary of State. He was also Secre- 
tary of War at the sajne time; and as there was no m(~)ne\' in 
the Treasury, he pledged his private means for the defense 
of New Orleans. He was of plain, unassimiing manners, 
of spotless integrity, of fine judgment, and, ])ossessing no 
striking genius, was a President whose administration was 
one of the most brilliant in the history of our countrv. 

67. The Era of Good Feeling.— Under Ab^nroe's two 
administrations, the L^iion made more advance in prosper- 
ity than under any i)revious President. He was verv popu- 
lar, having many lovable })ersonal ([ualities. and tlie Union 
seemed to become knitted together more closely than be- 
fore. So marked was our progress, and so complete the 
cessation of ])arty spirit, that his administration is often re- 
ferred to as the "era of good feeling." 

When President Monroe assumed office, manufactures 
were at a low ebb. This was l)ecause of cliea]) lal)or com])e- 
tition in Europe. Congress imposed taxes on imported 
goods, which gave a prodigious impetus to productions in 
the L nited States. Tiie internal revenue taxes were abol- 
ished, and pension acts were passed, giving pensions to tlic 
veterans of the Revolution and War of 1812. 

68. The Seminole War — Florida belonged to Spain. 
In the swamps and everglades of that territory a vicious 




Picking Cotton. 
The Natural Bridge, Virginia. 



Travelers' Tree, St. Anjrnstine, Fla. 
Cocoanut Tree, Florida. 



srnooi, iiisTORV or Tin-: ixited states. 157 

tribe of Indians, known as the Seniinoles, made their home. 
Hundreds of runaway slaves found their way into these fast- 
nesses and joined the Indians. This mongrel people eom- 
mitted many outrages on the settlers of Alabama and 
Georgia. General jaekson was sent against them with a 
strong body of troops. Finding that the Seniinoles were 
aided by the Spaniards at Pensacola, Jackson drove out the 
Spaniards, shot one and hanged another of the chief offend- 
ers, and raised the Stars and Stripes over the ])lace. Al- 
though "( )ld Hickory" had been forbidden to enter h^lorida 
except in pursuit of the enemy, he pushed his <)])erations, 
until he compelled the Spanish governor to flee to Havana. 
The Seniinoles were completelv subdued. This course of 
Jackson added greatly to his popularity. 

69. The Purchase of Florida. — Having been driven out' 
of Florida, .Spain decided to sell the country to the I'nited 
States. It came into our possession in 1820. the ])rice paid 
being $5,000,000. Tlie Sabine, instead of the Rio Grande 
river, was made tlie dividing line between the territories of 
tlie two governments west of the Mississippi. ( leiieral 
Jackson was the first governor of Florida. 

70. The First Ocean Steamer.- — The success of I'^dton's 
steamboat on the Hudson in 1807 made him famous. He 
l)uilt the first L^nitecl States war vessel and man}- steaml)oats. 
The steamer Saz'aiiiiah left the city of that name, Alay 24, 
and made the voyage across the ocean in twenty-six da\s. 
The passage has been steadily shortened since, until it has 
lieen reduced to less th.an six days. 

71. The Missouri Compromise. — The re(|uest of Mis- 
souri to be admitted as a State caused a discussion in Gon- 
gress as to whether she should 1)C allowed to come in with or 
without slavery. The wrangle was so bitter that more than 
one patriot clearly foresaw the fearful confiict which came 
lortv years later. Henry Glay finally secured its aflmission 



i'kS school history of the united states. 

as a slave State, under the pledg'e tliat slavery should be 
prohibited in all other territories west of the Mississippi and 
north of parallel 36° 30', which marks the southern bound- 
arv of Missouri. This act constituted the famous Missouri 
Compromise, which was passed March 3, 1819. 

72. The Hon roe Doctrine — South America for many 
vears had been disturlu'd Ijy revolutions, which seemed to be 
tiie chronic state of the peoi:)le. The different provinces 
had long^ been held by monarchies in Europe. These prov- 
inces declared their independence, and in 1822 Con,<^ress 
])assed an act reco.^'uizing' tliem. In hi '> seventh annual mes- 
sa.g-e, in September, 1823, the President declared th.at from 
that time forward no part of the American continent was to 
be considered as territory for colonization lj_\' any European 
])ower. This constituted the "Monroe Doctrine," whicli has 
beconie one of the cardinal principles of the American 
Union. 

73. Lalayette's Visit. — One of the pleasing features of 
Monro "s administrations was the visit made to this countrv 
by Lafa_\ctte in 1824. America cotdd never forget his ser- 
vices during the Revolution, and he was received every- 
where with the highest honors. His lour extended through 
every State, and he niaile a touching' visit to tl:e tomb of 
Washington at Mount \'ernon. I le laid the corner-stone of 
Hunker Hill Monument, June 17, 1825, fifty years after the 
battle, lie sailed from this country hi the frigate Braiidy- 
1^'inc, named in compliment to Lafayette, who was wounded 
in the battle of that name. Congress ]:)resented him while 
here with a townshi]) of land and the sum of $200,000. 

74. Admissr.on of Mississippi. — Mississippi was admit- 
ted as the twentieth State, Deceniber 10, 1817. The region 
was first visited by De Soto, the discoverer of the "Father of 
Waters." In 1699, Biloxi was foimded. A settlement was 
made on the Yazoo in 1703, but the white population was 



160 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

annihilated a cjuarter of a century later by the Indians. Fierce 
wars continued with the Indians for many years. In 1763, 
it formed a part of the territory ceded to England by France. 
The Mississippi Territory was formed in 1798, several addi- 
tions being made afterwards. 

75. Admission of Illinois — Illinois became a State, De- 
cember 3. 1 818, The I'Vencli planted a few settlements in 
the territory toward the close of the seventeenth century. 
Illinois Territory, as constituted, included the present States 
of Illinois, Wisconsin and a portion of Minnesota. Like its 
neighbors, Illinois sufifcred greatly from the enmitv of the 
Indians, but its later prosperity is one of the marvels of the 
century. 

76. Admission of Alabama. — Ala) jama, the twenty- 
second State, was admitted December 14, 1819. It was 
originally a part of tieorgia. The first settlement was made 
on Mobile I'.ay in 1702. The city of Moljile was founded in 
171 1. It was long the centre of French colonization in the 
vast Louisiana Territory. 

77. Admission of Maine and Missouri. — We have 
learned that Maine was settled early in the seventeenth cen- 
tury. The settlements were feeble, and the territory was 
joined to that of Massachusetts until March 15, 1820, when 
Maine became the twenty-third State. The oldest town in 
Missouri is St. Genevieve, founded in 1755. Louisiana Ter- 
ritory was organized in 18(55. with St. Louis as its capital. 
Upon the admission of Louisiana, the name of the territorv 
was changed to Missouri, which was admitted August 10, 
1 82 1 . 

78. Presidential Election of 1824.— There were four 
Presidential candidates before the coimtrv: John Quincy 
.\dams, (ieneral Andrew Jackson, William H. Crawford, 
rmd Henry Clay. New England sui)ported Adams, the ex- 
treme South adhered to Jackson, \'irginia favored Crawford, 



SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UXITED STATES. 



101 



while Ciay was supported by the West. The chief ccjiitest 
was between Jackson and Adams, but none of the four re- 
ceived votes enough to elect him. This threw the choice 
into the House of Representatives, wliich chose Adams, 
with John C. Calhoun, of South Carolina, as \ ice-1'resident. 

Questions.— 06. Give a biographical sketch of the fifth i^resident. 
by. Wluit is said of the era of good feeling? What of manufac- 
tures? 

68. Give an account of the Seminole War. 

69. Of the purchase of Florida. 

70. Of the first ocean steamer. 

71. Explain the Missouri Compromise. 

72. The Monroe Doctrine. 

73. Give the story of Lafayette's visit to Uiis country. 

74. When was Mississippi admitted? Givean historical sketchof it. 

75. .Atlmission of Illinois. 

76. When was Alabama admitted'' Give an historical sketch of it. 
//. Wlien were Maine and Missouri adiuittcd? What is said of 

them ? 

78. Give an account of the presidential election of 1824. 



CHAPTER XTX. 
JOHN QUINCY ADAMS'S ADMlNlSTF^iATlON. (18^5-1829.) 

79. John Quincy Adams. — John 
Ouincy Adams, the si.xtli I'l-esident, 
and son of the second President, 
was born at Ouincy, Mass., July 11, 
1767. He was a precocious child, 
who received the best possible edu- 
cational advantages. His mother 
was a woman of remarkable talents, 
and the son was educated at Paris, 
Leyden, The Hague, and gradu- 
ated at Harvard College when twenty-one years old. His 




162 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

ability caused President Washington to appoint him minister 
to The Hague and afterwards to Portugal. When his father 
became President, he transferred his son to Berlin. He was 
Tnited States Senator in 1803. and six years later was made 
mniister to Russia. He served as Monroe's Secretary of 
State throughout both his administrations. When he be- 
came President, it was against the popular demand for Jack- 
son, and he found powerful political elements arrayed 
against him. \'ice-President Calhoun was one of the 
strongest of the opposition. As a consequence, his admin- 
istration was a stormy one and cannot be regarded as success- 
ful. Two years after his retirement from the Presidential 
chair, he was elected to Congress, and held that office con- 
tinually until February 21, 1848, when he was stricken with 
parabsis, while on the floor of Congress, and died two days 
later. 

80. The Tariff. — The North and South held diverse 
views regarding the tariff. The North favored a protective 
tariff, because it was largely engaged in manufactures, which 
were made more profitable, because of the duty imposed on 
imported articles. The South opposed it for the reason 
that there were few, if any, manufactures in that section, and 
as a consecfuence they were obliged to pay higher prices for 
manufactured articles. Taxes of this nature form what is 
called a "protective tariff." while taxes intended to raise 
money simply to support the government constitute a "reve- 
nue tariff." The Whig party, which was soon afterward 
formed, favored the protective tariff and a system of internal 
improvements, which together formed the "American sys- 
tem." Henry Clay was the foremost leader of the Whig 
party and the champion of the American system. At the 
session of 1827-1828, Congress passed a tariff liill. which 
imposed so many high duties that it gave offense to the 
South. 



Hciiixn. iiisToh'Y or Tilt: uxiTin) statijs. \m 

81. Death of John Adams and Thomas Jefferson. — 

One of the most impressive events of tlie younger Adams's 
administration was the death of the second and third Presi- 
dents, John xA.dams and Thomas Jefferson, which took place 
on the 4th of July, 1826, just fifty years after the signing of 
the Declaration of Independence, with which they had more 
to do than any other two men. Many peoj^le saw in the 
touching event something deeper than a simple coincidence. 

82. Opening of the Erie Canal, — The most important 
internal im])r()\ement completed during the second Adams's 
administration was the Erie Canal, New York. It connects 
ihe Great Lakes with the tidewaters of the Atlantic. It was 
begun on the 4th of July, 1817, and in October, 1825, opened 
to traffic. It gave a prodigious impulse to the settlement 
and prosperity of the State. Its original cost was $7,600,- 
000, and its success has been so great that in some years it 
has earned almost one-half of that sum. The use of the 
electric trolley has been introduced lately on the Erie Canal 
and added immeasurcably to its efifectiveness. 

S3. The First Railway Lines. — In the month of May, 
1829, three small railv,::y locomotives, n.iade in England, 
were unloaded at the West Point foundr\-, at the foot of 
Beach street. New York cit\'. ( )ne of these locomotives 
w^as transported piecemeal to Ilonesdale. Pa., and August 9 
was run on the tracks of the canal company's railway, be- 
tween Honesdale and Prompton. This was the first loco- 
motive that ever turned a wb.eel on a railway track in Am- 
erica. A track two miles long connected Milton and 
Ouincy. Mass., and was laid in 1826. the cars l)eing drawn by 
liorses. The next tracks i)ut in operation were the few miles 
at Honesdale and nine miles at Mauch Chunk, in the same 
State, both of wdiich roads were built for carrying coal from 
the mines. 



104 SCHOOL HhSTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

84. The Pioneer Railroad of America. — Tlie pioneer 
railroad of America, intended for passengers and freight, was 
the Baltimore & Ohio. The section of this road between 
lialtimore and the Point of Rocks was finished in the snm- 
mer of 1830. There was no thought of using steam as a 
motive power. Strange as it may seem, at one time the cars 
were propelled by wind and sails^— that is, when the wind 
happened to blow. Peter Cooper, of New York, constructed 
a locomotive after plans of his own, and induced the P>alti- 
more & Ohio to give him a trial. The locomotive, which 
was named Tom Thinnb, pulled a car laden with passengers 
at the rate of twelve to fifteen miles an hour. This was the 
first American locomotive that was ever built, and that was 
the first trip ever made by an American locomotive. The 
Tom lliiiijib was no great success, Init it ushered in the era 
of railway locomotives. 

85. The First Railroad that Intended to Use Steam. — 
The South Carolina Railroad was the first railroad ever l)uilt 
in the world designed for the use of steam as the locomotive 
power. Its charter was granted in 1827. It was 136 miles 
long, and connected Charleston and Hamburg. The com- 
pany, in the spring of 1830, ordered a locomotive from the 
West Point foundry. It was named the Best Friend, and 
made its trial trip November 2, 1830. It was a success in 
every respect. The Best Friend, therefore, was the first loco- 
motive that ran regularly on a railroad in the Ignited States. 

86. The First Locomotive Explosion. — The Best Friend 
did good service until the middle of January, 183 1. The 
negro fireman thought he would save work for himself by 
fastening down the safetv-valve. As a conse(|ucnce, the 
boiler exploded, the negro was killed and the engineer badlv 
scalded. Nevertheless, he served as engineer on the second 



SCHOOL iiisToiiY or Tin: imtei> stateh. \m 

locomotive, which shortly after took its place. The loco- 
motive known as Jolui Hull, which many erroneouslv claim 
to be the first used in this country, was brought from Eng- 
land in November, 1831. As a fine type of the crude pioneer 
locomotives, it has been carefully preserved and will always 
be an object (^f interest. 

87. Presidential Election of 1828 — The demand of the 
people that Jackson should be their President could no lon- 
ger be denied. He and Adams were ])itte(l against each 
other, with the result that while Adams received eighty- 
three. Jackson was given 17S electoral votes. Calhoun was 
re-elected to the \'ice-Presidency. Jackson's supporters 
now^ became known as "Democrats," w'hile his opponents 
were "National Republicans," changed soon afterwards to 
"Whigs." 

Questions. — 79. Give a biographical sketch of the sixth President. 

80. Show tlie effect of a protective tariff' North and Sonth. 

81. State the impressive fact connected witli the death of liie second 
and third Presidents. 

S2. Give a history of the Erie CanaL 

83. Give a history of tlie first railway locomotive used in America. 
When and where was the first track laid? 

84. Give the facts concerning the first railroad in .Vmerica. Of the 
use of wind and sails. 

85. Of the first railroad intended for tlie use of steam as a locomo- 
tive power. 

86. What is related of the first. explosion on a railroad? What u.' 
the locomotive Jolni Bull? 

87. Give an account of the presidential election of 1828. 



kh; 



SVJJOOL Uh^TORY OF TIIIJ LMTED .s'7' 1 77;.S'. 



CHAPTER XX. 



JACKSCJN'S ADMINISTRATIONS. (1829-1837-) 




88. Andrew Jackson — Andrew 
Jackson, scvcntli President, was 
born at L'nreton's liend, N. C, 
March 13, 1767, and died jnne 8, 
1845. I^is father died just after 
the l)irlh of the son. The mother 
was extremely poor When only 
thirteen years old, Andrew took 
part in the battle of llans^ino- 
Rock. He and an elder brother 
vvere made prisoners, and ordered by a P)ritish officer to 
clean his ])oots. They refnsed, and were strnck by the offi- 
cer with his sword. It is said th.e brother died from the ef- 
fects of the blow. Andrew wonld have snfTered death before 
obeying. His remaining l>rother was killed while fighting 
for his country. The mother passed away soon after, so 
that at the close of the Revolution, Andrew w^as the only 
member of the family alive. 

Jackson took up the study of law, and, when a yoimg man, 
moved to Tennessee. It was a rough country in those days, 
i)ut he was at home among people of that class. He had a 
fiery temper, and was always ready to fight. He took part 
in a number of duels and was badlv woimded several times. 
In one due!, he killed the most famous pistol shot iii the 
Southwest. He was elected to the State legislature, but 
took little part in the proceedings. He v^as afterwards 
elected a judge of the supreme court of the State and a 
luajor-general of nn'litia. He did excellent service in tlic 
war ap"ainst the Creek Indians and in the war of 1812. His 



scfiooi. HISTORY OF Tin: T'\iTi:n stati:s. ict 

hrilliaiit victory at Xew Orleans made him President. Willi 
his imperious temjier, his self-will and his hatred of his 
enemies, he was of spotless intej^rity, intensely ])atriotic, ])ure 
in his private li_, and with not a "dishonest hair in his head." 
His popidarity not only caused his trinm])hant election a 
second time, but enabled him to choose his successor. 

89. "To the Victors Belong the Spoils." — Jackson 
carried his resistless will into the Presidential chair. Ik- 
started out with the principle that his friends were to be re- 
warded and his enemies punished. He illustrated the law 
tliat in politics the spoils belonj.^- to the victors. Durin"' his 
Presidency, he turned 2COO j^olitical opponents out of office. 
His ])redecessor had removed only seventy-four. Under 
Jackson, it was decided that the Postmaster-General should 
be a member of the cabinet. 

90. The United States Bank. — Jackson did not like the 
United States Bank, whose charter expired in 1836. He 
vetoed the bill renewing its charter, and, as the necessary 
two-thirds vote could not be secured to pass the bill over his 
veto, the bank went out of existence. There was great ex- 
citement over his action, but his course was so fully ap- 
proved that at his second election, he received 219 electoral 
votes out of a total of 286. 

91. Nullification. — An act was passed in the spring of 
1832 imposing additional duties on imported goods. Soutli 
Carolina was so angered that she declared the act unconsti- 
tutional and, therefore, null and void. She determined to 
resist the collection of the duties within her borders by force 
of arms if necessary. Jackson sympathized with the State, 
but his determination never wavered. He threatened to 
arrest Vice-President Calhoun, who was a citizen of .South 
Carolina. Calhoun resigned, and became a United .States 
Senator. 

Right or wrons: in this matter of "Nullification," South 



ics Ficiiooi, iiisToin or riii: iMTi:n states. 

Carolina was onlv folic )\vin.!L;' tlic i)rocc(lcnl set ])y the New 
Eng-Jaiul States when, durinj^- the war of 1 812, the\- nulliiied 
laws of Congress, and laid plans to secede from the Union, 
which were only stopped by the close of the war before the 
date fixed for their execution. Slie was only acting out the 
s])irit of the Kentucky and X'irginia resolutions of 1798-99, 
and she was only intending" to do what so many of the North- 
ern States actually did, when thev ludlificd the laws of Con- 
gress, the Constitution of the United States, and the decis- 
ions of the Supreme Court by their "personal liberty bills" 
and similar State action. 

I')Ut it ought to l)e said that there is a radical dilTerence be- 
tween "Nullification" — which held that a State might remain 
in the L^nion and receive all of its benefits, antl at the same 
time set at naught the laws of the general government — and 
"Secession," which held that while a State should obey the 
laws of the general government as long as she remained in 
the Union, vet she had the right to wiflidra:c from flic Union 
whenever she thought that her interests demanded that she 
should do so. 

In his "Farewell to the Senate," Mr. Jefferson Davis made 
this distinction very clear, and Mr. Calhoun argued very 
ablv for "Nullification," on the ground that it was the best 
wav to prevent "Secession" and jireserve the Union. 

The President issued a ])roclamatiou, warning the South 
Carolinians against their course, and assm-ed them that the 
laws would be enforced. In this critical juncture of aft'airs, 
Henrv Clav came forward, as before, with a idan of compro- 
mise, which proved acceptable. Congress passed an act in 
1833. which gradually reduced the scale of duties for ten 
vears, at which time they were to reach the point of "tarift" 
for revenue" only. This proved satisfactory to South Caro- 
lina, and the war cloud vanished. 



SCHOOL iiisToi,') or Tin: i \iti:i> st.\ti:s. \m 

92. The Black Hawk War.—Thc Ihrce tribes of Indians 
known as Sacs, Foxes and Winnel^agoes lived in the terri- 
tory of Wisconsin The Sacs and Foxes, after having- agreed 
by treaty to leave the land which tliey had ceded U) the 
L'nited States, refused to go. lUack Hawk, a famous chief 
of the Sacs, being driven out, returned at the head of a large 
force of warriors and conmiitted many outrages. These 
became so alarming that a force of regular troops was sent 
to Rock Island to the help of the militia under the Governor 
of Illin(.)is. That friglitful scourge, cholera, jxiid its first 
visit to the United States in 18^2, and caused the death of so 
many soldiers that for a time military operations were at a 
standstill. An engagement, however, was fouglit with the 
Indians in August. Thev were defeated, and Black Hawk 
and his two sons were taken j)risoners. Tliis ended the war. 

93. The Seminole War — The Seminolcs of Florida, 
wlien the time came for them to remove West of the Missis- 
sippi, as some of their chiefs had agreed to do, refused to go. 
They retreated into the swamps and everglades, hid their 
families so efifectuallv that it was impossible for their ene- 
mies to find them, and defied the United States government. 
Every effort was made to dislodge them, l)ut ni) force could 
be gathered strong enough, and no general found with sulTi- 
cient skill to succeed. Now and then, Ijodies of Indians 
were routed, but the\- in turn defeated the troops sent against 
them, and conuuitted fearful outrages. Tilajor Dade and 
liis conunand of 150 men were aml)ushed and all killed, witli 
the exce])tion of two, who afterwards died of their wounds. 

Osceola was a chief of mixed blood, who jiad been put in 
irons by General Thomson, but released on his pretending 
sorrow. On the day of the Dade massacre, Osceola and 
some of his warriors attacked the house in which General 
Thomson and his officers were dining, hardly 200 yards from 
a fort. Before the latter could interfere, five of the officers. 




Independence Hall, Philadelphia. 
Washington Monument. Washington, D. C. Old S(.nth Church, Boston. 



sciiDoi. iiisro/n or riii: i \iTi:n staths. m 

includinj;- General Thomson, were shot down. Jn the aut- 
umn of 1837, Osceola, while visiting the American camp 
under a flag; of truce, was treacherously seized and made 
prisoner. He was sent to lM)rt Moultrie, where he died of a 
broken heart the following \ear. 

There was much sympathy felt for the .Seminoles, for the 
treaty which our government was trying to enforce had been 
agreed to by onl\ a few- of the chiefs, and its wording gave 
good ground for differences of opinion. As time passed, 
the war assumed a furious character, and readied tlie vil- 
lages in Georgia and Alabama When it seemed impossilile 
to bring the Seminoles to terms, an attempt was made to use 
bloodhounds against them, but the dogs would not take the 
trail of the savages. The Seminole war dragged along until 
1842, when General \\'il]iam J. W^orth succeeded in l)ringing 
it to a close. 

94. Admission of Arkansas — Arkansas, the twenty- 
fifth State, came into the I'nion, June 15, 1836. It w^as vis- 
ited and settled by the h>ench as early as 1685. When Mis- 
souri became a State, Arkansas was organized into a Terri- 
tory, including not only tlie present State, but a consi(leral)le 
portion of Indian Territorv. 

95. Admission of Michigan.— The next State to be ad- 
mitted wr.s Michigan, January 26, 1837. Like Arkansas 
and other adjoining States, it was visited by traders and 
Jesuit missionaries, towards the close of the seventeenth 
century. Detroit was founded in 1701. Michigan under- 
went a numl)er of territorial changes, and became a distinct 
Territory in 1805, its present l)oun(laries being defined when 
it became a State. 

96. Presidential Election of 1836. — The Presidential 
candidates in the fall of i8?6 were Martin \'an Buren. Dem- 
ocrat; William Henry Harrison, Whig; Hugh L. White. 
Whig; Daniel Webster, W1u'g, and W. P. Mangum. Whig. 



172 



StClloOL l/JSTOh'Y or THE TXITED STATES. 



\'aii Buren was elected, but no candidate for the \"icc-Presi- 
dency secured a majority in the electoral collei2;e. The 
Senate elected Colonel Richard M. Johnson, of Kentuck}', 
to that ofifice. 

Questions, — 88. Give a biographical sketch of the seventh Presi- 
dent. 

89. Show how President Jackson illustrated the doctrine "To the 
victors belong the spoils." 

90. What did he do regarding the United States Bank? 

91. What brought about the flurry of nullification? What prece- 
dents did South Carolina follow, and who followed her later? Give 
the distinction between "nullification" and "secession." How was 
it settled? 

92. Give a history of the Black FTawk War. 

93. What is said of the Seminoles? Of the efforts made against 
them? Of Osceola? Give the rest of the account of the Seminole 
war. 

94. Give a brief history of Arkansas. 

95. Of Michigan. 

96. Of the presidential election of 1836. 



1812. 



CHAPTER XXI. 

VAN BUREN'S ADMINISTRATION. (1837-1841.) 

97. Martin Van Buren Mar- 
tin Van Buren, the eighth Presi- 
dent, was born at Kindcrhook, 
N. Y., December 5, 1782. It will 
be noticed that he was the first 
President not born a British 
subject. His education was lim- 
ited ; he became a lawyer, and 
wh.ile yet a young man, took 
rank as a leading politician. He 
was elected a State Senator in 
and again in 1816. From 181 5 to 1819, he was Attor- 




SCHOOL niSrORY OF THE UNITED STATES. U:>, 

ney-General of New York. He was a L'nitcd States Senator 
from 1 82 1 to 1828, resigning in the latter year to become 
Governor of his native State. He was Secretary of State 
under Jackson from 1829 to 1831, when lie was made min- 
ister to England. The Senate rejected his nomination, be- 
cause of what was deemed his weak course toward England 
while Secretary of State. He had his triumph, however, 
when he was elected \'ice-President and presided over tlie 
l)ody that had refused to confirm him as luinister to England. 
He withdrew from the Democratic part>*in 1848 and formed 
the "Free Democratic party,'' which amounted to little. He 
soon retired from politics, and died at Kinderhook, July 24, 
1862. 

98. The Crisis of 1837.— Now came a period of wretched 
l)usiness methods, unlimited credit and wild speculation, fol- 
lowed by one of the severest jianics in the history of our 
country. Mercantile houses failed by tlie hundred, the 
banks suspended specie payments and disaster swejjt 
through the land like a cyclone. In March and April, 1837. 
the failures in New York and New (Jrleans amounted to 
$150,000,000. The time arrived when even the government 
could not pay its obligations. Eight States became bank- 
rupt; speculation was rampant, until gold was the only 
money that was accepted anywhere. Congress was called 
together in September. The President, in his message, pro- 
])Osed the establishment of an independent treasury for the 
safe keeping of the public funds and their removal from all 
banking" institutions. The l)ill failed, but became a law in 
1840, and has proved a good one. The business of the 
country gradually righted itself. In 1838, most of the banks 
resumed specie payments, i. e., paid their notes in gold or 
silver; commercial afTairs mended, and the cc^mUry, rich in 
resources, swung back in time to prosperity again. 



174 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THI-: TXITED STATES. . 

99. The Patriot War. — A rcljcllion broke out in Canada 
in tlie lallcr part of 1837. We naturally sympathized with 
her, and many of our citizens gave help. Lower Canada, as 
it was then called, was especially disturbed. Seven hundred 
men from New York seized and fortified Navy Island, in 
Niagara river. ( )n the night of December 29. 1837. th.c loy- 
alists of Canada attacked the supply steamer Caroline, killed 
twehe of the defenders, cut the steamer loose, set it on fire 
and sent it (jver Niagara Falls. Excitement ran high, and 
the talk of a war with luigland was widespread. These acts 
were illegal on the part of Americans, and the President is- 
sued a proclamation of neutrality, forbidding all interference 
with Canada, (k^neral Wool was sent to the frontier with a 
force, which cajitured the insurgents at Navy Island, and 
the flurry was soon over. 

100. The Mormons.— The pestilent sect known as Mor- 
mons began to occupy pul)lic attention. Joseph Smith, of 
Palmyra, New York, was their founder. This depraved man, 
in 1830, pretended to have found the golden plates upon 
which the Mormon Uiblc had been divinely engraved. The 
most grotescjue faith is sure to liave followers, and they be- 
gan gathering rotmd him. They made their first settlement 
at Jackson, Mo., where their j)ractices were so abominable 
that they were driven out of the State. 

Crossing the Mississip])i, in the spring of 1839, into llli- 
r.ois, they laid out a city, which was named Nauvoo. A fine 
temple was erected, and the adherents increased to 10,000. 
They were defiant, and passed laws contrary to those of the 
State. During the rioting which followed, a mob broke 
into the jail where Joseph Smith and his brother were con- 
fined and killed both. The legislature in the following sum- 
mer annulled the charter of Nauvoo. A migration westward 
took place in 1846, and, crossing the Rocky mountains, 



SCHOOL IllSTOh'Y OF THE UNITED STATES. ITn 

the Mormons founded Salt Lake City, which has l)c'cn their 
hcad(|narters ever since. 

101. Our Northeastern Boundary. — A leachui; event ot 
1842 was the signing of the Webster-Ashhurton Treatv 
(August y). The territorial limit of the United States in the 
northeast \\as defined so indefinitely by the treaty of 1783 
that no agreement could Ije reached by Great liritaiu and the 
United States. The dis]nite lasted until 1842. when it was 
referred to Lord Ashburton, acting for England, and Daniel 
Webster, acting for the I'nited States. After a long but 
friendly discussion, these two eminent men agreed upon the 
boundary as it is today, and the treaty was signed in Wash- 
ington on the 9th of August. 

102. Antarctic Exploration. — Our government sent out 
an exploring expedition in 1838 to traverse the Southern 
ocean. It was under the command of Lieutenant Charles 
Wilkes, and was gone for four years, during which his scfuad- 
ron sailed 90,000 miles, examined the shores of Oregon and 
California, and coasted for 1700 miles along the shores of 
the Antarctic continent. The south pole is so walled in by 
ice that navigators cannot approach it anywhere as near as 
they can to the nortli pn\e. 

103. Presidential Election of 1840. — The Whig candi- 
dates for the Presidency and Vice-Presidency were (ieneral 
William Henry Harrison and John Tyler, while the Demo- 
crats put forward A'an Buren, but could not agree on a can- 
didate for the X'ice-Presidency. The Whig ticket was 
elected by a large majority. 

Questions 97. Give a l^ioKraphical sketch of President Van 

Buren . 
q8. What is tlie liistnry of the panic of 1837? 
99. Give a history of the "patriot war." 



170 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UXITED STATES. 

lOO. Wiiat is related concerning the INlornions? 
loi. How was our northeastern boundary settled? 

102. Give an account of the most famous antarctic exploring expe- 
dition. 

103. What of the presiilential election of 1840? 



CHAPTER XXII. 
HARRISON AND TYLER'S ADMINISTRATION. (1841-1845.) 

104. William Henry Harrison. 

— William Henry Harrison, ninth 
President, was born at Berkeley, 
\a., Febrnary 9, 1773. He was 
the son of Benjamin Harrison, a 
signer of the Declaration of Inde- 
pendence, and the adopted son of 
Robert Morris, the famous finan- 
cier '^f the Revolution. After 
graduating from Hampden-Sid- 
ney College, he became a student 
of medicine. He was fond of a mil- 
itary life, and, entering the army of St. Clair, rapidly won pro- 
motion. He was made Secretary of the Northwest Terri- 
tory in 1797, and elected its first delegate to Congress in 
1799. He afterward became Governor of Indiana Territory. 
He rendered his country brilliant service in the war of 181 2, 
and was a United States Senator from 1825 to 1828, when he 
was appointed minister to the Republic of Colombia in 
South America. Having been defeated l^y \'an Buren for 
the Presidency in 1836, he, in turn, defeated him in 1840. 
He died just one month after his inauguration, and was suc- 
ceeded by the Vice-President, who acted with the Demo- 
crats. 




SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



177 




105. John Tyler — John Tyler 
was born at Green\vay,\ a., March 
29, 1790, and died January 18, 
1862. He was a man of great abil- 
ity, was a practicing lawyer at 
the age of nineteen, and a member 
of tlie \ irginia legislature when 
twenty-one years old. He became 
Governor at thirty-five, and was 
a United States Senator from 
1827 to 1836. Originally a Democrat, lie became a Whig, 
and, as stated, acted with the Democrats while President. 
The break was so complete that all his cabinet, except Daniel 
Webster, resigned. After completing some negotiations, 
on which he was engaged, he also resigned, and an entirely 
new cabinet was formed. 

106. The Dorr Rebellion.— Rhode Island was governed 
down to the year 1842 by the charter received from Charles 
H in 1663. The right of suffrage was restricted to those who 
owned property and to their oldest sons. The growing dis- 
satisfaction caused the formation of two political parties. 
The one in favor of unrestricted suffrage adopted a State 
constitution, elected a legislature, and chose Thomas W. 
Dorr, Governor. The opposing party did likewise, and 
elected their Governor. They gained the start, and declared 
their purpose of putting down the "rebellion." Arrests fol- 
lowed, and Dorr fled from the little State. He soon re- 
turned with an armed force, and the Federal Government 
w. s obliged to interfere. It is said that when Dorr found 
himself confronted by the soldiers, he made an address to his 
followers, exhorting them to stand firm. 'Tf obliged to re- 
treat," he added, "do so with your face to the foe; and, inas- 
much as I am somewhat lame. Til begin retreating now." 
His forces were scattered, and Dorr was convicted of treason 



178 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UXITED STATES. 

in 1844 and condemned to imprisonment for life. The fol- 
lowing year, however, he was set free. Meanwhile, Rhode 
Island formed a new constitution, which went into efifect in 

1843. 

107. The Anti=Rent Troubles — When the Dutch owned 
New York, the patroons, as they were called, were the pro- 
prietors of immense estates, which were transmitted from 
father to son, unaffected by the result of the Revolution. 
The patroons reigned like the feudal lords in Europe. Every 
tenant of a farm was obliged to pay a certain rental, and if he 
sold his lease, one-fourth of the purchase money went to the 
proprietor, who had an interest in the water power and the 
ownership of all the mines. Stephen \"an Rennsalaer, who 
owned the greater part of Alljany and Rennsalaer counties, 
was so lenient with his tenants that he allowed the rents to 
accunudate and had no trouble. He died in 1840, and his 
heirs determined to collect all back rents. This caused a 
miniature rel^ellion. Fierce fights took ])lace, men were 
killed, and tlie militarv called out. Tlie rents remained un- 
collected and order was not fully restored until 1846, when 
conciliatory measures were adopted, and the trou1)le died 
out. 

108. Completion of the Bunker Hill Monument The 

year 1842 saw the C()m])letiri! of tlie Uunker Ilill Monu- 
ment, whose corner-stone was lai<l by Lafayette seventeen 
years l^efore. Daniel Web.'^ter, in the full glow of his mar- 
velous powers, delivered one of the most eloquent orations 
that ever fell from human lips. In the throng of listeners 
were 200 veterans of the Revolution, forty of whom had 
taken part in the battle, nearly three-score and ten years be- 
fore. 

109. Invention of the Magnetic Telegraph Harrison 

and Tyler's administration saw the completion of the inven- 
tion of the magnetic telegraph. S. F. B. Morse, a native of 



SCHOOL tlWrORY OF THE I SITED STATES. ITiJ 

Massachusetts, had studied and experimented for many 
years, through discouragement and poverty, before he se- 
cured an appropriation from Congress for the erection of a 
wire between Washington and Baltimore, upon which to 
make the decisive test. The first message sent over the wire 
consisted of the words, "What hath God wrought!" This 
telegram is still preserved among the archives of the Con- 
necticut Historical Society. The Democratic convention in 
Baltimore, in May, 1844, nominated James K. Polk for the 
Presidency. As soon as it was done, numerous passengers 
boarded the train and hastened to Washington with the 
news. When they arrived, they found the news ahead of 
them. It had been sent by telegraph. This demonstrated 
that one of the greatest inventions of the age had been per- 
fected. The telegraph wires today in this country, if joined 
in a single line, would girdle the earth thirty times. 

1 10. The Texan Revolution — There were troublous 
limes in Texas. That vast territory was originalh' a ])art of 
Mexico. American emigration carried 10,000 ])eople there 
by 1833. Some of tliese were of a desperate character, but 
many were enterprising and worthy. They soon formed a 
plan for wresting Texas from Mexico and transferring it to 
the United States. 

A prominent leader in this movement was Sam Houston, 
one of the most uni(|ue characters in history. He had lived 
among the Indians, had been a member of Congress and the 
Governor of Tennessee. Associated with him were Colonels 
Davy Crockett and Travis, Albert Sidney Johnston, after- 
ward the famous Confederate General, and others of national 
reputation. Fighting began in 1835. and was pushed relent- 
lessly bv the Mexicans, w'ho outnumbered the Texans a 
hundred to one. 

Texas declared its independence by convention, Dccem- 
1)er 20, 1835. Santa Anna crossed the Rio Grande with a 



180 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

large force the following year, and appeared before the Al- 
amo, a mission building in San Antonio, which was gar- 
risoned by fewer than 200 Texans. The siege was pressed 
for nearly two weeks, during which the fighting continued 
day and night. When at last only a half-dozen w^orn-out 
defenders were left, they surrendered under a solemn pledge 
of honorable treatment (March 6), but every man was mas- 
sacred by Santa Anna. 

The Mexican General now set out in pursuit of Houston 
and his small force. The Texans retreated until the Mexi- 
can army was strimg along for a distance of several miles. 
Then Houston titrned at San Jacinto (April 21), and he and 
his Texans attacked their enemies with great fury. The 
Mexicans were routed and Santa Anna made prisoner. He 
e,agerly signed a treaty acknowledging the independence of 
Texas, but the Mexican government refused to be bound by 
it. Texas then became an independent Republic, of whicli 
Houston was twice elected President. Texas applied for 
admission to the Union during Van Buren's Presidency, Init 
he opposed it, for he saw that its admission would cause a 
war with Mexico. The North objected to its joining the 
Union, because it would add a vast area of slave territory, 
while the South, for the same reason, favored it. President 
Tyler signed the bill for the admission of Texas three days 
before the end of his term. 

111. Admission of Florida Florida, the twentv- 

seventh State, was admitted to the Union two days after 
Texas. It is noted as containing the oldest city (St. Augus- 
tine) in the Union. It was organized into the territories of 
East and West Florida in 1822. 

112. Presidential Election of 1844 — Tlie question of 
the admission of Texas was the main issue in the Presidential 
election of 1844. The Democrats favored its admission, and 
nominated James K. Polk, of Tennessee, and George M, 




Honso Oc-oiipied by Jefferson Davis. Kichuioiul, Va.. During the War. 
Residence of Jefferson Davis, Beauvoir, Miss. 



1,S2 



tSCUOOL IIIKTDRV OF Till: IMTIU* STATHS. 



Dallas, of Pennsylvania. Henry Clay opposed the admis- 
sion of Texas, and favored the American system and the 
United States Uank. He would have been elected but for 
the diversion caused by the abolition vote, which put for- 
ward James G. IJirney as its candidate. As it was, the Dem- 
ocratic candidates were successful. 

Questions, — 104. Give a bioorapliical sketch of the ninth Presi- 
dent. 

105. Of the tenth President. 

106. What is the history of the Dorr Rebellion? 

107. Give an account of the anti-rent troubles. 

108. Of tlie Bunker Hill monument. 

109. Of the invention of the magnetic telegraph. 

no. What is said of Texas? Of Sam Houston and other leaders? 
Of the fall of the Alamo? Of the victory of San Jacinto? The sub- 
sequent history of Texas? 

111. Of the admission of Florida? 

112. What is said of the presidential election of 1S44? 



CHAPTER XXHI. 



POLK'S ADMINISTRATION. (1845-1849.) 

113. James K. Polk. — James 
K. Polk, the eleventh President, 
was born at Pineville, N. C, No- 
vember 2, 1795, and died June 
15, 1849. His father removed to 
Tennessee when the son was a 
])oy. Polk was elected to Con- 
f^rcssin 1825, and served for four- 
teen years. In 1839, he became 
Governor of Tennessee, and was 
called from that oflfice to assume 
the Presidencv of the Ignited States. 




xciiooi. /iisTo/n or TiiH r\[Ti:it states. is:} 

114. The War With Mexico.— War with Mexico was 
inevitable. Accortlin^iw our goveniinent sent a strong- 
force into Texas to be prepared for hostilities. The first 
conHict took place in April, 1846, and resulted in tlie defeat 
of a small party of American dragoons, a number of whom 
were made ])risoners. 

115. Plan of Campaign. — War having lieen declared 
(May II, 1846), the following plan of campaign was ar- 
ranged: Cieneral Taylor was to hold tlie line of the Kio 
(Irande (gran-dy); General Kearny (kar'nv) was to cross 
the Rocky mountains and concpier New Mexico and Cali- 
fornia, and (icneral Scott was to land at Vera Cruz (va'-rah 
krooz) and advance upon the city of Mexico, the capital of 
the country. 

116. General Taylor's Operations. — Accordingly, (ien- 
eral Taylor marched against Monterey (nion ta nV), and 
after a hard battle captured it (September 24, 1846). He 
met Santa Anna in the mountain pass of Lkiena Vista (bwa' 
nah vees'tah), and, though the Mexican army was four times 
as large as his, it was defeated (February 23, 1847). 

117. General Scott's Operations. — (icneral Scott carried 
out his part of the plan I)y first taking Vera Cruz (March 29, 
1847). ^^n liis march to the city of Mexico, he came u])on 
Santa Anna at Cerro (iordo. The Mexicans had a much 
more numerous force behind strong intrenchments. but were 
driven out with the loss of manv prisoners (A])ril 18). Se- 
vere lighting followed, and the Americans were victorious at 
all points. Seeing that all hope was gone, Santa Anna ran 
away in the night, and the city of Mexico sm-rendered Sep- 
tember 14, 1847. 

118. General Kearny's Operations. — Meanwhile, (icn- 
eral S. W. Kearny entered the ])rovince of New Mexico and 
took possession. Captain k^remont, who was engaged with 
a party of engineers in exploring the region of the Rockv 




I'.rooklyii l'>ri(lK<'. Now York. 



Niagara I'^ills. 



SCIKHil, lllsTO/n of Till-: (MTIU) HT.\Ti:x. IS.", 

mountains, united with Connnodorc Stockton, who was 
cruising- oft the Pacific coast with an American ileet, and 
the two completed the conquest of CaHfornia. 

119. Peace. — The capture of the city of Mexico, how- 
ever, decided tlie war. A treaty of peace was made h'ebruary 
2, 1848, by which the Rio Grande became the western boun- 
dary of Texas, and New Mexico and CaHfornia were ceded 
to llie I'nited States. Mexico received for this transfer the 
sum of $i5,ooo,oc",o. 

120. Fremont's Exploring Expeditions.— As the coun- 
try expanded and pros])ered, the enormous stretch of country 
to the westward of the Mississippi attracted increasing- at- 
tention. It was clear that before many years the whole re- 
gion would be settled bv emigrants, and the mountains and 
prairies spanned by railways and telegraph lines. It was im- 
portant that w^e should explore the great West. Fremont's 
first attempt at exploration was made in 1842. His party 
penetrated as far westward as the lofty mountain peak, 
riamed in honor of Fremont, upon the sunmiit of which he 
unfurled the banner of his counti'v. 

On his second expedition (1843-1844), Fremont crossed 
the continent and brought back new and valuable geo- 
graphical knowledge. He discovered for the first time the 
existence of Great Salt Lake, Utah Lake, Little I'elt Lake, 
Klamath Lake, the Sierra Nevada mountains, the valleys of 
Sacramento and San Joaquin, the Three Parks, and the 
Great Basin. One direct result was the accpiisition of the 
State of California. The men sufTered intensely from cold, 
starvation and the hostility of the Indians. 

The third expedition set out in the autunm of 1S45. Its 
purpose was to complete the exploration of ihe (ireat Rasin 
and to extend the survey west and southwest. This was on 
the eve of our war with Mexico, which Fremont knew was 



i,s(; SCHOOL iiisToin or tiih i \iti:i> sT\'ri:s. 

coming. J I has been slujwn that with his help Cahfornia 
was conquered by the Americans. 

The first three expeditions of Fremont were under orders 
of the government and achieved the most important suc- 
cesses. He resigned from the army in 1848, and carried 
through two other expeditions. The first of these (1848) 
was one of the most disastrous in our liistory. The party 
set out in the fall of the year, and entered the mountains just 
as a winter of the most terri])le rigor set in. Thev lost their 
wa\-, and all their mules and many of tlie men were frozen to 
death. Their sufiferings were so fearfid that in one instance 
cannilialism was resorted to by the starving explorers. Fre- 
mont's last expedition (1853-1854) resulted in tlie discoverv 
of numerous passes through the Rocky mountains, wliich 
have since proven of great value. 

121. The United States Naval Academy. — The L nited 
States Naval Academy, the counterpart of the West Point 
Military Academy, was opened at Annapolis, Md., Octo])er 
10, 1845. Tts conception was due to the historian Bancroft, 
who was Secretary of the Navy under Polk. It is one of the 
finest na\'al training schools in existence. 

122. Discovery of Gold in California. — One dav in Feb- 
ruary, 1848, two men were at work in a mill-race at Coloma, 
Cal., among the foothills of the Sierra Nevada mountains, 
when one of them jiicked up a glittering piece of vellow 
metal, which they, at first, supposed to be brass. But there 
was no brass about the mill, and they began to think it might 
1)0 gold. When submitted to tests, it proved to be indeed a 
bit of that precious metal. It weighed not quite nine pennv- 
weights, and was worth about $7. 

Thus gold was discovered in California. The discoverv 
caused unparallelled excitement throughout the civilized 
world. Thousands of emigrants swarmed aboard the ships 
that made the stormy passage around Cape Horn, or the 



SCHOOL lusToin or riii: rMTi:n st.\ti:x. ist 

inen labored across llic Isllmuis of I'anama and took slii]) on 
the other side. Mnhitudcs plodded over the i)iains and 
mountains, facing the hostility of Indians, the perils of the 
snowy ranges and the danger from starvation. They 
throngetl to the Pacific coast from Euro])e and Asia, all 
drawn by the wonderful stories of unbountled treasures of 
gold in California. Within a year, the i)opulation of San 
Francisco increased from a few hundreds to more than 
20,000. The people ])aid enormous i)rices for the barest 
necessities of life, and suffered all manner of ])rivation. The 
amount of gold received l)y the United States mint in the 
following twelve years exceeded $500,000,000. Today, 
however, the annual product of gold in California, although 
large, is not so valuable as her wheat cro]"). 

123. The Smithsonian Institution James Smithson, 

an eminent English chemist and philanthropist, on his death 
in Genoa, in 1824, left a large sum of money, on certain con- 
ditions, to the Ignited States. The fund, amounting to 
more than half a luillion dollars in 1838, was deposited in the 
mint. It was dedicated t(^ the establishment at Washington 
of an institution for the increase and diffusion of knowledge 
among men. bilm Ouincy Adams prepared a plan of or- 
ganization, which was adoi)te(l bv Congress. The institu- 
tion was natued the ".Sniilhsonian Institution," in lionor of 
the founder, and has ])ecome one of tlie most useful organi- 
zations in tlie historv of mankind. It contains a nniseum 
of natural historv. a cabinet of minerals, a chemical lal)ora- 
torv, a gallerv of art and a librar\-, witii Imildings admiral )1\' 
adapted to its purposes. 

124. Admission of Iowa and Wisconsin. — Iowa, the 
t\vent\-ninth State, was admitted to the L^iion. December 
28, 1846. It was first ]UM-mancntly settled at lUirlington. 
and organized into a territory in 1838. Wisconsin was ad- 
mitted May 29, 1848. The section was one of those visited 



188 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

by the I'Vench cxpkjrcrs and traders toward the close of the 
seventeenth century. The settlement at Green Bay was 
made in 1745, and it became a separate territory in 1836. 

125. Presidential Election of 1848 The three Presi- 
dential candidates, in the fall of 1848, were General Lewis 
Cass, of Michigan, the nominee of the Democrats; ex-Presi- 
dent Van P)uren, of the new Free-Soil party, and General 
Zachary Taylor, of the VVhig-s. The Free-Soil party were 
the supporters of the Wilmot Proviso, a l)ill which was pre- 
sented in Congress in 1846 by David Wilmot, of Pennsyl- 
vania, and which prohibited slavery in all territory that 
niiglit l)e secured by treat\- with Mexico. The 1)ill was de- 
feated, although it received considerable support. The pop- 
ularity gained by General Taylor in the war with Mexico 
carried hiiu trium])hantly into the President's chair. The 
Free-Soil party did not carry a State or receive an electoral 
vote. 

Questions — 113. Give a biographical sketch of the eleventh Presi- 
dent. 

114. What were the first steps taken in the war with Mexico? 

115. Give the plan of campaign. 

116. Give an account of General Taylor's operations. 

117. Of General Scott's operations. 

118. Of General Kearny's operations. 

iiQ- Upon what terms was peace arranged? 

120. What is said of the great West? What was done hy Fremont 
on his first expedition? On his second expedition? On his tliird 
expedition? Of his first private expedition? His second private 
expedition? 

121. Give a history of the Navr.l Academy. 

122 Tell the story of the discovery of Gold in California. Of tlie 
excitement produced and the product of gokl. 

123. Give the history of the Smithsonian Institution. 

124. Of the States of Iowa and Wisconsin. 

125. Of the presidential election of 1848. 



SCHOOL IJISTORY OF THE VXITED STATES. 



ISf 



CHAPTER XXIV. 




TAYLOR AND FILLMORE'S ADMINISTRATION. 
(I849-1.S53.) 

126. Zachary Taylor. — Zachary 
Taylor, the twelfth President, was 
born near Orange Court House, 
\a., September 24, 1784. His 
parents removed to Kentucky 
when he was an infant. He re- 
ceived a scant school education, 
but made an excellent soldier. He 
did fine service in the war of 181 2 
and in the Seminole war, but 
gained his greatest distinction in 

the contest with Mexico. He gained every battle in which 
he was engaged against the Mexicans. His brusque man- 
ner, his integrity and courage won him the title of "Rough 
and Ready," and he was personallx' very popular. He died 
July 9, 1850, before he had tlie opportunity to make an im- 
press upon his administration. 

127. Millard Fillmore.— Millard 
Fillmore, tlie \'ice-Presidcnt, suc- 
ceeded to the Presitlcncy. He 
was born at Sunnuerhill, N. Y., 

;j January 7, 1800, and died March 
V|8, 1874. He learned the trade of 
/] fuller, taught school and studied 
law. He was a member of the 
legislature for three terms and 
Congressman for four terms. At 
the time of his nomination for the 
\'ice-Presidency, he w^as serving as Comptroller of the State 




190 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

of New York. He was a careful aiul \vise officer, whose in- 
tegrity and sound judgment gave him a creditable i)lace 
among the statesmen ui his time. 

128. Slavery Agitation-— When California asked to be 
admitted to the L'nion, the slavery discussion was revived 
with ten-fold bitterness. The quarrel became so fierce that 
the disruption of the Union was threatened. Then it was 
that Henry Clay, the "Great Pacificator," stepped forward 
for the last time and poured oil on the troubled waters. But 
it could only be for a time. Ere long must come the terrible 
clash of arms. 

129. The Omnibus Bill. — Clay's compromise of 1850 
was termed the ( )nmibus Bill. It provided that California 
should be admitted as a Free State; tb.at the Territories of 
Ctah and New Mexico should be formed without anv refer- 
ence to slavery; that Texas should ])e paid $10,000,000 to 
yield its claim to New Mexico; that the slave trade should be 
l)r()hibited in the District of C()lum])ia, and that a fugitive 
slave law should be enacted, iiroviding for the return to their 
owners of such slaves as escaped into the free States. This 
l)ill was jxissed and signed l)y the President, but it required 
all the persuasive eloquence of Clay and the elocjuent pleading 
of the great Wel)ster, who, by his support, ended forever his 
chance of becoming President. 

130. Admission of California. — California was admit- 
ted September 9, 1850. The country was named New Al- 
bion by Sir Francis Drake, who sailed along the coast in 
1579. A mission was established by the Spanish at San 
Diego (de a'go) in 1769, and another at San Francisco seven 
years later, '['he Spanish power was overthrown in 1822. 
.'\ few settlers founrl their wa}- thither from the States, but 
its first bound into prosperity was given by the discovery of 
gold in 1848. 



HVHOOL HISTORY OF THE LMTED STATES. 191 

131, Arctic Exploration. — Great interest was shown in 
arctic exploration during the administration of Taylor and 
l""illmore. Sir John Franklin was sent out by Great Britain 
in 1845, ill quest of the oi)en polar sea, b\- which many be- 
lieved a way could be found to the Pacilic. The years 
passed without any news from him, and then several expedi- 
tions were sent to ascertain his fate. All came back with 
only the tidings that he had passed the country of the Eske- 
mos. Two small vessels were dispatched on the same er- 
rand, in ^lay, 1850, l\v Aloses Grinnell, a wealthy merchant 
of Kew York. Lieutenant De Haven, in command, discov- 
ered the graves of three of Franklin's men at the southern 
entrance to Wellington Channel. No trace, however, of the 
commander could be found, and the ships returned in Octo- 
ber, 1 85 1. 

There was a widespread l)elief that k'ranklin and some of 
liis men were still alive somewhere in the frozen regions of 
the far Xorth. The government assisted (Jrinnell to send 
out a second expedition, which sailed May 31, 1853. The 
vessels were under cliarge of Dr. hTisha Kent Kane, the sur- 
geon and naturalist (if the former expedition. The shij^s 
were frozen in the ice and imprisoned so long that an expe- 
dition was sent in searcli of them. r^Ieanwdiile, Dr. Fane, 
iinding liis vessels could not l)e freed, set ofit with his men in 
open l)oats, and, after a voyage of 1300 miles, reached a Da- 
nish settlement in Greenland, wdiere they found the relief 
ships that were looking for them. They arri\-e(l in Xew 
^V)rk, ( )ctolx'r 11, 1855. but without any additional tidings 
of I'Vankin and his crew. 

132. Presidential Election of 1852. — The Democrats 
nominated Franklin Pierce, of New Hampshire, and Wil- 
liam R. King, of Alabama. TVobably half of the peo])]e in 
tlie United States had never heard of Pierce. Nevertheless, 
he overwhelmingly defeated General Scott, the candidate of 



192 



HCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



the Whigs, who received only forty-two electoral votes to 
254 cast lor Pierce. 

Questions. — 126. Give a biograpliical sketch of the twelfth Presi- 
dent. 

127. Of the thirteenth President. 

128. What is said of the slavery agitation? 

129. Give a history of the Omnibus Bill. 

130. Of California. 

131. What is said of Arctic exploration? Give an account of 
GrinneJl's first expedition. Of his second. 

132. Of the presidential election of 1852. 



CHAPTER XXV. 



PIERCE'S ADMINISTRATION. (1853-1857-) 

133. Franklin Pierce — Frank- 
lin Pierce, the fourteenth Presi- 
dent, was born at Hillsborough, 
N. H., November 23, 1804, and 
died October 8, 1869. His father 
was Democratic Governor of the 
State in 1827. The son was well 
ducated, and graduated at Bow- 
vloin College. He served in both 
branches of Congress, and, when 
elected to the Senate, was the 
\oungest member of that body. He did good service in the 
war with Mexico, and won the rank of Brigadier-General. 
A notal)le fact, which is true of no other administration, was 
that from the opening to the close not a change was made in 
his cabinet. Another noteworthy incident was the pres- 
ence at his inauguration of the venerable George Washing- 
ton Parke Curtis, the adopted son of George Washington, 




SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE IJNITET) tiTATES. 10.-} 

who had I)ccn present at every inauguration sinee the ft)r- 
niation of the government. 

134. Repeal of the Missouri Compromise The feel- 
ing on the slavery question intensified every day. The com- 
promise measures of 1850 brought only a temporary hdl. 
Several Northern States passed personal liberty bills, which 
made it a misdemeanor for any citizen to help return a run- 
away slave to his master, although the highest court in the 
land had declared it his duty to do so. There were many 
conflicts and nuich bloodshed from this cause. Senator 
Stephen A. Douglas l)rought forward in Congress his bill 
organizing the two Territories of Kansas and Nel)raska, and 
leaving the people to settle the question of slavery for them- 
selves. This was termed "squatter sovereignty." This bill, 
after a fierce discussion, became law (May 31, 1854). It will 
be perceived that it repealed the Missouri Compromise. 

135. Border Warfare — Nebraska was so far north that 
slavery could obtain no footing; but Kansas became the seat 
of war between the rival factions. Northern associations 
sent emigrants thither, furnished with "riiles instead of 
Bibles." Bands crossed from Missouri, and in many places 
terrorized the elections. Two rival legislatures were elected ; 
the warring continued ; the town of Lawrence was sacked and 
almost destroyed; the Governor appointed resigned in dis- 
gust; the skies at night were lit up with the glare of burning 
buildings, and the country was desolated. The civil war 
continued until the pro-slaverv men gave over the attempt 
to secure a constitution, and one prohibiting slavery was 
ratified in 1859. Jolm Brown was a prominent figure in 
these fights. 

136. New Treaty With Mexico- — The imjierfect maps 
used in the treaty with Mexico caused a dispute over the 
boundary. The boundary was readjusted in 1854. The 
"Gadsden Purchase" was effected in 1853, '^y which a large 



194 SCHOOL niXTORY OF THE IXITED STATES. 

tract of land, now a part of Arizona, was Ijought for tlie sum 
of $10,000,000. !')}• the terms of the j)urchase, our govern- 
ment was released from all obligations to defend the frontier 
against the Indians. 

137. Treaty With Japan — The i)olicy of Japan for cen- 
turies had been to shut out all foreign nations and have inter- 
course with none. In March, 1854, Commodore Perry ne- 
gotiated a treaty with that country, which opened her jiorts 
to all peoples and marked an era in the development of th.e 
interesting cmjiire. 

138. Presidential Election in 1856 — The Whig party 
united with the American, or Know Nothing i)arty (though 
many of them at the North joined the Republicans), which 
nominated for President, Millard Fillmore ; the Free Soil, or 
Republican party, nominated John C. Fremont; the Demo- 
crats nominated James Ijuchanan, of Pennsylvania, for Pres- 
ident, and John C. Rreckenridge, of Kentucky, for \'ice- 
President. The Democratic candidates were elected. 

Questions. — 1,13. Give a biograpliical sketch of the foiirU-entli 
President. 

134. State the facts concerning the Missouri Compromise. 

135. What is said of border warfare? 

136. What new treaty was made with Mexico? 

137. What treaty was made with Japan? 

138. What is stated regarding the presidential election of 1856? 



i<('IIOOL HISTORY OF THE TMTED STATES. 195 



CHAPTER XX\I. 
BUCHAXAN-S AD.MIXISTRATION. (1857-1861.) 







139. James Buchanan [ames 

Buchanan, fifteenth President of 
the I'nited States, was born of 
Irish parentao;e at Cove Gap. 
Pa., April 13, 1791, and died June 
I. 1868. He graduated at Dick- 
inson College in 1809. was ad- 
mitted to the bar in 181 2, and 
two years later elected to the 
State legislature. He was twice 
a member of the House of Rep- 
resentatives and of the Senate. He served as Secretary of 
State under President Polk. Previous to that. President 
Jackson appointed him minister to Russia, and in 1853 he 
was our minister to England. He was the only President 
that was a bachelor. 

140. The Dred Scott Decision Dred Scott was a 

shive, whose master, a surgeon in the I'nited States army, 
lived in Missouri. He afterwards removed to Illinois and then 
to Minnesota, taking Dred Scott with him. In Mimiesota, 
Scott married a slave woman belonging to his master, and 
the couple had two children. Scott and his wife were re- 
moved to St. Louis and sold, whereupon he brought suit for 
his freedom. On appeal, tlie suit reached the Supreme 
Court of the United States, which rendered its decision in 
December, 1857. This was in efTect that negroes were not 
citizens of the United States, and could not become such bv 
any constitutional process; they could not sue nor be sued, 
and consequently the Supreme Court had no jurisdiction in 
the case. A slave was simply personal property, that could 



196 HVHOOL JIISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

be taken from State to State, the same as a horse or furni- 
ture, -without his master's losing ownership in him. 

This decision virtually declared not only the Missouri 
Compromise, but Clay's Compromise o'f 1850, unconstitu- 
tional, null and void. It was delivered by Chief Justice 
Taney and concurred in by six of his associates, while two 
dissented. This decision, so manifestly just, and so en- 
tirely in accord with the fundamental principles of the Con- 
stitution, was received with great satisfaction by the South, 
but created wide and bitter dissatisfaction at the North, 
especially among the Abolitionists and their sympathizers. 
These denounced the Supreme Court, and proclaimed the 
Constitution of the United States to be "a league with death 
and a covenant with hell." 

141. The "Mormon War."— Alormons in Utah Territory 
had long given the government nuich trouble, not only by 
their shameless practice of polygamy, which had excited the 
detestation of the civilized w^orld, and their other strange 
religious views and practices, but by their open defiance of 
the laws of the United States, and of the offtcers sent to exe- 
cute those laws. The troubles culminated in February, 
1856, when a Mormon mob broke into the room of the 
United States District Court, and, with brandished weapons, 
compelled Judge Dunmore to adjourn his court sine die. 

Soon after this, all United States officers were compelled 
to leave the Territory, and the Mormons continued to defv 
Federal laws and authority. Finding this to be the state of 
afTairs, President Buchanan sent to Utah a force of about 
1700 United States regulars, commanded by Brevet-Briga- 
dier-General Albert Sidney Johnston, who overcame great 
obstacles on the march and reached Salt Lake City, the Mor- 
mon capital, in February, 1858. General Johnston, with the 
far-reaching wisdom which characterized him, advised the 
government to make no concessions to the Mormons, and 



Sf/lOOf. III><r(tRY OF THE T'XITED ^TATEi^. 107 

insisted that "they should Ije made to submit unconditionally 
to the constitutional and lethal demands of the government.'' 
He predicted that "an adjustment of existing- differences on 
any other basis would be nugatory." But, unfortunately, 
other counsels prevailed, the Mormons were granted am- 
nesty upon making fair promises, which they kept so long 
as the army remained, and Utah continued a source of 
trouble for years. 

142. The Atlantic Cable.— The first telegraph wire across 
the Atlantic was com])leted August 5, 1858. The feasibility 
of such a scheme had long been discussed, but the problem 
seemed far from solution, until Lieutenant IMathew Fon- 
taine Maury, of Virginia, then Stiperintendent of the Na- 
tional Observatory at Wasliington, who had justly won the 
sobriquet of "pathfinder of the sea,'' advanced the theory of 
the "Deep Sea Plateau," on which the cable could quietlv 
rest. Lieutenant John M. Brooke, of Virginia, Maury's as- 
sistant at the Observatory, invented the "deep sea sounding" 
aj^paratus, and, by its use. Lieutenant Berryman, of Vir- 
ginia, made experiments, which fully verified Maury's 
theory. 

Cyrus M. Field, of New York, a wealthy merchant, de- 
serves great credit for the energy, skill, liberality and per- 
severance with which he raised the necessary capital and 
pushed the enterprise to a finally successful issue: but anv 
liistory of the Atlantic Cable without mention of the names 
of Maury, Brooke and Berryman is as incomplete as it is 
unjust. 

On the evening of the day on which the cable was com- 
pleted, the directors of the' company in London sent a con- 
gratulatory message to the directors in this country, and 
Queen Victoria telegraphed to President Buchanan an ex- 
pression of her happiness over the success of the enterprise. 
There was wide joy over the result, but disappointment soon 




Major-Gen. Pickett, of V;i. (4oii. B. Johnston, of Md. Gen. Morgan, of K.y. 

Gen. P. II. Maury. Major-Gen. Preston, of S. C. 

Gen. Sn)le.v, of Texas. Arlmiral Raphael Semmes. Gen. Kershaw, of S. C. 



SCHOni. llfsTORT OF THE IXTTFl) STATES^ 199 

came, the insiilalion l)ecanie faulty and grew worse, until, 
on the 4th of September, it was found impossible to send a 
single word. Several attempts were made to repair the 
break, but complete success was not attained until 1866. 
since which time other ocean cables have been laid, until 
now we have telegraphic communication arountl the globe. 

143. The San Juan Boundary. — A boundary dispute 
arose witli England in the sunmier of 1859. The small 
island of San Juan lies in the channel which separates Brit- 
ish Columbia from the United States. Each nation claimed 
this island, which commands the narrow passage, and it was 
jointly occupied. Hostilities threatened more than once. 
When a crisis was imminent. General Scott was sent to the 
scene. He reached an agreement with the British gov- 
ernor, but the question of ownership remained unsettled for 
thirteen years. It was finally referred to the Emperor of 
Germany for arbitration, and in October, 1872, he rendered 
his decision in favor of the Ignited States. 

144. John Brown's Raid. — The most startling event of 
Buchanan's administration occurred in the autumn of 1859. 
John Brown and his sons had taken an active i)art in Kansas 
against slavery. He had so bitter a hatred of the institution 
that he came to regard himself as the instrument of heaven 
to destroy it. He fixed upon Harper's I*"erry as the spot to 
begin his fanatical crusade for freedom. His plan was to 
invade \'irginia with a small military force and incite the 
slaves to insurrection. 

He collected a band of twenty men in October, and held 
them ready for action on the Maryland shore. They crossed 
the railway bridge over the Potomac, late on Sunday night. 
October 16, seized the federal armory at Harper's Ferry, 
stopped the railway trains, made several citizens prisoners, 
captured such slaves as they could find, and held possession 
of the town for twentv-four hours. Pickets were thrown 



•2tU) SCHOOL HISITORY OF THE IXITED ."STATES. 

out, and all persons venturing abroad were arrested. A ne- 
gro who refused to join them was shot. Telegraphic com- 
munication was cut, and arms sent to the slaves that were 
expected to rise. 

The citizens soon comprehended what was going on, and 
were roused to action. They gathered in rapidly-increasing 
numbers, and in the morning attacked the armory. The 
invaders kept their assailants at bay for awhile, but it soon 
became evident that the wild scheme of Brown was doomed. 
Several of his men made desperate efforts to escape. One 
leapetl into the river and swam across, but was shot when he 
reached the other side. Brown retreated to the little engine- 
house in the town, where he stayed with his wounded and 
prisoners, fighting off the enraged citizens as best he could, 
until Tuesday morning, when Colonel Robert E. Lee arrived 
from Washington with a force of marines. The position of 
Brown was hopeless; but he refused to surrender. His two 
sons were killed, and he was wounded several times. Colo- 
nel Lee caused the doors of the engine-house to be battered 
down, when Brown and the survivors were overpowered. 

Brown and his six companions were tried and condemned 
by the authorities of Virginia, and hanged on the 3d of De- 
cember. This raid would have been looked upon as onlv 
tlie effort of a mad fanatic, who had met deserved punish- 
ment, but for the fact that it was so widely approved at the 
North as to seem to the South to be but the precursor of 
many other and more dangerous attempts in the same di- 
rection. 

The Abolitionists not only openly declared their approval 
of John Brown's course, but held meetings, made fierv 
speeches, and passed strong resolutions of indorsement. On 
the 1st of November, 1859, their great leader, Wendell 
Phillips, made a speech in Henry Ward Beecher's church, 
in P.rooklyn, in which, among other bitter utterances, he 



FiCHOOL HISTORY OF THE I'MTED STATES. 201 

said: ""John Brown has twice as much right to hang Gov- 
ernor Wise as Governor Wise has to hang him. * * * 
On the l)anks of the Potomac, history will visit that river 
more kindly, because John Brown has gilded it with the 
eternal brightness of his glorious deed, than because the 
dust of It'ashingto)! rests upon one side of it; and, if \'irginia 
tyrants dare hang him. after this mockery of a trial, it will 
take two Washingtons at least to make the name of the 
river anything but abominable to the ages that come after it." 

Rev. Edwin ]\1. Wheelock, of Dover, X. H., said in a ser- 
mon: "The gallows from which John Brow^n ascends into 
heaven will be in our politics zchat the cross is in our religion 
— sign and symbol of supreme self-devoteclness ; and. from 
his sacrHicial blood, the temporal salvation of four millions of 
our people shall yet spring. On the 2d day of December be 
is to be strangled in a Southern prison for obeying the ser- 
nioJi on the Mount. But to be hanged in Jlrginia is like being 
crucified in Jerusalem; it is the last tribute that sin pays to 
virtue." 

Such sentiments as these w-ere approved by many news- 
papers at the Xorth. It was proven that Brown's purpose 
was known beforehand to such men as Gerrit Smith. Wm. 
H. Seward, Chas. Sumner, Joshua R. Giddings and Salmon 
P. Chase, and that if they did not approve, they at least took 
no steps to thwart his plans. 

On the day of Brown's execution, Tremont Temple, Bos- 
ton, was crowded to its utmost capacity, and. among other 
bitter speeches. Hon. J. O. A. Griffin, of the Alassachusetts 
legislature, declared that "T/zr heinous offense of Pontius 
Pilate, in crucifying our Sai'iour, ichitened into virtue zvhen 
compared zcith that of Governor IJlsc in liis couduci tozcards 
John Broi^'n.'' Similar meetings were held all over the 
Xorth. bells w^ere tolled, resolutions in honor of "the mar- 
tyr" were passed, and the people of the South w^ere given 



201.' SCHOOL HISTORY OF Till-: i MTEU STATEt^l. 

plainl} to iindersland that if they continued to exercise their 
constittttional rights and hold the slaves their fathers had 
bought from New England slavers, or from Northern slave- 
holders, they were in future to be suljject to arson, rapine 
and murder, with the full approval of their Northern breth- 
ren. The John Brown Raid has been well called "the first 
gun" of the great war l)et\vcen the States. 

145. Admission of Minnesota — Minnesota, the thirty- 
second State, was admitted to the Union May ii, 1858. It 
was visited by La Salle in 1680. Fort Snelling was estab- 
lished in 1819, and St. Paul founded in 1838. It was organ- 
ized as a Territory in 1849, with a much greater area than 
at present. From 1851, the population increased rapitUy. 
tlie region becoming a favorite one with emigrants. During 
the war between the States, it suffered from a brief but sav- 
age conflict witli the Indians. 

146. Admission of Oregon. — Oregon came into the 
L'nion L\'ljruary 14, 1S59. Captain (iray, of Boston, in 
1792. entered the principal river, which he named the Co- 
luml)ia, and brought back a glowing account of the country. 
Lewis and Clark visited it in 1804. Some years later, a 
fur trade was opened and became very valualile. The 
friction between the l.ritish and American neighbors was 
removed by the adjustment of the boundary line beyond 
<|uestion. A large emigration thither began in the year 
1836. Oregon Territory, organized in 1848, included all 
the United vStates possessions west of the Rocky mountains, 
b'ive years later, Washington Territorv was organized north 
of Columbia river. Oregon assumed its present limits upon 
its admission as a State. 

147. Admission of Kansas — Kansas became a State 
January 29, 1861. Originally it was a part of the Louisiana 
Purchase. It constituted an immense area left after the for- 
mation of Louisiana and other States. We have already 



SCHOOL iiisTonv or Tin: i \rri:i> states. uon 

learned tlial it hecaiiie liie thealre of civil war after its erec- 
tion into a Territory in 1854, over the (|iiestion whether it 
slionld achnit or exclude slavery. 

148. The Presidential Election of i860.— The Piesi- 
dential election approached amid ttiniultuous excitement. 
The Republican party nominated Abraham Lincoln, of Illi- 
nois, for President, and Hannibal IJamlin, of Maine, for 
Vice-President. The Democratic party met in Charleston, 
S. C, 23d of April, i860, but were imable to agree on a ]ilat- 
form, one wing insisting upon a clean-cut statement that 
neither Congress nor a territorial legislatiire had any right 
to interfere with the introduction of slavery into the Terri- 
tories, or to impair the right of property in slaves carried 
there; while the Douglas wing insitecl on the "Squatter Sov- 
ereignty" doctrine of leaving the people of the Territory to 
decide the ([uestion of slavery for themselves. 

The convention split on these ([uestions, and two conven- 
tions were afterw'ards held in r)altimore in June; the one 
nominated Ste])hen A. Douglas, of Illinois, for President, 
and Herschel \\ Johnson, of Georgia, for Mce-President, 
and the other, John C. Preckinridge, of Kentucky, for Presi- 
dent, and Josejih Lane, of Oregon, for Mce-President. The 
"American" party nominated for President, John Pell, of 
Tennessee, and for \"icc-President, Pdward Everett, of Alas- 
sachusetts, and adopted as their ])latform, "The UnicMi, the 
Constitution, and the Enforcement of the Laws." 

By a purely sectional vote, only sixteen out of thirty-three 
States voting for him, and tiot one south of "Mason and 
Dixon's line," Abraham Lincoln was declai"ed elected, hav- 
ing a majority of the electoral votes, although out of a popu- 
lar vote of 4,662,169, he received only 1,857,610, wdiile the 
combined popular vote of the other candidates was 2,804,- 

559- 

Thus, the Democratic partv, which, with the breaks of 



204 Sf'ffOOL Jl J STOUT OF THE T XITED STATES. 

1840 and 1848, had controlled the gcn'ernnient for sixty 
years, passed out of power, and there came in a sectional 
President, elected on sectional issues by a minority of the 
whole peo])le. 

149. The Effect in the South The result of the elec- 
tion created the wildest excitement throughout the South. 
Taken in coimection with events that had gone before, the 
leaders and the people of the South saw in this triumph of 
sectionalism the most seriotis menace to their institutions 
and their interests; and, while there were differences of 
opinion as to just what was best to be done, all were agreed 
th.at a great crisis was upon them, and, if necessary, that they 
must fall back on the doctrine of their fathers — the sover- 
eignty of the States and their constitutional right to secede 
from the Union, which now threatened to rob them of their 
rights and institute against tliem a system of oppression 
which must result in their ruin. 

South Carolina led the way, and her convention, assem- 
bled in Charleston, passed her ordinance of Secession, De- 
cember 20, i860, declaring that "The union heretofore ex- 
isting between this State and the other States of North Am- 
erica is dissolved." Other States followed South Carolina, 
and passed ordinances of Secession : Mississippi on January 
9, 1861 ; Florida, January 10; Alabama, January 11 ; Ceorgia, 
January 19; Louisiana, January 26, and Texas, February 

23- 

150. The Peace Conference — \"irginia, who had done so 
much to win the Revolutionary struggle and to form the 
government; whose voice had hitherto been so influential in 
the councils of the country, and who had clung to the Union 
with such devotion, called a "Peace Conference," which as- 
sembled in Washington on the 4th of Februarv. t86t. Manv 
of the Northern States, and Delaware, Alarvland. Virginia. 
North Carolina, Tennessee, Kentucky and Missouri, sent 



scifooL insToiiY OF Tin: j'MTED states. 2or. 

(Iclci^atcs. and ex-President John Tyler, of Mrginia, was 
made ])resident of the Conference. It atlopted terms of set- 
tlement, which were not acceptable to the X'irginia or North 
Carolina delegates, and which were promptly rejected by 
Congress, now inider control of the Republicans, since the 
representatives of the seceded States had withdrawn as their 
States passed ordinances of secession. 

151. The Seceding States Resuming Their Sovereign 
Powers and Seizing Forts and Arsenals As each se- 
ceding State withdrew from the Cnion, she resumed her 
powers as a sovereign and independent State, and proceeded 
to exercise these powers so far as she was aljle to do so. 
They claimed the right to take possession of such forts, ar- 
senals and public buildings of the United States as were 
within their own borders, the sites of which had been ceded 
to the general government, to be used for the protection of 
the States and the general good, and had been built from 
the common treasury to which each State had contributed 
its share, l^ut they avowed their entire willingness and full 
purpose to settle for this property of the general government 
upon terms of ef[uity and justice, to be afterwards agreed 
upon. 

South Carolina sent conmiissioners to Washington to 
treat for the peaceable possession of the forts in Charleston 
harbor, and, while this was not agreed to by Buchanan's 
administration, it was promised, on the one hand, that "the 
military status of the forts should not be disturbed," and, on 
the other, "that there should be no attack upon the forts 
pending negotiations." South Carolina scrupulously kept 
her pledge of honor, and made no hostile demonstrations 
against the forts. But on the night of December 26 i860. 
Major Robert Anderson, who commanded the garrison at 
Fort Moultrie, on Sullivan's Island, secretly transferred his 
garrison, provisions and ammunition to Fort Sumter, after 



200 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE VMTED STATPJS. 

having spiked the guns and dismantled the armament of 
Moultrie as far as possible. 

Sumter being much the stronger fort, nearer to Charleston 
an<l more inaccessible to assault, while completely com- 
manding the harl)or, the Carolinians and Secessionists were 
naturally very indignant at this palpable "change of the mili- 
tary status." 

Secretary of War John B. hdoyd demanded of the Presi- 
dent authority to order Major Anderson back to Fort Moul- 
trie, and, this being refused, he tendered his resignation on 
the 29th of December, saying, "I can no longer hold mv 
office under my convictions of patriotism, nor with honor, 
subjected as 1 am to the violation of solemn pledges and 
plighted faith." His resignation was promptly accepted 

The militar)' forces of South Carolina now took posses- 
sion of Moultrie, the Arsenal in Charleston and other strong- 
holds around the harbor, and began preparations to reduce 
Sumter if it should not be peaceably surrendered to them. 

152. The Star of the West — The President, after a 
good deal of vacillation, determined to reinforce and pro- 
vision Sumter, and. on the 5th of January, 1861, the steamer 
Star of the H'csf sailed from New York, with 250 soldiers 
and an ample sui)pl\- of stores, jirovisions and munitions of 
war. The attempt of the vessel to reach Sumter on the night 
of January 8 was resisted by the Carolina batteries, and she 
was compelled to put back to sea, reaching New York on the 
1 2th. 

Jacob Thompson. Secretary of the Interior, at once re- 
signed, on the ground that this attempt to reinforce Sumter 
was in violation of the understanding reached at the cabinet 
meeting, December 31. This expedition of the Star of flic 
West was clearly another act of war on the part of the gen- 
eral government. 




Tooil) of Martha Waslnngton. Fredericksburg, Va. 
Statue of General Lee, Uicliuiond, Va. 



i.>()s sciKKU. iiisToin or Till-: i \iti:i) states. 

153. A Day of Fasting and Prayer. — i lie 41I1 of |aiiu- 
ary, appointed l)_v proclainaticjii of rresidcnt lUichanan as a 
day of "fastins;-, humiliation and prayer," was rcvorentlx ol)- 
scrved in many parts of the country, and especialK in the 
border States, where immense conj^res^ations asseml)!ed in 
the churches, and fervent prayers were offered that the Lord 
of Hosts would avert the calamities which threatened the 
country. 

r.ut in many parts of the North, the Republicans treated 
tlie proclamation and the day with ridicule and ribald jest. 
Meantime, events raj^dly hastened to a crisis. 

154. Formation of the Confederacy. — ( )n the very dav 
on which the "I'eace Conference" asseml)leil in Washing-ton, 
February 4, 1861, delegates from the seceded States met in 
Montgomery, Ala., and organized the government of the 
^'Confederate Stales of Ameriea," l)y the adoption of a i)r()- 
visional constitution, to continue in force one year, and the 
election of Jefferson Davis, of Mississippi, as President, and 
Alexander H. Stephens, of Georgia, as \'ice-President. Tliev 
also adopted a "permanent constitution." to l)e submitted 
for ratification to the States composing the Confederacy. 

This constitution was modeled on that of the United 
States, and, in some important ]X)ints of difference, has won 
the approval of some of the ablest statesmen, even among 
the bitterest enemies of the Confederacv. 

A comparison of tlie two instruments, l)oth of wliich we 
print in our Appendix, will show the points of difference, 
and we note here only the following: The Confederate Con- 
stitution recognized, as the old did not. Almighty God, and 
invoked His favor and guidance. It guarded carefully the 
doctrine of the "sovereignty of each State." It expressly 
forbade the "slave trade." or the importation of slaves from 
any foreign country, other than the slave-holding States and 
Territories of the United States. It forbade Congress from 



sriliKtl. Illsroh'V OF Till-: JMTKU STATHS. L'OH 

granting "bounties" to corp<jralions or ■"irusts" of any kind. 
It provided a "tariff for revenue." It provided that cabinet 
officers should have the privileges of the floor of the Senate 
and House of Representatives, in order to state, explain or 
advocate any measures of their several departments. It 
provided tliat the President might veto a/;v part of a bill 
passed by Congress, and approve the remainder, giving his 
reasons for such action. It fixed the term of office of the 
President and \'ice- 1 'resident at six years, but provided that 
the President slimild not be eligible for re-election. In 
other particulars, the Constitution was framed tf) embody 
and carry out the principles upon which the Confederacy 
was formed. The first Confederate flag was unfurled March 
4, 1861. 

155. Jefferson Davis — Horn June 3, 1808, in Christian, 
now Todd, county, Kentucky, Mr. Davis was the son of 
Samuel Davis, of Georgia, wlio distinguished himself as a 
soldier in the war of the Revolution, and was captain of 
infantr\- at the siege of Savannah. During his infancy, his 
father moved to Wilkinson county, Mississip])i, and Jeffer- 
son Davis w^as sent thence to Transylvania College, Ken- 
tucky, and had ad^y^anced to the senior class, when, at the age 
of sixteen, he was appointed to the United States Military 
Academy at West Point, where he entered in September, 
1824, and graduated in 1828. As a young officer, he served 
on tlie frontier against the Indians with distinguished gal- 
lantry and skill, until 1835, when he resigned from the army, 
married a daughter of Colonel Zachary Taylor (afterwards 
the famous general and President of the United States), and 
settled as a cotton planter in Warren county, Mississippi. 
Losing his wife early in his married life, he remained for 
many years in great seclusion, Init flevotcd himself assidu- 
ously to those studies which so pre-eminently qualified him 
for his subsequent brilliant career. 




JefEerson Davis. 



SCHOOL HISTORY OF THIJ iXirfJl) STATES. 211 

In 1843, lie began his political career. In February, 1845, 
he was married to Aiiss \ arina Howell, of Natchez, and in 
December of the same year he took his seat as a member oi 
the House of Representatives at Washington. He at once 
made his mark as a debater and leader of the House; bin, in 
June, 1846, he resigned his seat in Congress to accept the 
colonelcy of a regiment of Mississippi volunteers, organized 
for service in the Mexican War. 

At Monterey. Colonel Davis greatly distinguished him- 
self; at Buena \'ista, the gallantry and skill with which he 
liandled his "Mississippi Rifles," and their heroic courage, 
saved the day; and in his whole service in Mexico he dis- 
played the very highest qualities of the soldier. He was se- 
verely wounded at Buena \'ista, but refused to leave the 
field until the victory was won, and was compelled to go 
home on crutches. The Governor of his State appointed 
liim to a vacancy in the I'nitcd States Senate, and in Jaiui- 
ary, 1848, the legislature of Mississippi unanimously elected 
him to the position, and re-elected him for the full term in 
1850. 

In the autumn of this year, he resigned his seat in the 
Senate to lead his ])arty as candidate for Governor of Mis- 
sissippi, and, though defeated, he reduced a majority of 
7000 to less than 1000. Cpon the inauguration of Franklin 
Pierce as President, in March. 1853. ^^^ was persuaded, 
though he at first declined, to accept the ]ilace of Secretary 
of War, and filled that jwsition for four years with such 
marked ability that he is recognized by all fair historians as 
one of the greatest, if not the greatest, of all the Secretaries 
of War the country has ever had. Many of the reforms he 
introduced have benefited the department and the country 
to this (lav. 

At the close of his term of service as Secretary of War, he 
re-entered the Senate, where he remained until the secession 



212 SCHOOL II I STORY OF THE UMTED STATES. 

of his State, when he promptly resigned, to follow her for- 
tunes. During Mr. Davis's career in tlie United States Sen- 
ate there were giants on the floor, for in those days men 
were sent to the Senate because of their intellectual powers, 
the purity of their characters and their capacity to serve 
their States and their country. 

The "Great Triumvirate" — Clay, Webster and Calhoun — 
Chase, of Ohio; R. M. T. Hunter, of A'irginia; Sam Houston, 
of Texas; John Bell, of Tennessee; Berrien and Robert 
Toombs, of Georgia; William R. King, of Alabama; Thos. 
H. Benton, of Missouri; Mangum, of North Carolina; 
Soule and Judah P. Benjamin, of Louisiana; Lewis Cass, of 
Michigan; Stephen A. Douglas, of Illinois; John J. Critten- 
den, of Kentucky; Chas. Sumner, of Massachusetts; Wm. 
H. Seward, of New York, and other such men, were con- 
temporaries of Mr. Davis, and yet he was in native ability, 
scholarly attainments, wide information and real power as 
orator and debater the peer of any of them. His "farewell 
to the Senate" was a piece of matchless oratory, and he 
closed his brilliant career in the public service of the L^nited 
States without one stain on his record or one blot on his 
character. 

He was made major-general and commander-in-chief of 
the forces of Mississippi, and was anxious to serve in the 
field, if there should be war; but when unanimously elected 
President of the Confederacy, he did not feel at liberty to 
decline this service. 

Inaugurated at Montgomery, February i8, 1861, amid 
the enthusiastic plaudits of the people, he devoted to the 
Confederacv his talents, his fortunes, his life. For the next 
four years his life was so bound up in the Confederacy that 
to write it were to write "The Rise and Fall of the Confed- 
erate Government." To say that he may have made mis- 
takes in his management of affairs is but to say that he was 



SCHOOL II r STORY OF THE T'yiTED STATES. 2ia 

human; and yet it is doubtful if anotlier could have l)cen 
foinid who would have done as well. Certain it is, that in 
patriotic devotion to duty, untiring energy, undaunted cour- 
age and chivalric bearing, he has had few equals, and no 
superior, in all histor\-. 

Captured near Irwinville, Ga., when endeavoring to make 
his way to the "Trans-:\lississippi Department," he was con- 
fined in a casement in Fortress Monroe, treated with the 
utmost indignity, put in irons, slandered and abused, and, 
after being kept in prison two years, was released on bond, 
and finally had all proceedings against him dismissed, the 
government never venturing to give him the trial for which 
he so ardently longed as an opportunity of vindicating be- 
fore the world and at the bar of history the Confederate 
cause. 

After his release from prison, he spent a year in Canada 
and a year in Europe, engaged in business in Memphis for 
several years, and settled at Beauvoir, on the Gulf coast, 
where he wrote his great book, "Rise and Fall of the Con- 
federate Government" and other things of great value, and 
spent the evening of his days in the bosom of his family and 
tlie circle of friends and admirers, who delighted to seek him 
in his retirement. He declined to mingle in politics, and 
seldom went abroad; but, when he did, the people every- 
where gave him enthusiastic receptions and ovations, which 
showed that he was still the "uncrowned king of his people." 

Indeed, the treatment he received as a prisoner, and the 
cruel and unjust critisism heaped upon him afterwards l)y a 
partisan press, gave him a w^armer place in the hearts of all 
true Confederates, and brought many conservative men at 
the North to see that he had been only the representative of 
his people, and had served them honestly, faithfully and 
with eminent abilitv. 



214 ^SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE VXITED STATES. 

Taken sick at his plantation, he returned to New Orleans, 
where, after a brief illness, surrounded by his family and 
friends, he died December 6, 1889, aged eighty-one years 
and six months. There was universal grief throughout the 
South; meetings were held, addresses were made, resolu- 
tions were passed, the newspapers were filled with eulogies, 
and all felt that a great leader had fallen. Governors and 
other prominent representatives from all of the Confederate 
States went to New Orleans to attend the funeral, military 
companies, delegations of Confederate veterans and citizens 
generally from all parts of the South were tliere. and it is a 
conservative estimate that 200,000 people viewed the body 
while lying in state at the City Hall, and from 250.000 to 
300,000 participated in the deeply solemn funeral exercises. 

The casket containing the remains was temporarilv de- 
posited in the vault of the Army of Northern Virginia, in 
Metaire Cemetery. New Orleans, and in May, 1893, was 
borne to Richmond by a loving escort, and through hun- 
dreds and thousands of sympathizing people, who assembleil 
at every station. The body was laid for a little while in the 
State Capitols of Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina and 
Virginia, where hundreds of thousands of people passed by 
in solemn procession, and from the old capitol of the Con- 
federacy it was borne by an immense procession to its final 
resting place in beautiful "Hollywood," where sleep so many 
Confederate braves. 

A noble monument is to be erected in Richmond to his 
memory; but his fittest monument is in the hearts of his 
people. A great soldier, an able and incorruptible states- 
man, a gifted orator, a true patriot, seeking only the good 
of the land he loved, and a stainless Christian gentleman, 
Jefferson Dai'is is worthy of the study and the imitation of 
the vouth of America. 




SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE IXITED STATES. 215 

156. Abraham Lincoln Abra- 
ham Lincoln, sixteenth President 
of the United States, was one of 
the most remarkable men in his- 
tory. He was born in Hardin, 
now Larue, county, Kentucky, 
I'\'bruary 12, 1809. His parents, 
who were extremely poor, re- 
moved to the backwoods of Indi- 
ana when he was seven years old. 
He grew up with scant opportunities for education. In 
1828, he was a common laborer on a flatboat, which floated 
to New Orleans. On his return, his father removed to Illi- 
nois, where the son was emplo} ed in splitting rails. He was 
afterward engaged as flatboatman, clerk, surveyor, post- 
master and river pilot, studying law meanwhile as he had 
opportunity. He was a captain in the Black Hawk war, but 
did no fighting. He was a member of the Illinois legislature 
in 1834, and was admitted to the bar in 1837. He located in 
Springfield, and met with great success. He was elected to 
Congress in 1846, and opposed the repeal of the ]\Iissouri 
Compromise. Although defeated by Stephen A. Douglas, 
in a contest for the Senate, the ability he showed in the can- 
vas caused his nomination for the Presidency in i860. 

Lincoln was tall, homely and muscular, careless in dress, 
with a strong natural sense of humor, but inclined to melan- 
choly. He was unpopular with the extreme men of his 
party, and was so repugnant to the Abolitionists that they 
nominated a candidate against hiiu in 1864. As events pro- 
gressed, however, he gained the confidence of the conserva- 
tive people of the North, who came to see that the one great 
ambition of his life was the restoration of the PTnion. His 
assassination in the beginning of the trying days of recon- 
struction was a misfortune to the South as well as to the 



210 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE IXITED STATES. 

North, for none dared go as far as he in concihatory and just 
movements toward the vanquished. He never would have 
yielded to the clamor of the bitter foes of the South, and 
might have done more, had the opportunity been his, to 
bring about the era of good feeling than any other man oi 
set of men that lived. 

157. The Close of Buchanan's Administration. — Texa? 
adopted her ordinance of Secession February 23, 1861, and 
was admitted into the Confederacy March 2. 

Meantime, the most strenuous efforts to preserve the peace 
seemed utter failures. Mr. Lincoln refused to give assur- 
ance that he would not coerce the seceded States, and Mr. 
Buchanan, though opposed to coercion, pleased neither 
party, and went out of office with the enmity of both. On 
both sides there were vigorous preparations for the great 
struggle which all saw was impending, and the world waited 
for the official utterance of the new President. 

Questions — 139. Give a biographical sketch of the fifteenth Presi- 
dent. 

140. Give a history of the Dred Scott decision. 

141. Sketch the Mormon war. 

142. What is the history of the Atlantic cable? 

143. What have you to tell concerning the San Juan boundary? 

144. Who was John Brown? What did he do at Harper's Ferry? 
Relate what followed. What was the effect in the South of John 
Brown's raid? 

145. Give a brief sketch of Minnesota. 

146. Of Oregon. 

147. Of Kansas. 

148. What is said of the presidential election of i860? 

149. What effect did this election produce in the South? What 
steps were taken by South Carolina? The other States? 

150. Sketch the "Peace Conference." 

151. Give sketch of the seizing of the forts and arsenals by the 
seceding States. 



SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE TXITED STATES. 217 

152. State object and result of the expedition of tiie "Sfar of the 
Westr 

I5J- What of the "Day of Fasting and Prayer?" 

154- Sketch the formation of the Southern Confederacy. Points 
of difference between their Constitution and tiiat of tlie United 
States. 

155- Sketch the life and character of JefTerson Davis. 

156. Give sketch of the life and character of Abraham Lincoln. 

157. How did Buchanan's administration close? 



BLACKBOARD AND SLATE EXERCLSES. 
{Model) 

The Formative Period: 

1. Settlement of the West. 

2. Adoption of the Constitution, 1787. 

3. Organization of the Northwestern Territory. 

4. Election of George Washington and John Adams, 1789. 

Washington's Administration, 1789-1797: 
I. 
2. 
.3 
4 
5 
6 

7 
8 

9 

John Adams's Administration, 1797-1801: 
I. 
2. 
?,■ 
4- 



218 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE IMTEI) STATLs. 

Jefferson's Administrations, i8oi-i8oy: 
I. 
2. 

3- 

4- 
5- 
6. 

7- 
8. 

9- 

Madison's Administrations, 1809-1817: 
I. 
2. 

3- 
a. . 
b. 
c. 
d. 
e. 
f. 



h. 

i. 

J- 
k. 
1. 

m. 



Monroe's Administrations, 1817-1825: 
I. 



SVIIOUL HISTOIiY OF THE IMTKD STATES. 21!) 

Juliii (Juiiicy Adams's Ailininistration. i8_'5-i8j9: 
I. 
2. 
3- 
4- 

Jackson's Administrations, 1829-1837: 
t. 
2. 
3- 
4- 
S- 

Van Buren's Administration, 1837 1841: 
I. 
2. 
3- 
4. 



Harrison and Tyler's Administration, 1841-1845: 
I. 
2. 
3- 
4- 
5. 
6. 
7- 

Polk's Administration, 1845-1849: 
I. 

a. 

b. 

c. 

d. ' 
2. 
3- 
4- 
5- 
6. 



220 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE IXITEI) STATES. 

laylor and Fillmore's Atlininistration, 1849-1853: 
I. 
2. 
3. 

4- 

5- 



Pierce's Administration, 1853-1857: 
I. 
2. 
3 
4 



Biich 
I 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 

7 
8 



nan's Administration, 1857-1861; 



HISTORICAL INITIALS. 



1. What man had a father and son who were each President of the 

United States? (J. S. II.) 

2. What public man, who had a son killed in a duel, was himself 

killed in the same way? (A. H.) 
,1. What prevented Washington from entering vigorously upon his 
duties at the beginning of his administration? (I.) 

4. What State refused to adopt the Constitution until two of her 

principal cities withdrew from the State? (R.) 

5. Who was the greatest American Indian that ever lived? (T.) 

6. What Chief Justice of the United States was burned in elTigy? (J.) 

7. Who made the reply. "Millions for defense, but not one cent for 

tribute?" (C. C. P.) 

8. What American hero saved his own life by firing through the 

body of his enemy? (S. D.) 

9. Of what President was it said. "He could not be kicked into a 

fight?" (J. M.) 



SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE IMTED STATES. 221 

lo What IJrilish general was killed by an American marksman in a 
tree? (R.) 

11. Of what great man did Alexander H. Stephens say, "He was a 

patriot — every inch of him?" (H. C.) 

12. What American general was called "Old Rough and Ready?" 

CI. T.) 
ij. Who said, "General Taylor never surrenders?" (Mr. C.) 

14. What officer in the Mexican war marched 1000 miles through 

hostile territory, won two battles, conquered a province and 
city, and mustered out his men within the period of a year? 
(Col. D.) 

15. What State had its act of admission approved subsequent to that 

of another, and was admitted before that State? (V.) 
lO. What was the first permanent settlement made in Tennessee? 
(F. L.) 

17. What President attained the greatest age, and how old was he 

when he died? (J. A.) 

18. W'hat country offered to mediate between the United States and 

France in 1798? (H.) 

19. To what city was the capital of the United States removed be- 

cause of yellow fever in 1798? (T.) 

20. What famous United States Senator claimed descent from Poca- 

hontas? (J. R.) 

21. After what governor was the word "gerrymandering" named? 

(E. G.) 

22. What unpopular measure was called the "O grab me" act? 

(The E.) 

23. What Vice-President resigned his office? (J. C. C.) 

24. WHiat Secretary of State and Secretary of the Navy were killed 

at the same time by the explosion of a cannon? (A. P. U. and 
T. W. G.) 

25. What British general was told by Tecumseh that he was not fit to 

command, and was advised to go home and put on petticoats? 
(P.) 

CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY OF EVENTS. 
A. D. l'i'«<^ 

1787. Shays's rebellion in Massachusetts n" 

1787. Constitution of the United States adopted, September '7. . 11" 

1789. President Washington inaugurated. April 30 119 

1791. Vermont admitted to the Union, March 4 127 



222 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE IMTED STATES. 

A. I>. Page 

1791. The United States Bank organized. 122 

1791. llarniar's campaign against llie Intlians 123 

1791. St. Clair's cami)aign against the Indians 124 

1792. Kentucky separated from Virginia 128 

1792. Kentucky admitted to the Union, June 1 127 

1792. The United States mint esta1)lislied 122 

1792. The cotton gin invented 127 

1794. The Indians defeated by General Wayne, August 20 124 

1794. Whiskey rebellion in Pennsylvania 12,^ 

1795- Jay's treaty ratified, June 24 126 

1795. Treaty with Spain, October 27 126 

'795- Treaty with Algiers, November 28 126 

■796. Tennessee admitted to the Union, June i 128 

1797. President John Adams inaugurated, March 4 -. 1,30 

1799. The Cc«.r/e//a//(3» defeated the iJ Insur,^e7ttc, February 9. 131 

1799. Washington died at Mount Vernon, December 14 132 

1800. The national capital removed to Washington 127 

1800. Treaty made with France, September 30 132 

1801. President Jefferson inaugurated, Marcli 4 133 

1802. The West Point Military Academy established, March 16. 136 
1802-1805. War with Tripoli 134-135 

1803. Ohio admitted to the Union, November 29 136 

1803. Louisiana purchased from France, April 30 136 

1804. Hamilton killed by Burr in a duel, July 11 137 

1807. The Chesapeake captured by the Leopard, June 22 140 

1807. The first steamboat launched on the Hudson, August i . . . 138 

1807. Embargo laid on American ships, December 22 140 

1809. President Madison inaugurated, March 4 142 

1809. Embargo Act repealed, March 4 140 

181 1. Action between the President -dnd Little Belt, May 16. .. 142 
iSii. Battle of Tippecanoe, November 7 143 

1812. Louisiana admitted to the Union, April 8 152 

1 81 2. War declared with England, June 19 144 

1812. Detroit surrendered, August ]6 145 

1812. The Constitution captured the Guerricrc, August 19 ... . 145 

iSi2. Battle of Queenstovvn, October 13 145 

1812. The Wasp captured the Frolic^ October 13 145 

1813. The Chesapeake ca])tured by the ShaJinon, June i 146 

1813. Perry's victory on Lake Erie. Se])tember 10 146 

1813. Battle of the Thames, October 5 146 



SCHOOL insTOUY OF THE TXITEI) SPATES. 22.3 

A. D. P 

814. Battle of Chippewa, July 5 

814. Battle of Lundy's Lane, July 25 

814. Washington captured by the British and partly hurnetl. 

August 24 

814. Battle of Plattsburg and Lake Champlain. Scplendn-r 11.. 

814. British attack on Baltimore, Septeml)er 1.5 

814. Exploit of the American privateer Gc7ieral Arnistrong, 

September 26 150- 

814. Treaty of peace signed, December 2\ 

815. Jackson's victory at New Orleans, January 8 

815. Capture of the Cyane ^"d Levant, February 20 

815. War with Algiers 

816. Indiana admitted, December 11 

816. Formation of the Colonization Society, December 2i.... 

817. President INIonroe inaugurated, ]\Iarch 4 

817. Mississippi admitted to the Union, December 10 

818. Illinois admitted to the Union, December 3 

819. The first stean:er that crossed the Atlantic sailed from Sa- 

vannah, May 24 

819. Alabama admitted to the Union, December 14 

820. The Missouri Compromise passed, March 3 

S20. Florida came into our possession 

820. Maine admitted to the Union, March 15 

821. Missouri admitted to the Union, August 10 

823. The Monroe doctrine declared 

824. Visit of Lafayette 

825. President J. Q. .Vdams inaugurated, March 4 

825. Corner-stone of Bunker Hill monument laid, June 17.... 

825. Opening of Eric Canal, October 8 

826. Adams and Jefferson died, July 4 

826. First railway in the United States completed 

829. President Jackson inaugurated, March 4 

829. The first locomotive ran on an American railway, Aug. 9.. 

829. Baltimore & Ohio Railroad completed 

830. Mormon sect founded by Joseph Smith 

831. Ex-President Monroe died, July 4 

%j,2. Black Hawk War 

'^},2. Nullification excitement in South Carolina 167- 

?^},2. Cholera first appeared in the United States 

835. Texas declared its independence, December 20 



224 SCHOOL msroh'T OF THE IXITED HTATEt;. 

A. I). Page 

1835. Dade's massacre by the Seininoles, December 28 i6g 

1836. Fall of the Alamo, March 6 180 

1836. Battle of San Jacinto, April 21 180 

1836. Arkansas admitted, June 15 171 

1836. Ex-President Madison died, June 28 142 

1837. President Van Buren inaugurated, March 4 172 

1837. Michigan admitted to the Union. January 26 171 

1837. Financial crisis 173 

1837-1838. "Patriot War" in Canada 174 

1838. Lieutenant Wilkes's exploring expedition sent out 175 

1840. A United States Treasury Department estaldishcd 173 

1840. Anti-rent troubles in New York 178 

1841. President W. H. Harrison inaugurated, March 4 176 

1841. President Harrison died, April 4 176 

1842. Bunker Hill monument completed 178 

1842. End of the Seminole War 171 

1842. Dorr's rebellion in Rhode Island 177 

1842. The Webstcr-Ashburton treaty signed, August 9 175 

1842-1844. Fremont's first and second exploring expeditions 

visited the West 185 

1843. Rhode Island adopted her present constitution 178 

1844. The first magnetic telegraph compkted 178-179 

1845. Florida admitted to the Union, March 3 180 

1845. President Polk inaugurated, March 4 182 

1845. Ex-President Jackson died, June 8 166 

1845. Fremont's third exploring expedition visited the West. 185-186 

1845. The United States Naval Academy established, Oct. 10... 186 

1845. Texas admitted to the Union, December 29 180 

1846. Congress declared war with Mexico, May 11 183 

1846. Mormon migration to Utah 174 

1846. Monterey captured, September 21 183 

1846. Iowa admitted to the Union, December 28 187 

1847. Battle of Buena Vista. February 23 183 

1847. Vera Cruz captured, March 29 183 

1847. Battle of Cerro Gordo, April 18 183 

1847. City of Mexico surrendered, September 14 183 

1848. Treaty of peace signed with Mexico, February 2 185 

1848. Gold discovered in California. February 186 

i8|8. Ex-President J. Q. Adams died. February 23 162 

1848. Wisconsin admitted to the Union, May 29 187 



kiCHOOL UhSTORY OF THE UNITED tiTATES. 225 

A. D. Pag« 

1849. President Taylor inaugurated, March 5 189 

1850. Grinnell's first arctic expedition sailed, May 191 

1850. President Taylor died, July 9 189 

1850. California admitted to the Union, September 9 190 

1853. President Pierce inaugurated, March 4 192 

1853. Dr. Kane sailed with his arctic exploring expedition, May 

31 191 

1854. Commodore Perry's treaty with Japan, March 194 

1854. The Missouri Compromise repealed. May 31 193 

1855. Dr. Kane and his arctic explorers arrived in New York. 

October 11 iQi 

1857. President Buchanan inaugurated, March 4 195 

1857. Dred Scott decision rendered, December term of Supreme 

Court 195 

1858. Minnesota admitted to the Union, May 11 202 

1858. First Atlantic telegraph operated, August 5 197 

1859. Oregon admitted to the Union, February 14 202 

1859. John Brown's raid, October 16-19 I99 

1859. John Brown and six companions executed. December 2.. 201 

i860. South Carolina seceded, December 20 204 

1861. Steamer Sfar of the IVesi fired upon, January 9 206 

1861. Kansas admitted to the Union. January 29 202 

1861. Southern Confederacy formed at Montgomery. Feb. 4. .. . 208 

1861. The first Confederate flag unfurled, March 4 209 

1861. JefYerson Davis inaugurated President of the Stjuthcrn 

Confederacy, February 18 212 



22t] SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



PART V. 

The War Between the States. Lincoln's 
Administration. 

CHArTER XXVII. 
THE FIRST YEAR OF THE WAR, 1861. 

1. Inauguration of Abraham Lincoln — ii Ixing^ re- 
ported thai an attempt would l)e made to prevent the maug- 
uration of the new President, though there was never any 
proof of sueh purpose. General Scott assembled a strong- 
military force in Washington, and, for the first time in the 
history of the comitry, tlie Chief Magistrate was protected 
by bayonets from the fancied wrath of the people. Mr. Lin- 
coln himself, after starting for Washington, with the plaudits 
of his partisans, made characteristic speeches to crowds wIkj 
gathered at the depots to see him, but afterwards changed 
his sciiedule, and stole into the capital secretly and in dis- 
guise, lie was inaugurated on the 4t]T of March. 1861. 

The whole country had waited with breathless anxiety for 
the inaugural address of Mr. Lincoln, for he held in his keep- 
ing the issue of peace or war. If he should say, as General 
Scott advised, "Wayward sisters, depart in peace," then 
there would be no war; the border States would be held in 
the Union, and there might be a peaceful solution of the 
whole question. 

But so far from taking that view, he declared that the 



S'C/fOOf, HISTORY OF THE UNITED .STATES. 227 

L'nion was unbroken; that he should execute the laws in all 
the States, and that he would employ all the power of the 
government to "hold, occupy and possess the property and 
places belonging to the government," and "to collect the 
duties and imports.'' 

Yet even after this plain declaration of the purpose of the 
President to coerce sovereign States, who had simply exer- 
cised their "inalienable right" (as the Declaration of Inde- 
pendence puts it) of choosing their own form of govern- 
ment and their own affiliations, the border States waited; the 
Confederate govermnent sent their commissioners to treat 
for peace and for the equitable settlement of all property 
rights and otlicr points at issue; and "Union men'' all 
through the South, and many good men at the North, 
"hoped against hope," and fervently prayed that better coun- 
sels might prevail, and that the calamities of war might be 
averted. 

2. Bad Faith of the Federal Government General 

Scott, after holding a council of military men, advised the 
evacuation of h'ort Sumter, as a "military necessity," being 
satisfied that it could not be reinforced or provisioned with- 
out a great expenditure of treasure and blood. The Con- 
federate Government had sent Messrs. Forsyth, Crawford 
and Roman to Washington, with instructions and full pow- 
ers to treat witli the Federal Government, and fairly settle 
all questions at issue. Secretary Wm. H. Seward, of the 
.State Department, while declining to recognize these com- 
missioners officially, still, in an informal interview which he 
granted them, held out to them hopes of a peaceable settle- 
ment. Judge John A. Campbell, of the Supreme Court, in 
the presence of Associate-Justice Nelson, had an interview 
witli Mr. Seward (at Mr. Seward's instance), in which Mr. 
Seward assured him, and authorized him to assure the com- 
missioners, that "Fort Sumter will be evacuated in the next 



228 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

live days." When the time had expired, so far from evacu- 
ating the fort, Major Anderson was busily engaged in 
strengthening its defenses. Judge Campbell had another 
interview with Air. Seward, who assured him that the fort 
would be evacuated, and that "the government would not 
undertake to supply F'ort Sumter without giving notice to 
Governor PMckens." 

Meantime, it was published in the papers that large naval 
and military preparations were being made by the govern- 
ment, both at New York and Norfolk, with the evident pur- 
pose of reinforcing Fort Sumter, and Judge Campbell wrote 
to Mr. Seward of these facts, and of the anxieties of the 
people of the South, and reminded him of his peaceable as- 
surances. Mr. Seward sent the laconic answer: "Faith as 
to Sumter fully kept ; zcait and sec'"' — although he knew that 
the fleet of several ships, carrying 285 guns and 2400 troops, 
had already sailed for Charleston harbor. 

3. The First Gun — On the 6th of April, Mr. Lincoln, 
when the Federal fleet was setting sail for Charleston, sent 
a messenger, who, at a late hour on the 8th, the eve of the 
day on which the fleet would have arrived at Charleston but 
for its detention by a storm, notified Governor Pickens that 
his policy had been changed, and that an effort would be 
made to provision the fort and to reinforce it, if resistance 
was made by the Confederates. 

The delav caused bv the storm gave General Beauregard, 
who was in conuiiand of the Confederate forces at Charles- 
ton, time to consult, by telegraph, the Confederate authori- 
ties. Under instructions from Montgomery, he demanded, 
first, the evacuation of the fort, and then a pledge that the 
guns of Sumter should not be used against him in any con- 
flict he might have with the approaching fleet. Both of 
these demands being refused, fire was opened on Sumter at 





Battle of Merriruac and Monitor. Bombardment of Fort Sumter. 



230 scnooi, nisToh'Y or Tin: imteu states. 

twentv-tive niinutes past four on the morning of ]*'ri(la\, 
April 12, 1 86 1. 

Major Anderson and his small garrison made a gallant 
resistance, btit by twelve o'clock of April the 13th, the con- 
dition of the fort had become desperate, and as the fleet 
waited outside the harbor, and did not venture to face the 
preparations Beauregard had made for its reception, there 
was nothing left the brave Anderson and his command btit 
to surrender on the honorable terms offered, that he should 
be permitted to salute his flag with fifty guns, bring out all 
the personal baggage of the garrison, and have free trans- 
portation on a steamer for New York. Strange to say, not 
a man was seriously hurt on either side during the bom- 
bardment, but one of the garrison was killed by an explosion 
of a caisson during the firing of the salute. The fleet i)ut 
back to New York. 

A great deal has been said about the Confederates "firing 
the first gun of the war," but the point made is absurd. Hal- 
lam, in his "Constitutional History of England," has a])tly 
said, "The aggressor in a war (that is. he who begins it) is not 
the iirst i^'lio uses force, but the first 7*. 7/0 reiuhvs force neces- 
sary.'' Judged by this standard, the Confederates were 
clearly not the aggressors. 

Sumter was now of no tise or value to the United States, 
except for the menace and destruction of Charleston. The 
South Carolina authorities, and then the Confederate au- 
thorities, had offered to treat for its peaceable possession, 
and to pay full value for it. They had notified the Federal 
Government that an attempt to reinforce or provision it 
would be considered an act of war. Notwithstanding this, 
and repeated pledges that it would be evacuated, the United 
States Government had been secretly plotting for reinforc- 
ing and provisioning it; and the Confederate authorities had 
patiently waited imtil a powerful naval and military arma- 



s<ii()(n. iiisnun or 111 1: imtihi staths. 231 

mcnt was about to vnivv I'liarlcston liarbor and convert the 
citadel of the city's defense into a powerful engine for her 
destruction. The cai-)tiu-e of Sumter, under these circum- 
stances, was, therefore, as pure an act of self-defense, as 
simple a repelling- of iuvasion, as is to be found in history. 

The "first gun" was really fired ])y John llrown at Har- 
per's h'erry; the second giui was tired l)y Major Anderson, 
when he violated the promise of his government, that "the 
military status at C"liarlest(Mi should not l)e changed," and 
moved from Moultrie into Sumter; the third gun, by the 
Star of the J I 'est in the attempt to reinforce and provision 
Sumter; and the fourth gun in the fitting out of this j^ower- 
ful armament for the same purpose. 

The policy of the Confederacy was peace; the war was be- 
gun by the h\^deral ( lovernment, and that government alovie 
is responsible for all the horrors which ensued. All the 
rhetoric to the efiect that "the South fired the first gim which 
began the war" cannot alter the facts or relieve the h'ederal 
Government of the solemn responsibility of beginning a war 
of subjugation against sovereign States. 

4. The Effect North and South. — This was the open- 
ing act of one of the most stupendous wars in history. From 
the moment fire was opened from the Cumming's Point bat- 
tery, the telegra|)h wires Xorth and South throbbed with the 
news. The streets were crowded, and men fought for 
])laces in front of the bulletin-l)oards. When at last came 
the news of the surrender, the whole country was stirred as 
never before. In ])oth sections the war s])irit overlea]>ed all 
bounds. In Charleston, the bells were nuig, cannon fired 
and the peo])le embraced each other in their excitement. 
The same feeling prevailed throughout the South. The 
people clamored to be enrolled as defenders of their homes 
and hearthstones. 

The Northern people may have been slower to catch the 



1'31' SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE VMTED STATES. 

excitement, but wiien the wave swept over them, the feehng 
was equally tumultuous. Men who expressed their sym- 
pathy for the South were mobbed. Newspapers that had 
been friendly to that section were forced to hang out the 
Stars and Stripes, under threat of lynching. There was riot- 
ing in many places, antl the rage against the South ])assed 
all bounds. 

When, therefore. President Lincoln issued a call for 
75,000 volunteers, April 15, the response was overwhelming. 
As in the South, men wrangled for places in the ranks. The 
call was issued tliree days after the fall of Fort Sumter, and 
in half a week, ioo,coo men responded. 

The proclamation of Mr. Lincoln, calling for 75,000 men 
to subjugate the seceded States, and calling on the border 
States to furnish their f|uota. was regarded throughout the 
South as a declaration of war — as a usurpation by the Presi- 
dent of the t.'ower that belonged alone to Congress. The 
proclamation v^as met with a stern defiance. Two davs 
afterwards, April 17, the X'irginia Convention passed its 
ordinance of Secession, and Hon. John B. Baldwin, the able 
"Union" leader, voiced the general sentiment when to a 
friend at the North, who had asked him, "What will tlie 
Cnion men do now?" he wrote, "We have no Union men in 
X'irginia )ioz^'. r>ut those who K'crc Union men will stand to 
their guns, and make a fight that will shine out on the page 
of history as an example of what a brave people can do, after 
exhausting every means of pacification." 

Arkansas seceded on the 6th of May, North Carolina on 
the 20th, and Tennessee on June 8; and each promptly joined 
the Southern Confederacy. Maryland, Missouri and Ken- 
tucky would probably have joined the Confederacy had they 
not been "pinned in the L"^nion by Federal bayonets." Mis- 
souri and Kentucky had representatives in the Confederate 
Congress, and furnished, as did Maryland, manv brave sol- 



SCHOOL Hf STORY OF THE V SITED STATES. l.'HH 

diers to fight for St)iitliorn iiulei)eii(lence. President 1 )avis 
called (Ml the States to furnish volunteers lor the eonnnon 
defense, and summoned the Confederate Congress to con- 
vene in Montgomery on the 29th of April. 

5. The Causes of the War — The war had now begun. 
Who was responsible? Was it a "Slaveholders' Rebellion;" 
a revolt of disappointed Southern leaders against "the best 
government the world ever saw?" Had the Southern States 
a constitutional right to secede, and were they justifiable in 
doing so? Had the United States Government the right to 
coerce sovereign States, and was ]\Ir. Lincoln justifiable in 
inaugurating a war of subjugation against the South? These 
are (juestions into which we cannot go fullv here. The an- 
swers we have already briefly intimated, and for a full discus- 
sion of the subject we refer to such books as "Was Davis a 
Traitor?" by Dr. A. T. Bledsoe; "The Republic of Repub- 
lics," by I>. J. Sage, a distinguished lawyer of New Orleans; 
JefTerson Davis's "Rise and Fall of the Confederate Ciovern- 
ment;" A. H. Stephens's "War Between the States;" Dr. R. 
L. Dabnev's "Defense of A'irginia and the South," and a 
compilation of authorities in Jones's "Alemorial Volume of 
JefTerson Davis." But we give only a brief summary of the 
facts. 

When the colonies wrested their independence from Great 
Britain, she treated with each State as a sovereign republic, 
and not with the combined States. When the Govenmient 
of "The I'nited States of America" was first formed under 
the Constitution, it was by the secession of States from the 
old Confederation, and when tlie new Constitution was 
adopted, the right of withdrawal for what they might deem 
sul^cient cause was distinctly reserved by both New York 
and \^irginia, and was thus secured to all the States who 
entered, or might thereafter enter, the Union. 

North Carolina and Rhode Island refused at first to join 




stout' M:i-U;n.u' Spot Wliovc S, ..n. \\ ,i I ; .l.i.k:-,,ii I 
Coiil'i (liMlf .Mcirmiint, l''i'c(lfi-icUslnirti-. \ ;i. 



sciioni. iiisroh') or Tin: rxirun stati:s. 2;^;" 

the iK'w L nion, ami ii'inaiiied out as sovereign States, inde- 
peiulent repuhiics. until the rights of each State were made 
clearer by amendments to the Constitution, and the right of 
a State to secede put beyond reasonable question. 

This right, which was reaffirnKnl and emphasized by the 
famous X'irginia and Kentucky resolutions of 1798-99, was 
not seriously (juestioned in any (juarter, except under the 
exigencies of partisan politics. Through a period of many 
years. New England I ad an unbroken record in favor of the 
right of Secession. In 1804, the leg^islature of I'dassachu- 
setts i)assed an act to the effect that the ])urchase and annex- 
ation of Louisiana by the (ieneral Government was a suffi- 
cient cause for the dissolution of the Union, and that it ab- 
solved the old States from their allegiance to the Union, and 
the public men and tlie people of New England generallv 
indorsed that view. I'.ut the first active movement in the 
direction of Secession occurred in Xew England during the 
war of 1812 between the United States and Great Britain, 
wliich was from the first very unpopular in the New Eng- 
land States, although the war was really undertaken in the 
interest of their conmicrec. 

The war was denounced as unholy, and without anv plea 
of justification. Even in the pulpits disunion was boldlv 
advocated as the only remedy for the monstrous wrong. 
When Connnodore Decatur was chased into New London 
1)\- a l^ritish squadron, he made repeated attempts to steal 
out in the darkness of night, but in every instance the enemv 
was warned l)y the burning of lilue lights on shore. Thus 
that brave officer, to his great exasperation, was held ])Ow- 
erless by enemies at home. 

When news arrived of the declaration of war, the flags 
were half-masted in Boston harbor and at other points. New 
England decided that her militia should not be permitted to 
go outside tlie State limits to helj:) carr}- on the war. Not 



23C, SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE VXITEn FIT ATE S. 

coiUcDt with nog"ati\'c measures, the six New England States 
sent delegates to Hartford, December 15, 1814, where they 
sat with closed doors. They determined that the national 
government must make a radical cliange of policy, or New 
England would withdraw from the Union. Having decided 
on this momentous step, they adjourned to the followmg 
June for more decisive action. JJefore the day for reassem- 
bling arrived, the war endi^'d. But for this, the United States 
would have had at that time to face the c|uestion of subjugat- 
ing tlie New England States, or of allowing their undoubted 
right to secede from the I'nion and set up for themselves. 

In celebrating the fiftieth anniver.'-arv of the inauguration 
of Washington, Aj)ril 30, 1839, cx-President John Ouincy 
Adams made a speech, which was received with wide a]^- 
proval in New England, in which speech, after deploring the 
growth of sectional feeling, and arguing that if the time came 
when the States should lose fraternal feeling for each other, 
it would be better for them to separate, and far l)etter for 
them to "part in friendship from each other than to be held 
together by constraint," he says: "Then will be the time for 
reverting to the precedents which occurred at the formation 
and adoption of the Constitution, to form again a more per- 
fect Union, by dissolving that which could not bind, ami to 
leave the separated parts to be reunited by the law of politi- 
cal gravitation to the centre." 

Three years later, January 24, 1842, Mr. Adams presented 
a petition to Congress from citizens of Haverhill, Mass., 
praying that Congress would "inmiediately adojit measures 
peaceably to dissolve the Union of these States," and assign- 
ing reasons for such action. Resolutions censuring ]\Ir. 
Adams for presenting this petition were introduced by Mr. 
Marshall, of Kentucky, but, after two weeks' debate on them, 
during which Mr. Adams ably defended the petition and his 



SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE V SITED STATES. 237 

relation to it, the resolutions were laid on the table, the 
House seeming to approve the position of Mr. Adams. 

In 1844, and again on the 22d of February, 1845, the leg- 
islature of Massachusetts passed resolutions avowing the 
right of Secession, and threatening to secede, if Texas was 
admitted into the Union. Indeed, there seems at that date 
to have been no serious question North, South, East or 
West of the right of a St-ate to secede. 

This view of the question was iterated and reiterated by 
leading statesmen and newspapers throughotit the North. 
Even after the election of Mr. Lincoln, and up to the actual 
breaking out of the war, Horace Greeley, one of the ablest 
and most influential Republicans in the country, arlvocatcd 
again and again in the New York Tribune the right of the 
Southern States to peaceably withdraw from the Union, and 
the wickedness and folly of the claim that the General Gov- 
ernment had any right to coerce them. He said: "If the 
cotton States shall become satisfied that they can do better 
out of the Union than in it, we insist on letting them go in 
peace. The rigJit to secede may he a rcvohttionar\ oiu\ hut it 
exists nevertheless.'' Again: "ffV hope never to //it /;; a 
repuhlie zc/iereo/ one seetion is f^inned to the residue hy haxonets." 
And again: "If the Declaration of Independence justifies the 
secession from the British Empire of 3,000,000 colonists in 
1776, we do not see why it would not justify the secession of 
5,000,000 Southrons from the Federal Union in 1861." 

The New York Herald, of November 23, i860, said: 
"Coercion, in any event, is out of the question. A union held 
together by the bayonet would h^ nothing better than a mili- 
tary despotism." 

After the inauguration of ^Iv. Lincoln, the Conunercial, of 
Cincinnati, one of the ablest Republican papers in the coun- 
try, said: "We are not in favor of blockading the Southern 
coast. We are not in favor of retaking by force the property 



238 .SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

of the United States, now in possession of the seceders. We 
would recognize tlie existence of a government formed of all 
the slaveholding States and attempt to cultivate amicable 
relations with it." 

General Scott, the commander-in-chief of the United 
States ami}-, was very emphatic in advising that there should 
be no war on the seceding States, and that the Federal Gov- 
ernment should say to them: ''IP'ayivard sisters, depart in 
peace.^^ It would seem, therefore, that the right of the South- 
ern States to secede was beyond all reasonable dispute, and 
that it was even recognized by a large part of the public sen- 
timent of the Noith. 

But had they su/ficiciit cause to e.vereise this inalieiiabh' right? 
Did their grievanees justify this extreme iiu\jsure;'' The an- 
swer to this question requires only a brief sunnnary of the 
facts. Slavery had been introduced into the colonies by the 
cupidity of Old and New England, and against the frequent 
and earnest protest of the Southern colonies, especially Vir- 
ginia and Georgia. It had been most distinctly recognized 
by the Federal Constitution, which j^rovided for the return 
of fugitive slaves. The i)rivileges of tlie slave trade had 
been extended twenty years under the Constitution of 1787 
by the votes of Xew England, whose ships were so largely 
engaged in it, against the earnest protest and votes of Vir- 
ginia, Delaware and Maryland. It had been finally abol- 
ished by the action of Virginia, Georgia and other Southern 
States, which passed laws against the further introduction 
into their limits of slaves brought from Africa. The North- 
ern States held slaves as long as they found them profitable, 
and then, instead of setting them at liberty, they sold them 
to the South, put the money into their pockets, and after- 
wards began a bitter, persistent and relentless crusade 
against slavery and slaveholders. 

Through long years of excited and bitter controversy over 



SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE VXITKI) STATES. 23!) 

this (lueslion, the South submitted to coinproniise after com- 
promise, in which she yielded ahnost everything, only to 
find fresh demands from the other side. Finally, she saw 
the Constitution and the laws of the land set at defiance by 
the "Pe'-sonal Liberty" bills of many of the Northern States, 
the decisions of the Supreme Court defied, and its judg-es, 
who in that day wore stainless ermine, abused and villified, 
the Constitution of the United States denounced as a 
"League with death and a covenant witli hell," the doctrine 
of the "Higher law" proclaimed, her territory flooded with 
incendiary literature, and invaded by an armed band, whose 
avowed object was servile insurrection, murder, arson and 
rapine; abolition leaders proclaiming that they would have 
"An anti-slavery God and an anti-slavery Bible," and an- 
nouncing as their platform "ineligil)ility of slaveowners lor 
every office, great and small, no co-oixTation witli them in 
religion, or society; no ])atronage to j^ro-slavery merchants, 
no guestship in slave-waiting hotels, no fees to pro-slavery 
lawyers, i^lixsicians, ])arsons, or editors, and no hiring of 
slaves;" and to cap the climax, a sectional party avowed 
these principles and took possession of the government by 
electing a sectional Tresident to carry them into practical 
effect. 

The tariff, the fishing and (Jtlier bounties, the distribution 
of the proceeds of the ])ublic lands, the establishment of four 
well-equipped dockyards at the North to one at the South, 
the expenditure of immense sums of money for lighting, 
buoying, improving and fortifying the Northern coast, and 
very much smaller sums for similar purposes along tlie 
vSouthern coast, although there were four miles of sea front 
in the South for one at the North, and the very patent fact 
that the trend of legislation, since the North and Northwest 
had gotten the control of Congress, had been to discrimi- 
nate against the South and in favor of the North — ^^all these 



240 SCHOOL BISTORT OF THE UNITED STATES. 

things had brought the ablest men of the Southern States to 
conclude that the South would be better off out of the Union. 

Add to these and other facts that might be mentioned the 
pregnant fact that the General Government was fast drift- 
ing from the principles of its founders and being changed 
from a "Republic of republics" into a consolidated Nation, a 
great centralized plutocracy, and that the new party which 
had come into power utterly ignored the old doctrine of 
"State sovereignty/" and it is not to be wondered at that the 
Southern States should feel that the time had come for them 
to resume the powers originally granted to the General Gov- 
ernment, and peaceably establish a new Government of iheir 
own. 

But Virginia and the border States still clung with ardent 
love to the old Union, and were driven out only when Mr. 
Lincoln inaugurated a war of subjugation against their sis- 
ter States, and called on them to aid in the onslaught. 

The freciuent declarations of the Confederate States that 
thev wanted peace, and not war, were strongly embodied in 
the close of IVesident's Davis's message to the Confederate 
Congress, April 24, 1861, in which he said: "We protest 
solemnly, in the face of mankind, that we desire peace at any 
sacrifice, save that of honor. In independence we seek nc 
conquest, no aggrandizement, no concession of any kind 
from the States with which we have lately been confederated. 
All we ask, is to be let alone; that those who never held 
power over us shall not now attempt our subjugation by 
arms. This we will, we must, resist ta the direst extremity. 
The moment that this pretension is abandoned, the sword 
will drop from our grasp, and we shall be ready to enter into 
treaties of amity and commerce that cannot but be mutually 
beneficial. So long as this pretension is maintained, with a 
firm reliance on that Divine Power which covers with its 
protection the just cause, we must continue to struggle for 



SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 241 

our inherent right to freedom, independence and self-gov- 
ernment." 

We conclude, therefore, tliat the seceding States not only 
had a i^erfect right to withdraw from the Union, but that 
they had amj^ly sufficient cause for doing so, and that the 
war made upon them by the North was utterly unjustifiable, 
oppressive and cruel, antl that the South could honorably 
have pursued no other course than to resist force with force 
and make licr heroic struggle for constitutional freedom. 

6. Preparation for the War. — We know not how bet- 
ter to state the comj^arative preparation of each section for 
the war than to quote from an article of I'enjamin J. Wil- 
liams, Esc]., of Massachusetts, published in the Lowell Sun 
some years after the war: "The odds in numbers and means 
in favor of the North were tremendous. Her white popula- 
tion of nearly 20,000,000 was fourfold that of the strictly 
Confederate territory; and from the border Southern States, 
and commuiiities of Missouri, Kentucky, East Tennessee, 
West Virginia, Maryland and Delaware, she got more men 
and supplies for her armies than the Confederacy got for 
hers. Kentucky alone furnished as many men to the North- 
ern armies as Massachusetts. In available money and credit 
the advantage of the North was vastly greater than in popu- 
lation, and it included all the chief centres of banking and 
commerce. Then she had possession of the old govern- 
ment, its capital, its army and navy, and mostly its arsenals, 
dock-yards and workshops, with all their supplies of arms 
and ordnance, and military and naval stores of every kind and 
the means of manufacturing the same. Again, the North, 
as a manufacturing" and mechanical people, abovmded in fac- 
tories and workshops of every kind, immediately available 
for the manufacture of everv species of supplies for the army 
and navy; while the South, as an agricultural peoi')le, were 
almost entirely wanting in such resources. Finally, in the 



242 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

possession of the recognized government, the North was in 
fnll and free communication with all nations, and had full 
opportunity, which she improved to the utmost, to import 
and bring in from abroad not only supplies of all kinds, but 
men as well for her service; while the South, without a rec- 
ognized government, and with her ports speedily blockaded 
by the Federal navy, was almost entirely shut up within her- 
self and her own limited resources." 

The reports of the Adjutant-General's office show that 
there were actually mustered into the service of the United 
States during the war 2,859,132 men, while the most accu- 
rate statistics of General Cooper, the Confederate Adjutant- 
General, show that only 600,000 men were mustered into the 
Confederate armies during the war. 

7. Retaliatory Measures,— President Lincoln, April 19, 
issued a proclamation, declaring a blockade of the Confeder- 
ate ports. President Davis retaliated by calling for priva- 
teers to prey on the commerce of the North. 

8. Fight in Baltimore — Maryland deeply sympathized 
with the Confederates, and there is little doubt that she would 
have seceded but for the arrest of members of her legisla- 
ture, the double-dealing of her Governor Hicks, and the 
overrunning of the State by Federal troops. Baltimore had 
given warning that troops for the subjugation of the South 
should not pass through her streets, and when, on the 19th 
of April, the Sixth Massachusetts and the Twenty-sixth 
Pennsylvania regiments marched through the city, crowds 
of indignant citizens hooted and stoned them, and when they 
fired on the people, there followed a brisk running fight, 
which resulted in the killing of nine citizens and four soldiers 
and the wounding of thirty soldiers. This may be called the 
first blood of the war. 

9. Preliminary Movements — Governor Letcher, of Vir- 
ginia, had rejected every proposition to capture Federal 



2-J4 SCHOOL HItiTORY OF THE rXITED STATES. 

forts, arsenals, etc., within the State before the ordinance of 
secession had been passed, claiming that as long as Virginia 
remained in the Union she should conmiit no hostile act 
against the General Government. But as soon as the State 
seceded, expeditions were sent to capture the navy-yard at 
Portsmouth and the arsenal at Harper's Ferry. United 
States troops attempted to destroy both of these places, be- 
fore evacuating them, and did succeed in destroying a vast 
amount of machinery, stores and material, but the Confed- 
erates saved machinery, small arms, guns, anmiunition, 
stores and material, which were invaluable to them in the 
prosecution of the war. 

Because of its strength, no attempt was made on Fortress 
Monroe, located at the entrance of Hampton Roads into 
Chesapeake bay. and this fort remained in the possession of 
the Federals throughout the war. There were small affairs 
at Camp Jackson, Missouri, May lo; in St. Louis, \lay lo; 
at Fairfax Court House, Va., June i, and at Phillipi, Va., 
June 3, which resulted favorably for the Federals. 

10. War in Virginia — As soon as the Old Dominion 
passed her ordinance of Secession, she began to make vigor- 
ous preparations to defend her territory from threatened in- 
vasion. Colonel R. E. Lee, of the old United States army, 
was made commander-in-chief of all her forces, and went 
\ igorously to work to organize, equip and drill the raw re- 
cruits, who rushed to arms at the first call of their mother 
State. 

\ irginia, having now joined the Confederacy, and it be- 
ing evident that her soil would be the great battlefield, the 
capital of the Confederate States was removed from Mont- 
gomery, Ala., to Richmond, and President Davis, after re- 
ceiving a grand ovation from his people along the route, 
reached Richmond May 29, 1861. 

United States troops, under pretext of defending Wash- 



srifooL iirsTOh'Y or Tin: i'\iti:d states. 24r. 

iiii^ton, crossed the Potomac on the 24th of May, and occu- 
pied Alexandria and also Arlington, the residence of Gen- 
eral Lee. Colonel Elmer I'". Ellsworth, of the New York 
Zouaves, tore down from the Marshall House, the principal 
hotel of Alexandria, the Confederate flag and hoisted in its 
stead a Cnited States flag, and was immediately shot dead 
by the proprietor, James W. Jackson, who, in turn, was 
killed by the soldiers. The lines in front of Alexandria and 
Arlington were heavily reinforced; General Patterson gath- 
ered a large force to threaten Harper's Ferry and the lower 
valley of A'irginia; General Geo. B. McClellan advanced with 
a heavy force into Western Virginia; and Norfolk and the 
peninsula were threatened from Fortress Monroe. To meet 
these movements. General Huger was put in command of 
the Confederate forces at Norfolk ; General Magruder on the 
peninsula; General Beauregard at Manassas Junction; Gen- 
eral Joseph E. Johnston at Harper's Ferry, and General 
Garnett in West Virginia. 

General Geo. B. McClellan made a vigorous campaign in 
\Wst \'irginia, and defeated the Confederates at Rich Moun- 
tain, July II, and at Carrick's Ford, July 13, General McClel- 
lan's old teacher at West Point, General Garnett. being- 
killed at the latter place, and his troops scattered in a dis- 
astrous retreat. 

At Big Bethel, near Fortress Monroe, on June 10, Colonel 
D. H. Hill, of North Carolina, badly defeated the advance of 
the Federal forces. These affairs were greatlv exaggerated 
at the time, but were only tlie mutterings of the coming 
storm. "0// to Richiiioiuf was the cry now raised by the 
Northern press and people, it being insisted that Richmond 
could and should lie captured before the meeting of the 
"Rebel Congress" there on the 29th of July. 

General Patterson threatened to cross the Potomac, and 
General Johnston promptly evacuated Harper's Ferry. June 



240 .SCHOOL int^TORY OF THE rXlTED f^TATE."^. 

i6, having sent to the rear the machinery of the arsenal and 
ah the material and stores of every description that conld be 
transported. He sent Col. A. P. Hill with three regiments 
to Romney to meet a reported advance of the enemy on that 
place, and Hill sent a detachment to New Creek, which cap- 
tured two pieces of artillery and a stand of colors, drove ofi 
the guard and destroyed the important bridge over the Bal- 
timore & Ohio Railroad at that point. 

Johnston manccnvred in front of Patterson, and on July 2 
Colonel Thomas J. Jackson had a sharp fight with the ene- 
my's advance at Falling Waters, where, with only 380 men 
and one piece of artillery, he held his position from 9 o'clock 
until noon and with a loss of only two killed and ten 
wounded, inflicted on the enemy a considerable loss in killed 
and wounded, and captured forty-five prisoners. General 
Johnston immediately advanced to support Jackson, and 
remained in line of battle at Darkesville for some days, Gen- 
eral Patterson declining the otifered battle. 

Meantime, the Federal army, gathered in front of Wash- 
ington, had been put under the immediate command of 
General Irvin McDowell, who, on the i6th of July, with a 
splendidly-ecjuippcd army of 40,000 men and sixty pieces of 
artillery, moved on General IJeauregard's position along the 
line of Bull Run, in front of Manassas Junction. ( )n the 
1 8th of July, there was a severe light at Blackburn's Ford, in 
which McDowell's advance was repulsed with loss. That 
afternoon, Johnston received at Winchester the famous 
message from Beauregard: "If you are going to help me, 
now is the time." 

Johnston easily eluded Patterson, and took up his line of 
march for Manassas, but the raw vokmteers were not then 
used to marching, the straggling was fearful, and even Jack- 
son's brigade, who had the advance, made only seventeen 
miles the first day, and the rest of the army only thirteen. 



SCHOOL nisroRY of the VXITED i^TATES. 247 

At Piedmont Station, the infantry were embarked on the 
ears of the Manassas Gap Raih-oad, hut the transportation 
was so badly managed that only a part of the troops reaehed 
Manassas in time for the great battle. 

General Johnston, who was the ranking olihcer, adopted 
Beauregard's plans, and assigned him the duty of personally 
commanding on the field, while he himself took command 
of the whole of the united forces. 

The Confederates designed to take the initiative by ad- 
vancing by their right flank on the Federals at Centreville, 
but meantime General McDowell had conceived the able and 
bold plan of crossing Bull Run, above the Confederate line, 
and moving down on their left flank. The orders from Con- 
federate headquarters to the troops who were to lead their 
advance on Centreville miscarried, and the movement was 
not begun. 

Meantime, McDowell was executing his plans, and in the 
early morning of Sunday, July the 21st, he moved down and 
began the battle. At first, the chances were greatly against 
the Confederates, who were forced to fight on new ground 
and under very different conditions from what their leaders 
intended, and against fearful odds (at least ten to one when 
the battle began, four to one at noon, and two to one at 4 P. 
M.). But reinforcements continued to arrive from other 
parts of the line, until at the close of the battle the respective 
numl)ers of all arms actually engaged were, Federals, 19,925 ; 
Confederates, 17,664. Though the Confederates made a 
gallant and stubborn fight, the Federal troops had carried 
everything before them, and were massing for an attack on 
the plateau on which stood the famous Henry house, when 
the gallant General Bee, about to yield up his noble life, rode 
up to General T. J. Jackson, who, with his brigade of Vir- 
ginians, was calmly awaiting the attack, and exclaimed: 
"General, they are beating us back!" Jackson, his eyes 



24S fiCnOOL HTSTORT OF THE FXTTED l^TATEf^. 

glittering- beneath the rim of the old cadet cap he wore, 
calndy replied: "Sir, wc icill not be beaten back. JVe zvill ghr 
them the bayonet T Bee galloped to his own shattered troops, 
and rallied them with the call that became historic, and re- 
christened Jackson and his brigade, ''Look! There stands 
Jackson like a stone icall. Rally on the Jlrginians! Let us 
determine to die here, and zvc ivill conquer T 

Jackson repulsed the attack, and charged with the bavo- 
net ; other Confederate troops moved gallantly forward, and, 
under the ins])iring presence of Johnston and Beauregard, 
the plateau was swept of the enemy, and the tide of battle 
turned. 

The Federals, however, were reinforced, and were prepar- 
ing for another attack, when General Kirby Smith, with 
three regiments of Elzey's brigade, which had just arrived 
at Manassas Junction from Piedmont (and were the only 
troops from Johnston's army of the Shenandoah that came 
that day), and Colonel Jubal A. Early, who had come up from 
the right of Beauregard's line with his brigade, moved around 
on the enemy's flank; J. E. B. Stuart made a gallant charge 
with his cavalry; Beauregard moved forward his whole line, 
and the enemy were driven back in a rout, which soon de- 
generated into a i^anic. 

Arms, accoutrements, knapsacks — everything that could 
impede flight, were thrown away; horses were cut from ar- 
tillery, ambulances and wagons, and the "Grand Army" was 
converted into an uncontrollable mob. whose "0;z to Rich- 
mond'" had been changed into ''Off for Washington.'" So 
certain were they of victory, that large numbers of Congress- 
men, fine ladies and civilians generally had driven out from 
Washington to witness the "defeat of the Rebels," and had 
brought all kinds of eatables, baskets of champagne and 
other liquors, fireworks, etc., to celebrate "the glories of the 
Union and the downfall of treason." These added a ludic- 



SCHOOL iiisToin or riii: vmted .^sTATrjs. 249 

rously pathetic coloring to the indescribable scene, as the 
vast horde rushed back on all the roads leading to Washing- 
ton. 

President Davis, who had left Richmond as soon as pos- 
sible after delivering his message to the Confederate Con- 
gress, galloped on the tield just as the great victory had been 
won, and his presence created great enthusiasm aiuong tlie 
troops. He favored a prompt and vigorous pursuit, and at 
one time issued a positive order to that efifect. But the real 
extent of the Federal panic was not then known; the Con- 
federates were very deficient in transportation and supplies 
of all kinds; it was known that a good part of McDowell's 
troops had not been engaged in the battle at all, and that 
there were garrisons in the forts and fresh troops at Wash- 
ington, and it was taken for granted that Patterson's army 
of 18,000 would be hurried to Washington at once, and so 
Johnston and Beauregard persuaded the President to revoke 
the order, and the only real pursuit was by the small cavalry 
force, which was soon encuml^ered with twice as many pris- 
oners as their own number. 

It seems almost certain now that, if the Confederate army 
could have rushed pell-mell on the heels of the fugitives. 
Washington would have been captured at that time. As it 
was, the Confederates captured twenty-eight pieces of ar- 
tillery. 5000 muskets, almost 500,000 cartridges, a garrison 
flag, ten regimental colors, sixty-four artillery horses with 
their harness, twentv-six wagons, camp equipage, clothing 
and inunense quantities of military stores of every descrip- 
tion. The loss of the Confederates in the l)attle was 1897, 
while that of the Federals was about 4000. 

The effect of this l^attle was greatlv to depress the North 
and elate the South. But the Northern peoj)le were led bv 
it to see something of the magnitude of what thev had under- 
taken, and were inspired to renewed determination and ef- 



2r>U SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE FXITED STATES. 

fort. The l-'ecleral Congress voted $500,000,000 and 500,000 
men to carry on the war, and the Northern people saw that 
the idea of conquering the South in "ninety days," as Mr. 
Seward promised, was absurd. The Confederates, on the 
other hand, were confident that the war was practically over, 
that England and France would soon recognize the Con- 
federacy, and that there would be no more fighting, and the 
consecjuence was an apathy on the part of the army and the 
people which proved very disastrous in its consequences. 

Gen. Geo. B. McClellan, whose successes in Western Vir- 
ginia had won him great reputation, and who was an able 
and accomplished soldier, was now commander-in-chief of 
the Federal armies, General Scott having retired. McClellan 
took the immediate command of the Army of the Potomac. 
By his fine talents for organization, and his rigid discipline, 
he greatly increased the numbers and efficiency of the army. 

The Confederate army, in the meantime, was but little in- 
creased in numbers, and suffered great losses from disease. 
In the latter part of August and early part of September, 
Col. J. E. B. Stuart, with a small force of cavalry and infantry 
and a battery of artillery, had several brilliant affairs with 
the enemy at Mason's and Munson's hills and at Lewins- 
ville, and the Confederate lines were advanced imtil the 
dome of the capitol at Washington could be distinctly seen 
from their outposts. 

On October 21, the Federals, who had crossed the river at 
Ball's Bluff, near Leesburg, \^a., were attacked by an in- 
ferior force of Confederates under Gen. N. G. Evans, and 
defeated with great slaughter, losing at least 1000 men. while 
the Confederate loss was small. On December the 21st, 
Stuart suffered a severe defeat at the hands of the Federal 
cavalry, supported by infantry, at Drainesville, which, closed 
the fighting for the year along the lines of Northern \^irginia. 

In Western Virginia, Gen. R. E. Lee had taken command 




Moriiiiiient to General Steuart, Uichmoiul, Va. 
Confederate Monument. Oakwood Cemetery, Richmond, Va. 



2r)2 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE rXTTEH STATES. 

soon after the battle of Manassas, and was opposed by Gen. 
W. S. Rosecrans, one of the ablest of the L\'deral generals. 
The terrible condition of the roads after continuous rains of 
over six weeks, the natural diliiculties of the country, the 
fact that many of the people of that region were inifriendlv 
to the Confederate cause, and the want of co-operation be- 
tween Gens. H. A. Wise and John !'>. Floyd, two of General 
Lee's chief subordinates, brought it to pass that the best-laid 
plans of the great soldier were frustrated, but little was ac- 
compHshed, and some of the "newspaper generals" were 
very: severe in their criticisms upon General Lee and his 
"West Point tactics." 

The latter part of October, General Lee returned to Rich- 
mond as the "military adviser of the President," and the 
campaign in West A'irginia was virtually closed for the year. 
On the 3d of October, however, the Federal general Rev- 
nolds made an attack on General Henry R. Jackson, com- 
manding the Confederates at Cheat Mountain Pass, and re- 
ceived a severe and Idoody rej^ulse. December 13, General 
Fdward Johnson repulsed, with heavy loss, an attack of the 
Federals under General Milroy, upon his position on Alle- 
ghany mountain. 

U. Operations Along the Coast. — The overwhelming 
superiority of the l'\'deral nav_\- enabled them to ca]iture the 
forts on liatteras Inlet, N. C, August 28 and 29, and those 
on Port Royal harbor, S. C, November 7, and Tybee Island, 
below Savannah, and to hold possession of Fortress Monroe, 
\'a., and Fort Pickens, near Pensacola, Fla. The Confed- 
erate loss at Tdatteras was about 770. 

12. The Blockade — One of the most effective means of 
cri])pling the South was the blockade. Compared with the 
North, the section was poor. To secure funds, medicines 
and supplies it was necessary to ship cotton to foreign ports 
and sell it. To prevent this, the North built an immense 



SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UXITED STATES. 253 

number of fleet steamers, wliicli blockaded the whole coast. 
This was so extended, however, that it was impossible to 
close up every avenue ai^ainst the blockade-runners. Painted 
((enerallv of a dull leaden color, to avoid detection, the swift 
Confederate steamers stole out from many points in the 
darkness and hastened to Nassau and other points, where 
the\- were safe from disturbance. Many boats not belongMuj;- 
to the Confederates entered from the outside. They ran 
s^reat risks, and numbers were captured, in wdiich case ves- 
sels and cargoes were lost. The chances of gain and adven- 
ture, however, rendered blockade-running- one of the most 
stirring- features of the war. 

13, Confederate Privateers — In retaliation for this sum- 
mary closing of Southern ports, the Confederate Govern- 
ment issued letters of marque to privateers. The first Con- 
federate privateer to get to sea was the So-c'aiiiiali. llie let- 
ters authorized the privateers to make war upon the mer- 
chant ships of the Northern States. The Scwannah was fol- 
lowed bv others, some of which were built al)road, and in- 
flicted millions of damage on Northern commerce. Indeed, 
these privateers drove from the seas the Northern merchant 
marine and damaged Northern commerce beyond compu- 
tation. 

At first, the Northern people and the government declared 
these privateers to be nothing but pirates, and avowed their 
purpose of treating them as such. Accordingly, when the 
ScwaiinaJi, after running the blockade from Charleston, on 
the 2d of June, and capturing one merchant brig, laden with 
sugar from Cuba, was captured by the L^iited States brig 
Perry, the oflficers and crew were sent to Philadelphia, where 
they were tried and convicted of piracy. But their execution 
was prevented by the promptness with which President 
Davis wrote to President Lincoln, that if these men were 
executed, he would retaliate bv the execution of a like num- 



254 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

ber of Federal prisoners then in the hands of the Confeder- 
ates, and they were afterwards treated and excliangcd hke 
other prisoners of war. 

14. The War in Missouri. — Governor Jackson, of Mis- 
souri, and other leaders tried to hold the State in a position 
of neutrality, but Captain Lyon, the Federal commander at 
St. Louis, made prompt war on the State militia, broke up 
Camp Jackson, seized the arsenal at St. Louis, and, now 
made brigadier-general, defeated Colonel Marmaduke at 

Booneville. 

Generals Price and McCullough defeated the Federals 
under General Siegel at Carthage, on July 5, and on August 
10, being attacked by General Lyon at Wilson's Creek (Oak- 
Hill), they gave the Federals a crushing defeat. General 
Lyon being killed while bravely leading his men. On the 
20th of September, General Price captured Lexington, with 
3000 prisoners and a large amount of stores of every kind. 
On the 7th of November, General (Bishop) Leonidas Polk 
defeated General U. S. Grant, with a severe loss, at Belmont, 
this being Grant's first battle of the war. 

A Missouri convention passed an act by which Missouri 
was retained in the Union, but Governor Jackson and the 
legislature claimed that this act was illegal, and, meeting at 
Neosho, passed an ordinance of Secession, upon which the 
people never had an opportunity of voting, as Federal l)ayo- 
nets ruled the State, the Confederate army being pushed 
back by Gen. H. W. Halleck, with greatly superior forces, 
to the border of Arkansas. 

The Confederates always believed that a fair vote of the 
people would have given them Missouri, and the State was 
always represented in the Confederate Congress, while many 
of her l)ravcst men fought in the Confederate armies. 

15. Operations in Kentucky — Kentucky, also, tried to 
be neutral, but it soon appeared that this was impossible. 



SCHOOL n I STORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 255 

The movements of Federal forces to capture Kentucky 
compelled General Leonidas Polk to occu])}' Columbus, and 
Federal troops were poured into the State so rapidly that 
they overran the Northern part of the State, and the Con- 
federate general, Albert Sidney Johnston, established his 
line of defense across the State, with his principal points at 
Columbus, Ky., P'orts Henry and Donelson, Tenn., and 
Bowling Green and Cumberland Gap, Ky. 

The opposing parties in the State were active and bitter, 
but there can be little doubt that a free vote of the people 
would have carried the State into the Confederacy; a provis- 
ional government, headed by Hon. John C. Breckinridge 
and others of the ablest leaders of the State, took that action, 
and Kentucky, also, was represented in the Confederate Con- 
gress, while many of her ablest, bravest and best citizens 
were in the Confederate armies. 

16. Presidential Election. — ( )n the 6th of November, an 
election was licld throughout the Confederacy for President 
and \'ice-President for a term of six years, beginning the 
22(1 of February, 1862, under the "Permanent Constitution." 
There was no opposition to the able and pure statesmen who 
had been elected by the "Provisional Congress," and Jeffer- 
son Daz'is and .Ucxatidcr //. Stcpliciis were elected by the 
unanimous vote of the electoral colleges President and Vice- 
President res])ectively. 

17. The Trent Affair. — James M. Mason, of Virginia, 
and John Slidell, of Louisiana, both of whom had been 
members of the United States Senate, were appointed com- 
missioners of the Confederacy to the courts of London and 
Paris. Making their way, with their families, from Charles- 
ton to Havana, they took passage for England on the Brit- 
ish mail steamer Trent on the 7th of November. The fol- 
lowing day, this steamer was stopped by Captain Charles 
Wilkes, commanding the Federal steamer San Jacinto, who 



256 SCHOOL HI STORY OF THE UyiTED STATES. 

took off Messrs. Mason and Slidell, and held them as pris- 
oners of war. This was enforcing- the "right of search," the 
very canse of our war with England in 1812. 

The incident creaied intense excitement at the North, in 
the South and in England. The House of Representatives 
at Washington passed a vote of thanks to Captain Wilkes, 
the press and people at the North made a lion of him, and 
there was at first no hint of disapproval of his act from Presi- 
dent or cabinet. 

The South was indignant at an act which so clearly vio- 
lated every principle of right, Init was in high hopes that the 
Federal Government would stand by it, as that would en- 
sure the recognition of the Confederacy by England. 

There was the strongest indignation in England, and the 
government promptly demanded the return of the commis- 
sioners and an apology for their capture, and began prepa- 
rations to enforce its demand. France sided with England, 
and it looked as if the hour of the triumph of the Confeder- 
acy had come. 

But the Federal Government promptly yielded to the per- 
emptory demand of England, Mr. Seward, Secretary of 
State, wrote a response more adroit tlian candid, and the 
Confederate commissioners, who had been confined in h'ort 
Warren, Boston harbor, were turned over to the British 
authorities and permitted to go to their destination. 

18, Results of the First Year of the War. — The Con- 
federates had very decidedly the advantage in the battles 
fought in 1 86 1. At Big Bethel, Va., June 10; at Carthage, 
^lo.. July 5: at l-.ull Run, July 18: at Manassas (called Bull 
Run by the hY^lerals), July 21; at Wilson's Creek (near 
Springfield), Mo., August 10; at Scarry Creek, \^a., July 17: 
at Carnifex Ferry, Va., September 10; at Lexington. Mo.. 
September 20; at Cheat Mountain Pass, \'a.. October 3; at 
Ball's Bluff, Va., October 21 ; at Belmont, Mc, November 



258 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

y, and at Alleghany Mountain, December 13, they had 
gained victories which were not at all dimmed by successes 
gained by the Federals at Philippi, V'a., June 3; Rich Moun- 
tain, Va., July II ; Carrick's Ford, Va., July 13; at Hatteras 
Inlet, N. C, August 29; at Port Royal, S. C, November 7, 
and at Draincsville, Xa., December 21. 

The Confederates had clearly demonstrated their ability 
to cope with superior numbers on the battlefield. But, on 
the other hand, the Federal Government had enlisted, or- 
ganized and drilled immense armies, collected vast supplies 
of every description, built and equipped large numbers of 
war vessels, made the blockade more effective, and prej^ared 
to open the next campaign with overwhelming numbers and 
resources. Both sides seemed equally determined to fight 
it out to the bitter end, and the day for peace negotiations 
seemed to have passed away. 

Questions-— I. Circumstances attending the arrival of Mr. Lin- 
coln in Washington and his inauguration. Tlie tone and spirit of 
his inaugural address. Conduct of Union men at the South. 

2. What advice did General Scott give? How did the government 
show bad faith? 

3. Who "fired the first gun" of the war, and who was responsible 
for it? Reasons for placing the responsibility on the Federal Gov- 
ernment. 

4. The cfifect North and South. How did the "border States" 
regard Mr. Lincoln's call for troops? Their secession. 

5. Had the Southern States a right to secede under the Constitu- 
tion? Had they sufficient cause for so doing? Had the Federal 
Government the right to coerce them? Give the history of the for- 
mation of the Union. New England's secession record. Opinions 
of leading Northern men after the election of Mr. Lincoln. Sketch 
the introduction and history of slavery. How were the burdens and 
the favors of the government distributed? Peace policy of the Con- 
federates embodied in Mr. Davis's message. 

6. Preparations of each section for war. Relative numbers of 
soldiers engaged. 



SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UXITED STATE8. 25'J 

7. Retaliatory measures. 

8. The fight in Baltimore. 

9. Preliminary movements. 

ID. Early operations in Virginia. General McClellan's campaign 
in West Virginia. Big Bethel. "On to Richmond." Union of the 
forces of Johnston and Beauregard. Sketch the battle of Man- 
assas (or Bull Rnn). How Jackson got his new name. Describe 
the panic. Relative numbers engaged. Losses on both sides. 
Effect of the battle. Affairs on the outposts. Ball's Bluff. Oper- 
ations in Western Virginia. 

11. Operations along the coast. 

12. The blockade. 

13. Confederate privateers. How the Federal Government was 
prevented from treating them as "pirates." 

14. The war in ]\Iissouri, and how the Slate was "held in the 
Union." 

15. Kentucky's "neutrality," and how broken. 

16. Confederate Presidential election. 

17. The Trent affair and its results. 

18. Summary of the results of the campaign of 1861. 



CHAPTER XXVIII. 
TI-TE SECOND YEAR OF THE WAR. 1862. 

19. A Year of Battles — The second year of the war was 

one of battles such as this country had never seen before, 
and it is to be hoped will never see ag;ain. The South had 
solidified and was confident of gaining" its independence. 
Little, if any. Union sentiment was left, except in East Ten- 
nessee and West Virginia. Her armies were led by the most 
skillful generals of the age, and her soldiers, now that they 
had been drilled and tested, had no superiors anywdiere. 
There was no thotight of giving up the strtiggle until inde- 
pendence was secured. 

On the other hand, the North showed no shrinking from 
the stupendous task that confronted her. She cornpre- 



2(!(» ^('IKKH. l/I.STOin or Till'] liNITHh XTATI'JS. 



Iiciidcd lli.il v.isl i';iiii|);iil;iis iiiiisl he piislicd lit a siiicrssful 
(•(iiK liisii )ii, and st ii|)(iid( tiis rcsnils acliicvcd, l»(i<iic tlir rcv- 
olulioii ((iidd \)v sii|)|)r(.'s.scd. I'.acktMl |)\ lur limilless rc- 
s(iiirc-cs, she rc.s()lvc(| that tlicsc caiiipaij^iis sliuulcl he prosc- 
( iilcd and I licsc rcsnils al lamed. 

7i). Wliat Mad to he Done? h was clcai- thai inordcr 
1(1 ciMKiiid tlic S(inlli several |)i"< (diL;i( ms resnJK had \i> he 
ace( iin|)lishe(L I'irst, the hlnekade nnist he maintained and 
made as liiMil as |)()ssihle. Second, the Mississippi ninsi he 
iipcne(| I hn )n,L;hi ml its enliic length. I( > do ihis, the (on- 
le(lcracy wonld have to he ent in two. hiom Texas and the 
iCL;ioii on the west ol the ri\'ei- were drawn the cattle and 
chiel snp|)lics ol the armies, while scxcial ol the seceded 
.Stah'S la\- on that side ol' the halher ot Waters. The third 
and inosi dilVicnlt I ask of all was the desti'iict ion ol I he .\iinv 
of Korlhciii \ ir^inia, wliiidi stood like a niomHain wall he- 
loie all advances a^ainsl the ( 'onle(lerate capilal. 

21. Operations in the West. Tlie lortmies of wai- 
Inrned a.L;ainst llie ( 'oiifedeiac\' in ihe West. Al midnight, 
on Ihe l(Sth of |amiai\, the ( onlc(|eiate ( icncral /.ollicori'ci- 
lei I Ins camp at M ill Spi int;, in h.astei n Kentnck \, and, cross- 
ing to the norlliern haidv of the ( nmheilam 1, mandied 
against the eneni\, ten nnles distant. The hedeials weic 
nnder the commaihl of ( icncral ( icori^c I I, riiom.is, owe of 
iheir hest ollicers. Me was diixcn hatd. at Inst, hnt soon 
lallicd his men and dro\-e Ihc ( 'onfedei ales in Inrn. While 
IIk- lij^lilin^ was in pio^rcss, ( Icncral /ollicorfer appmached 
so close to one of the l''cdc|-al reidinents that an ollicci- shot 
him <lead with a revoKcr, Mis fall canned a pamc, and his 
"It'll lied. ( K'ncral ('ritlendcn, the siipcriof orficcr, was 
drivt'ii across Ihe ('nmherland and fell hack to ( laines- 
horou^li, Tenn., his men MilTcrinL: sc\'erel\ from the intense 
oold and lack of ]»rovisions. 

'Hiis defeat jj^ave ICasleni Kcnttick-y to Ihc I'edcrals, but 



2<J2 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UXITED ."STATES. 

the western part of the State was grasped firmly by the Con- 
federates. General Albert Sidney Johnston, one of the 
ablest leaders of the country, held the line from Bowling 
Green, on the right, to Columbus, on the left. This line, 
naturally strong, was made still stronger by the building of 
Fort Henry on the right bank of the Tennessee, in Ken- 
tucky, and Fort Donelson, on the left bank of the Cumber- 
land. Donelson was within the limits of Tennessee and 
fifteen miles southeast of Fort Henry. 

22. Fall of Fort Henry — General Grant decided, in 
conjunction with the fleet under Commodore Foote, to at- 
tack Fort Henry. Embarking at Cairo, February i, the 
expedition landed, four days later, four and one-half miles 
below the fort. The attack in front was so vigorous that 
Colonel Tilghman saw from the first that his situation was 
hopeless. He sent ofi most of his garrison, numbering 
al)out 3000. and witli a few hundred maintained an unequal 
fight until compelled to surrender (February 6). 

23. Fall of Fort Donelson,— Grant now moved, with his 
gunboats, up the Cumberland to attack Fort Donelson. 
The garrison numbered about 15.000, and his entire force 
about 35,000. Several attacks made ()n the Confederate 
lines on the 13th of ]^\d)ruary were handsomely repulsed. 
On the 14th. the forts defeated Commodore Foote's flotilla 
of seven gunboats, the commodore himself being seriously 
wounded and his gunl)oats badly damaged. The outlook 
for the defense of Donelson now seemed hopeful. But 
Grant held on with the determined pertinacity which char- 
acterized him. and tliere were divided and vacillating coun- 
sels among the Confederate leaders. Floyd. Pillow and 
Buckner. 

On the I5tli the Confederates made a sortie and drove 
back the enemy far enough to open a line of retreat, which 
was the design of the movement ; but Floyd and Pillow again 



SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE IMTFA) STATES. 263 

changed their plans and ordered the troops hack to their 
entrenclinients. The I^'ederals that evening attacked and 
carried a part of Jkickner's lines, and it was understood that 
they were Hkely to carry the whole line the next morning. 

Under these circumstances a council of war determined to 
surrender all who could not escape. Before terms were 
agreed upon, Cjeneral Moyd turned over the command to 
General Pillow', and he at once passed it to General Buck- 
ner, who opened negotiations. General (irant refused any 
terms but "unconditional surrender," and said that he pro- 
posed to "move inmiediately" on the Confederate works. 

Floyd, Pillow, Forrest and a number of the troops made 
their escape during the night, and the gallant liuckner sur- 
rendered the remnant of the army, about 7000, on the un- 
generous, unchivalric terms pro])Osed l)y the victor. This 
being the first important victory gained b\- the Federals 
during the war, excited great exultation at the North; "Un- 
conditional Surrender Grant" became the hero of the hour 
and the idol of his people, and the hopes of the Federals 
were raised to the highest pitch. 

24- A New Confederate Line of Defence Established. 
— These defeats caused the establishment of a new line of 
defense by General Johnston. (General Polk, at New Mad- 
rid, held the left; P)eauregard, at Jackson, Tenn., the centre, 
and Johnston, at Murfreesboro', the right. Thus the Con- 
federates had been compelled to give up all of Kentucky and 
the u]iper ])art of Tennessee to the Federals. 

25. Re=EIection of President Davis and Vice=President 
Stephens — Three days after the fall of Fort Donelson (Feb- 
ruary 19), the electoral votes of the Southern Confederacy 
were counted. They showed that Jefferson Davis was 
unanimously re-elected President, and Alexander H. 
Stephens was chosen Vice-President. They were inaugu- 
rated at Richmond, on Washington's birthday, the 22(1 of 



204 S!r/fOOL Tl J STORY OF THE FXTTED STATES!. 

February. President Davis's inaugural was liopcful. While 
admitting' the reverses suffered by the eause of Southern. 
in(lei)endence, he insisted that they should serve to rouse 
the people to greater endeavors than ever to become free. 

26. Battle of Pea Ridge or Elk Horn — ^Cieneral Price 
wintered at Springfield, in the southern part of Mis- 
souri, where he received many recruits and supplies. At- 
tacked by the forces of Generals Curtis and Siegel, he re- 
treated to the frontiers of ^lissouri, Arkansas and Indian 
Territory. Falling back still further, he was joined in the 
])OSt(jn mountains by Ben McCulloch, the famous Texan 
Ranger. C General Farl A'an Dorn was put in command and 
was joined by Albert Pike, with 2000 Indians. Deeming 
himself strong enough to assume the aggressive. General 
Van Dorn set out to attack the Federals near Pea Ridge. 
The battle was a severe one, victory first tending to one side 
and then to the other. McCulloch's was among the lament- 
able deaths on the Confederate side, (ieneral Siegel, whose 
ciiief fame rested upon his skill in retreating, showed his 
usual ability in this engagement. The result was without 
any predominating advantage to either side; but before the 
end of the year the upper portion of Arkansas fell into Fed- 
eral hands, and remained thus to the close f)f the war. 

27. Burnside's Expedition. — A formidable naval and 
military exjx'dition was sent to the coast of North Carolina 
at the beginning f)f the xcixr. It consisted of fifteen gun- 
boats, eight propellers and fifty-seven transports. This pro- 
digious force succeeded in capturing Roanoke Island (Fel)- 
ruary 7), defended, as it was. by a handful of men and only 
seven gunboats. Newbern fell March 13. and I-'ort Macon 
followed on the 25th of April. 

28. The Disasters on the Coast It was about this 

time that the Federal Commodore Dupont captured the 
towns of Fernandina and Jacksonville on the Florida coast. 



s^cnooL lUKTOh'Y or riii: i\iTi:i> states. L'cr, 

1 he South, l)cin^' without an\' uav\' or sailors, could niakv' 
no defense against the over])o\verin!;' lleets of the h'ederals. 
As a conseciuence, the blockade hecanie more rigid and 
o])pressive than ever. 

29. Battle of Shiloh or Pittsburg Landing Return- 
ing to events in the Southwest: General (Irant, after the 
capture of Fort Donelson, moved up the Tennessee to Shi- 
loh, or Pittsburg Landing. General Ihiell moved for the 
same point overland. Thus the Federal forces were di- 
vided. Seeing this, General Albert Sidney Johnston united 
all his troops at Corinth, Aliss., and, with a force of 40,000, 
ccjusisting of three corps and a reserve, set cjut on th.e 31! of 
Ajiril to deal Grant a crushing blow. Grant's army of 50,000 
was on the same side of the Tennessee, while Uuell was ap- 
proaching, and not far off, with 37,000 more, and Alitchell 
was in supporting distance with 18,000 men. 

The attack on the I'ederals was made at daylight, April 6. 
It was conducted with great skill and braverv, and (Irant 
was taken bv surprise. The Federal arm\' was thrown into 
confusion and driven headlong from the field. The Con- 
federates ]:)ressed forward with irresistible fiu'y, driving 
everything before them, capturing position after position 
of the naturallv strong line and forcing Grant's armv back, 
until half-])ast 2 P. Al., when the victory seemed to l)e com- 
])lete, and onl\' one more general and \'igorous advance was 
nei'di'd to utterly annihilate Grant's army. 

Alas! at that hour, ( lenera! .Albert .Si(lne\' Johnston, the 
able connnander, who had just led a brilliant and successful 
charge, was wounded in the leg 1)y a minnie ball, and died in 
fifteen minutes. General Peauregard, the second in com- 
mand, was suffering from severe and protracted sickness, 
and had been in his ambulance most of the day, and when he 
assumed the command he was not himself, was ignorant of 
the real condition of affairs, and instead of ordering an ad- 



260 SCnOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

vaiice on the beaten and shattered battaHons of Grant, who 
were covverint^ under the bhiffs at Pittsburg Landing and 
ready to surrender, about 6 P. M. he ordered the army back, 
intending, as he says, to renew the conflict the next morning. 

But during the night, Buell and Mitchell came up with 
large reinforcements of fresh troops, and the next day Beau- 
regard, after a gallant resistance to the advancing army, re- 
tired in good order from the field and leisurely fell back to 
Corinth, the enemy not seriously pressing him. In the first 
day's battle the Confederates had captured nearly all of the 
enemy's field artillery, thirty flags, colors, standards and 
over 3000 prisoners, including a division commander. Gen- 
eral Prentiss, and several brigade comman-ders. and inmiense 
supplies of small-arms, stores, and war material of every 
kind. 

The Federal loss in the two day's Ijattle was about 15,000, 
and that of the Confederates about 10,000. But the death of 
Albert Sidney Johnston was irreparable. An educated, gal- 
lant and very able soldier, and a stainless, chivalric gentle- 
man, he may be fitly called the R. E. Lcc of flic Western army, 
and it is scarcely extravagant to say that had he lived the 
independence of the South would have been established. 

After the destruction of Grant's army, Sidney Johnston in 
the West, and Lee in Virginia would have been invincible. 

30. Other Confederate Disasters. — The strongest forti- 
fication on the upper Mississippi was Island No. 10. After 
withstanding a furious bombardment lasting nearly a month, 
the post was obliged to surrender on the same day of the 
battle of Sliiloh. This compelled the evacuation of Fort 
Pillow and of Memphis. The Mississippi was thus entirely 
cleared of Confederates above Vicksburg. 

31. The Fall of New Orleans — The severest Confederate 
disaster of the year was the capture of New Orleans, the 
metropolis of the South. The city had been almost stripped 



SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UXTTED STATES. 2C.7 

of troops to reinforce Ueauregard's army in Tennessee, but 
there were formidable defenses below the city. Forts I'liilip 
and Jackson mounted lOO guns, and there was a Confederate 
fleet of fifteen vessels, including the ironclad ram Manassas 
and an unfinished floating battery. The 3000 volunteers 
charged with the defense of the city were poorly armed. 

Admiral Farragut bombarded the forts for six davs, dur- 
ing w hich nearly a thousand tons of iron were fired at them, 
but they were not materially injured. They could do little 
against the formidable attack, because of the short range of 
their guns. On the night of yVpril 20, one of the Federal 
gunboats passed the forts, and ascended the river in the 
darkness and opened a path for the fleet through the boom 
of hulks and logs that barred the channel. At 3 o'clock on 
the morning of A])ril 24 the Union fleet began steaming up 
the river. 

The first division, consisting of eight vessels, threaded its 
way through the tortuous opening, and, running in close to 
Fort Philij). each vessel delivered a broadside as it went by. 
Beyond the fort a furious battle took place between the Fed- 
eral and Confederate gunboats, in which both sides displayed 
the utmost bravery. The Federal fleet continued to push up 
the river, and was followed by the second division, led by 
Commodore Farragut's flagship Hartford. When the third 
division followed the Confederate fleet was so overwhelmed 
by superior numbers and forces that it was captured or de- 
stroyed, though not until it had inflicted great injury on the 
I'Vderal fleet. The way being now practically open for the 
Federal fleet, it continued up the river to New Orleans, 
which city was obliged to capitulate April 25. Gen. B. F. 
Butler took formal possession May i, and by his outrages 
upon a defenseless people secured for himself an inmiortality 
of infamy. 



SCHOOL HISTOh'Y OF THE UNITED STATES. 209 

32. The Monitor and Virginia (or Merriniac) At the 

hc^iimiiii;- of the war tiie I'ortsinouth Navy Yard, near Nor- 
fun<, \ a., was given up to the Southerners. JJefore the sur- 
render the steam frigate Mcrrimac, the finest in the service, 
was scuttled. The Confederates raised, and. under a plan 
])resented by Captain John AI. Brooke, formerly Lieutenant 
Alaury's assistant at the National Observatory, covered her 
with railway iron, which sloped like the roof of a house, and 
was smeared with tallow and plumbago. An iron Ijeak or 
prow was hxed to the craft, which was renamed the Virginia. 

About noon, March 8. 1862, the J'irgiiiia steamed out 
from Norfolk into Hampton Roads. She at once made for 
the sloop of war Cmubcrlaiid. The latter opened with her 
tremendous l)roadsides, but for the first time in na\al warfare 
the solid shot did no execution. Striking the iron armor of 
the J'irgiiiia, the balls glanced hundreds of feet u]) in the air 
and plunged harmlessly back into the water. Crashing into 
the Ciiiiihcrlaiid, the beak of the J'irgiiiia o])cncd a huge hole, 
through wluch the water ]i(_)urcd like a mill stream. Idie 
Cumberland went down with all on board. Her flag still 
fluttered from the masthead above the water as the hull lav 
in a careened position on the bottom. 

The frigate Congress, seeing that she could do nothing 
against the monster, ran ashore where the water was too 
shallow for the J'irginia to reach her, but she i)oured shot 
into her until the Congress raised the white flag, and Com- 
modore Buchanan, who commanded the J'irginia, sent boats 
to receive her surrender. These boats, being treachcrouslv 
fired on. however, not only from the shore, but from the 
Congress itself, while the white flags were flying, Lieutenant 
Minor, and Commodore P)uchanan himself, being wounded, 
the l)rave old commodore ordered that the Congress he de- 
stroyed with hot shot and incendiary shell, and this was done 
under Lieutenant Catesby Jones, who succeeded to the com- 



270 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

mand. Jones continued the fight until dark with the United 
States frigates Minnesota, Roanoke and St. Lawrence, and the 
batteries on the shore, and would doubtless have destroyed 
these vessels, also, but for the fact that they hugged the 
shore in shoal water, so that the Virginia could not get at 
them. 

After night, the Virginia, together with the Patrick Henry, 
the Janicstozvn, the Teaser and the Raleigh, which were also 
engaged in the fight, anchored ofT Sewell's Point, the 
wounded and prisoners being sent to Norfolk on the Bean- 
fort. 

That night the Monitor, which had been laboring south- 
ward for several days from New York, reached the harbor 
and took position near the steam frigate Minnesota. The 
Monitor was about one-fifth the size of the Jlrginia, and was 
the invention of a Swede, Captain Ericsson. She had a 
deck which rose a few inches above the water, and in the 
middle an iron round-tower, which was slowly revolved by 
steam. The upper part of the hull exposed to the enemy's 
fire was covered with iron plating five inches thick on the 
sides and one inch on deck. In the tower were two im- 
mense guns, each firing a ball of i66 pounds' weight. 

Early the next morning the Virginia steamed from Sew- 
ell's Point straight for the Minnesota. The Monitor ran out 
to meet her, and for the first time in the history of the world 
a battle took place between ironclads. 

The Virginia repeatedly tried to run down the Mo}iitor, 
but when the smaller vessel did not dodge her giant foe, the 
huge beak of the latter grated over the metal deck without 
doing injury.. The two fired their immense guns at each 
other, but the balls bounded off from the armor and little 
damage was done. 

The battle continued until the Monitor ran into shallow 
water, under the guns of Fortress Monroe, and the Virginia, 



SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UXITEIJ STATES. 271 

l)eing unable to reach her or to induce her to come out, fi- 
nally steamed up to Norfolk for necessary repairs to her 
prow, machinery and guns. 

On the nth of April, as soon as these repairs were made, 
Commodore Tattnall, who had now been put in command 
of the Virginia and her consorts (the wooden vessels men- 
tioned above), steamed down to Hampton Roads and offered 
battle to the Federal fleet, which consisted of the Monitor, 
the Nangafiick (a small ironclad) and a large number of 
wooden vessels, including the powerful J^andcrbilt, whicl* 
h.ad been especially prepared to "run down and sink the 
iMcrrimac;" but instead of accepting the proffered battle, the 
Federal fleet took refuge under the guns of Fortress Mon- 
roe, not venturing out, even when the Janiestozcn cai)tured 
two vessels at Newport News. The Confederate fleet held 
possession of the Roads for several days without inducing 
the Federal fleet to come out from its refuge and without 
being able to get at them, because of shoal water and torpe- 
does that the Federals had ])lantcd in the channel. 

On the 8th of ^lay the Federal fleet (now reinforced bv 
the ironclad Galena and other vessels) took advantage of the 
absence of the Jlrginia at Norfolk, and began to bombard 
Sewell's Point; l)Ut the Jlrginia promptly moved down to 
meet them, and as soon as her smoke was seen the Federal 
fleet precipitately fled to their refuge under the guns of I-'or- 
tress Monroe. Indeed, the commander of the Monitor had 
positive orders from the Navy Department at Washington, 
after the first engagement, not to fight the Virginia (Merriinae) 
unless foreed to do so; and the Virginia "ruled the wave" in 
Hampton Roads and protected Norfolk and the waterway 
to Richmond until the evacuation of Norfolk, when the pilots 
decided, at the last moment, that she drew too much water 
(twenty-three feet) to be carried up the James, and she was 
destroyed off Craney Island, May lo, 1862. She would 



272 HCnOOL nrSTORT OF THE UNITED STATES. 

never have l:)een able to go to Washington, far less to New 
York, as she drew too much water for tlie river, and would 
not have been equal to a sea voyage ; but she unquestionaljlx- 
revolutionized the naval warfare of the world, and, while 
nianv improvements have since been made, the real inventor 
of ironclads vv'as the modest gentleman and great scientist, 
Captain John M. Brooke, who planned the Jlrgiiiia. 

The Monitor afterwards perished off Cape Hatteras, and 
the claim of her crew' for prize money, on the ground that 
she had defeated the Jlrgiiiia was denied by Congress, as the 
facts clearly proved that so far from this being true, she had 
been thoroughly defeated by the J'irgiiiia. 

33. The Advance Against Richmond. — During the au- 
tunm and winter, ( leneral AlcClellan I'.ad been steadily re- 
cruiting, organizing and ecfuipping his army, until, at the 
opening of the spring campaign, he had under him, in front 
of Washington, fully 200,000 men s])lendidly armed and 
e(iui])ped, ^vhile (len. Jos. E. Johnston had to oppose this 
mighty host only 47,306. As soon as there were indications 
of McClellan's advance, Jolmston fell back from Manassas, 
and by ]\larch 11 had established his lines on the south side 
of the Ra])pahannock. 

As soon as it became evident that iNlcClellan had changed 
his plans, transferred his army to Fortress Monroe, and 
would advance on Richmond by way of the Peninsula, Gen- 
eral Johnston rapidly moved his army to Yorktown, where 
Gen. J. B. Alagruder, with a force of 11.000 men, was with- 
standing the overwhelming numbers of the enemy with 
wonderful energv, heroism and skill. 

General ^IcClellan reached the front of the lines at York- 
town on April 3, General Johnston assumed command there 
on the 17th of April, and the Federals were held in front of 
those lines until the night of May 3, when General Ji^hnston 
quietly evacuated them, left his heavy guns behind, and 



ISCIIOOL HISTORY or THE VMTED tiTATES. 2T.\ 

began his retreat on Richmond by way of Willianisbnri^. 
At this last point there was a severe fight, in which John- 
ston's rear guard handsomely repulsed McClellan\s advance 
and covered the retreat on Riclimond. 

■ After several small affairs between the retreating and the 
advancing armies, General Johnston took his position in 
front of Richmond along the line of the south bank of the 
Chickahominy. ^IcClellan drew up his splendid army on 
the north bank, throwing two-fifths of his troops across at 
Seven Pines and fortifying his line with all of the appliances 
oi engineering skill. There was a severe fight near Hanover 
Court House, May 27, in which the Confederates were badly 
worsted by General Fitz John Porter, with a Confederate 
loss of about 800. 

34. Drewry's Bluff._()u the destruction of the ['/>- 
^'////(/, the only obstacles to prevent the Federal fleet from 
steannng u]) to Richmond and 1)ombarding the city were 
an uicomplete work, with four guns, and some obstructions 
in tlie river at i:)rcwry's Bluff, seven miles below Richmond. 
I hit the fleet delayed the attack until tlie 15th of April, when 
nrcwry"s P.luff (or lM)rt Darling) was so heroically defended 
1).\ tlie crew of the J'irginia and a few others, that the attack 
of tlie Mdiu/Dr, Catena and three wooden warships was verv 
handsomely repulsed; the effort was not renewed, and Rich- 
mond was saved from further danger in that direction. 

35. Seven Pines and Fair Oaks Mav 31, General 

Johnston made a vigorous attack on the wing of JNIcClellan's 
army south of the Chickahominy, and succeeded in driving 
a large part of it from its position with, heavy loss. Indeed, 
tliat wing seemed about to be crushed, when General Sum- 
ner threw his corps across the river on newly-constructed 
l)ridges and stayed the tide of Confederate victory. 

General Johnston, having been severely wounded and 
borne from the field, the command devolved on Gen. G. W. 



274 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Smith, ami there was not the push and deterniination on the 
next day, June i, which might have completed the victory 
of the day before. There was some desultory fighting about 
Fair Oaks, but neither side seemed anxious to press the con- 
flict, and in the evening and the next day the Confederate 
troops were withdrawn to their okl position. 

In the afternoon of this day. General Robert Edward Lee 
was, by order of President Davis, assigned to the command 
of all of the Confederate troojxs in \'irginia. The total fight- 
ing forces engaged on these two days were 32,000 Confeder- 
ates and about 36,000 Federals, and the losses 7000 F'ederals 
and 6134 Confederates. The Confederates captured ten 
pieces of artillery, 6700 muskets, a garrison flag and four 
regimental colors, and large quantities of stores of every 
description. 

36. Jackson's Valley Campaign "Stonewall" Jack- 
son had been made major-general, ( )ctiiber 7, 1861, and on 
the 4th of November assiuiied command of the "\'alle_\' Dis- 
trict" to which he had been assigned. Fie was vigilant and 
active with the small command under him, and about the 
last of the \ear made a bold expedition to Ronmc}' and 
Fath, in which cx])e(lition his troops suffered great hard- 
ships because of a sudden change from balmy to severe win- 
ter weather. At the opening of tlie spring campaign of 
1862 he found himself with a force of a1)OUt 5000 opposed to 
about 46,000 of the enemy. 

On March 23 he attacked the enemy at Kernstown. near 
Winchester, and, although sustaining the only defeat he 
ever sufifered. succeeded in his purpose of forcing the Fed- 
erals to recall a colunm that was marching across the 
motmtains to join McClellan m operations against Johnston 
and in retaining in the A'alley the large Federal force which 
would otherwise have participated in operations against 
Richmond. 




<Hri. Ilainanl 10. Bee. <:<'n. l'cink>r. of \. C, (Wu. K. S. Ewoll. 

('uiii. Smith Lee. (;<n. tircgg, of 'lexas. 

Gen. G. W. C. Lee. Gen. Smith, of Va. Capt. Mofflt. 



27(i SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE IJyiTED STATES. 

Retreating leisurely up the main Valley, while the enemy 
under General Banks were harassed and detained by fre- 
quent brilliant affairs, in which "the gallant and ubiquitous" 
Turner Ashby, of the cavalry, greatly distinguished himself, 
Jackson finally strongly posted his little army at Swift Run 
Gap, where he could resist an attack, or strike the enemy 
in flank and rear, if he attempted to move on Staunton. 

Ewell's division of Johnston's army being sent to rein- 
force him on the 30th of April, he left Ewell to watch Banks 
and moved so secretly and swiftly that neither the enemy nor 
his friends divined his plans, until he thrilled the Confederacy 
and sent terror to the North by the following laconic and 
characteristic dispatch : 

"Valley District, I\lay 9, 1862. 
"Gen. S. Cooper: 

"God blessed our arms with victory at McDowell yester- 
day. . 

"T. J. JACKSON, Major-General." 

He had defeated the advance of I^remont, under Milroy, 
and driven them back in great confusion. After a hot pur- 
suit for several days, he jiaused to have a season of "thanks- 
r ;ving for the victory," directing his chaplains to have spe- 
cial services in their commands. Then he set his forces in 
motion to cross into the A'alley again to pay his respects 
once more to General Banks, who, advised of Ewell's com- 
ing and ignorant of Jackson's movements, had retreated 
down the \'alley to Strasburg. 

On the 1 6th of May, Jackson paused for a day to observe 
the season of "national humiliation and prayer" appointed 
by the Confederate President. On Sunday, May 18, he 
spent a quiet Sabbath at Mossy Creek, in the beautiful Shen- 
andoah Valley, after which he pushed forward, united with 
Ewell at Luray, drove in Banks' flank at Front Royal on the 
afternoon of May 2t„ cut his retreating column at Middle- 



scfKxu. iiisTo/n- or tiii: r\iTi:n st\ti:s. -277 

town ilu' next day, pressed on the retreatin*;- enemy all 
night, and early on the niornino- of the 25th drove Hanks in 
utter rout from the surrounding heights and pell-mell 
through the streets of Winehester, and as far beyond as the 
weary Confederates could follow. 

Pausing a day for a thanksgiving service, he pushed on 
towards the I'otomac, intending to cross into Maryland, 
when he received information that h>emont from the West, 
and Shields, the heail of McDowell's column, from the East, 
were hastening to form a junction in his rear at Strasburg. 

He at once put his army in motion, and by forced marches 
checked I'Vemont's advance with tin one liand and Shields's 
with the other, until his whole army, ])risoners and immense 
wagon trains loaded with captured stores, passed safely the 
point of danger. He then moved leisurely up the Walley. 
burning the bridges over the Sr.enandoah to prevent a union 
of tlie forces of Shields and Fremont, his rear being pro- 
tected by that chivalric kniglit av.d l)rave soldier. General 
Turner Ashby, who had filled the \allcy with the fame of his 
brilliant achievements, and whose death in a severe fio-ht 
near Harrisonburg on June the 6th was sadly lamented as a 
great calamity to the Confederate cause. 

The next day, June 7, at Cross Keys, Ewell's division 
severely defeated I'remont, and the following day at Port 
Republic, on the op]iosite side of the river, Jackson routed 
the advance of Shields, and the armies sent to "crush" him 
were soon raj)idly retreating down tlie \'allev. "Stonewall" 
(he would have been more appropriately named "Thunder- 
boll." "Tornado" or "Hurricane") and his heroic "Foot Cav- 
alry" had made one of the most l)rilliant campaigns of his- 
tory and written their names among the immortals. 

In thirty-tw'o days he had marched nearlv 400 miles, skir- 
mishing almost daily, fought five battles, defeated three 
armies, two of which were completely routed, captured 



278 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THl-J I SITEO STATES. 

twenty pieces of artillery, 4000 prisoners and innnense stores 
of all kinds, and had done all this with a loss of fewer than 
1000 men killed, wounded and missing, and with a force of 
only 15,000 men, while there were at least 60,000 men in all 
opposed to him. He had spread consternation throughout 
the North, and had neutralized McDowell's 40,000 men at 
Fredericksburg, who were about to march on Richmond to 
aid McClellan in investing the city. 

37. Stuart's Ride Around McClellan. — Anxious to 
know the situation of McClellan's right flank. General Lee 
sent Gen. J. E. B. Stuart, with about 1200 cavalry, to make a 
reconnoisance towards the White House. This enterpris- 
ing and gallant trooper and able soldier, after securing in- 
valuable information, instead of returning l)y the route he 
went, rode entirely around AfcClellan's arm\- and returned 
to Richmond witli ca])tures of stores and ])ris()ners, and es- 
j)ecially with the very information which ( leneral Lee 
wanted on whicli to base his plan of operations. Tie lost 
only one man. the gallant Captain Latane, who fell leading 
a charge, and was l)urie(l bv noble Confederate women. 

38. Seven Days' Battles — General Lee determined, as 
soon as he took connnand, that he would attack . icClellan 
rather than await a siege of Richmond l)y liim. Accord- 
ingly, he concentrated before Richmond all the troops he 
could control, ordering Jackson to join liim. So secretly 
and ra])i(lly did Jackson, who had just 1)een heavily rein- 
forced from Lee's army, obey this order, that the enemy were 
fortifying against an expected attack from him at Strasburg 
at the very moment that he was thundering on McClellan's 
fiank before Richmond. 

After Jackson and the otlier reinforcements had joined 
In'm, Lee had only 80,000 men, against McClellan's 105,000, 
in positions well chosen and strongly fortified, and 10.000 
more at Fortress Monroe. And vet the "slow and cautious" 



.scfiooi. iiixTouv OF Tin: i mteu states. 2711 

Lee (as lu- has l)ri'n called) did not lu'^itatc to attacd< his 
cneniy uiukT these circiinislaiu\- , and al Ah'cduinics\ill(,' on 
the _'6th of June, at ( laines's Mill and Cold llarhor on the 
27th, at Savag-e Station on the 2yth, and at W hite (.^ak 
Swani]) and hYazier's farm on the 30th, he trained decisive 
victories which forced AlcL'k-llan from everv position he 
held to the cover of his _<:^unl)oats on ]ames river. 

.( )n July I. McClellan made at Malvern Kill a last stand 
to save his army, anil crowninj^ the hill with his artiller\-. he 
made a skillful and heroic resistance, which handsomelv 
repulsed several attacks (disjointed and in small force, he- 
cause of luisapprehensiou of orders) made ui)on him before 
ni,i;"ht ])ut an ei:d to the contest. 

( jeneral Lee ! ad concentrated his armv ior an assault the 
next morning-, wliich nmst have proved disastrous to tlie 
I'ueniy. but McClellan wisely and skillfulh' retreated du.rin^- 
tlu' ni^lit to a stron<>; ])osition at Harrison's l.andins;- (d'ur- 
ke\- r.end ), where l' e river and his gunboats ])rotected his 
Hanks. 

* .eneral 1 ee fiu:ud t'lis ])osition so strong- that, after a ver\- 
carehd rec< .moissance, he reluctantl\- decided that it would. 
n< it lie wise to attack. 

W hile A'cC'lellan's arm\- was not annihilated, as T.ee de- 
sit^'ued, and as wc)uld jirobably have been done had liis orders 
been carried out by certain of his suliordinates. \et the so- 
called siei;e of I'ichmond had been raised, Mcidellan's 
beaten and sliattered army was cowering- under the protec- 
tion of his ,i;"unl)oats at Harrison's Landing-, thirt\- miles be- 
low Kichmond, and the Federal ( '.overnment, instead </f now 
ex])ecting- the ca])ture of Riclunoud. were seri(Misl\- alarmed 
for the safety of Washington. 

The Confederate loss in these battles was 15,765, and that 
of the Federals 16.365, tiie Confederates attacking strongi\- 
fortified positions and their loss being heavier in consc- 



2S(t SCHOOL H r STORY OF THI-l JMTED STATES. 

(|uence, wliile Lee ca]:)ture(l fitly-twD ])ieces of artillery, ii])- 
wards of 35,000 stand of small-arms, a large number of tiags 
antl inmiense stores of every description, though the enemv 
destroyed of these far larger quantities than were cai)lured. 

The demoralization of McClellan's army was so great thai 
he wrote Secretary Stanton, on the 3d of Jul\-, "1 doubt 
wliether there are today more than 50,000 men with their 
colors;" and the congressional "Committee on the Conduct 
of the War," after hearing the testimony of many officers, 
reported that "nothing l)ut a heavy rain, thereby preventing 
the enemy from bringing up their artillery, saved the army 
from destruction." 

39. Campaign in Northern Virginia. — ( ieneral b)hn 
Pope had assumed command of the three armies which jack- 
son had beaten, and which had now l)cen consolidated into 
"77/c ^Iniiy of rirgiiiia," and issued to his troops, July 14. a 
l)ombastic address, in which he said: "I have come to you 
from the West, where we have always seen the l)acks of our 
enemies. " '■' ''■'' Let r.s study tlie ])rol)al)le lines of re- 
treat of our opponents and leave our own to take care of 
themselves. Let us look bcM^re and not behind. Success 
and glorv are in the advance. Disaster and shame lurk in 
tlie rear." He also issued infamous orders directing his 
armv to "live on the country," holding citizens within his 
lines responsible for all damage done l)y guerrillas, and or- 
dering "all disloyal male citizens" to be arrested and sent 
beyi^nd his lines. 

The Confederate Government issued retaliatory orders, 
and the war would have become at once very savage had 
not the Federal Government, after Pope's crushing defeat, 
repudiated his shameless orders. 

Although General Lee had opposed to him at Harrison's 
Landing McClellan's 90,000 men, rapidly recuperating and 
receiving reinforcements, he ordered Jackson, on the 13th 



282 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UMTED STATES. ' 

of July, to take his own and Ewell's divisions (numbering in 
all ii,ooo men) to Gordonsville, to hold Pope in check until 
McClellan's plans should be developed. In tlie early days 
of August, Jackson's force was increased to 24,000 men by 
the addition of A. P. Hill's division and Stafford's brigade, 
and, although his force was not half so large as Pope's, who 
was also being reinforced by Burnside from Fredericksburg, 
lie crossed the Rapidan, and, on the 9th of August, at Cedar 
Run, defeated, with heavy loss, his old antagonist, "Quarter- 
master Banks," who commanded Pope's advance, driving 
him some two miles and compelling him to bury his dead 
under a flag of truce. 

General Lee, being now convinced that no further oper- 
ations against Richmond would l)e attempted by ]McClellan, 
determined to strike Pope before all of McClelland's troops 
could join him. and the Sccotid Manassas ("(/////'a/o// followed. 
Pushing Pope back across the Rappahannock, Lee was pre- 
vented ])y a severe storm and a swollen river from concen- 
trating his whole army in Pope's rear at Warrenton; but 
.Stuart, having captured Pope's headquarter wagons and val- 
uable papers by a brilliant raid on Catlett's Station. Lee sent 
.Stonewall Jackson on his famous flank movement, which 
captured Manassas Junction, with inmiense supplies of 
stores of every description, on the night of the 26th. and held 
Pope in check until General Lee, with Longstreet's corps, 
joined Jackson, and on the old battlefield of Manassas. Aug- 
ust 28-30. inflicted upon Pope a l)loody defeat, wliicli 
.drove him pell-mell across Bull Run and made him and his 
army realize that it was. indeed, true that "disaster and shame 
lurk in the rear." 

General Pope had actually engaged in these battles over 
70.000 men. with large reinforcements coming up from Al- 
exandria, while (leneral Lee's force was barely 50.000. 
Pope's loss was over 30,000; Lee's loss was 7244. Lee's 



SCIIOOI. IIISTOUY OF Tin: f \lTi:i) STATES. li,s;i 

captures were 9000 [prisoners, thirty i)ieces of artillery, up- 
wards of 2(),()()o stand of small-arms, numerous colors and a 
large amount of stores, besides Jackson's captures at Man- 
assas Junction. 

After a stubborn stand to save his trains at Chantilly (Ox 
Hill), on September i, although he had received a reinforce- 
ment of 20,000 fresh troops at Centreville, and was being- 
largely reinforced every day, (General Pope continued his 
retreat until his beaten army took refuge in the strong forti- 
fications in front of Washington, (ieneral Pope was sent to 
the West to fight Indians, and was heard of no more during 
tlie war. Although AfcClellan was under the frown of the 
government, tlie authorities felt obliged to ])ut liim in com- 
mand again. 

40. The Maryland Campaign — As it would have been 
folly to attack the works on the south side of the I'otomac, 
( ieneral Lee determined to cross over into Maryland, which 
he did near Lees])urg, an.d massed his arm\- in the vicmitv 
of h'rederick. Aid., on the 7th of September. lie de- 
termined to capture Harper's Ferr\- and then concentrate his 
armv for ])attle with McClellan, and issued confidential or- 
ders, detailing his order of march. ( )ne of these orders was 
lost and fell into the hands of McClellan, who at once laid 
aside his usual caution and hastenerl forward with a purpose 
to iM'eak through the mountain ])asses, raise the siege of 
Harper's Ferry and attack Lee's army in detail. Put Jack- 
son pushed on Harper's Ferr_\' so rapidlw and made such 
dispositions for a vigorous attack upon it, and the Confed- 
erates held the South Mountain jiasses with such heroic 
pertinacity, that before McClellan could break through 
Har])er's Ferry surrendered September 15, with 11,500 pris- 
oners, 13,000 stand of small-arms, seventy-three pieces of ar- 
tilli'r\- and large (piantities of provisions and stores of-every 
descripti(jn. 



2S4 NCJJOOT. HT^TOJiY OF THE TXTTED l^TATEf^. 

Lcc ra])i(lly concentrated liis anii\' at Sliarpsl)urQ^, or An- 
tietani, as it is called l)v tlie Federals, where, before a large 
part of his troops got up, he was attacked by McClellan at 
early dawn, the 17th of September, and the fierce combat 
raged all day, until night put an end to it; and, although 
McClellan had 87,000 men and Lee only 35,000 after all his 
troops came up, his army having been depleted bv the fear- 
ful marches of his ragged, barefooted men, the Confederates 
not only held their ground, but considerably advanced their 
lines on a ])art of the field. It was one of the bloodiest bat- 
tles of the war, the Federals losing 12,469 and the Confed- 
erates 8000. General Lee remained in line of battle all dav 
of the i8t]i, "expecting and, indeed, lioping for another at- 
tack," as he himself expressed it, but as the attack was not 
made, and as he had information that McClellan was l)eing 
largely reinforced, he withdrew that night to the south side 
of the Potomac, the movement Ijeing made without molesta- 
tion on the part of the cnem)-, in good order and without 
loss of men or material. 

On the 20th, McClellan attempted to follow, and Svkes's 
division crossed the Potomac at P.oteler's l-'ord, under cover 
of the heavy artillery fire from guns which crowned the 
heights on the north liank and commanded the southern ap- 
proaches; but A. P. Hill fell upon them with his famous 
"Light Division" and literally drove them into the river, 
with fearful slaughter. Then followed a season of rest and 
recu])eration, nnich needed by both armies and only inter- 
ru])ted by a brilliant raid of Jeb Stuart, who crossed the Po- 
tomac above Williamsjjort on October the loth with 1800 
of his troopers, and a second time made the entire circuit of 
McClellan's army, then recrossed the river at White's h^ord 
with his prisoners and captures, having lost only one man 
wounded and two captured. 



2S(; SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE VMTED STATES. 

41. The Battle of Fredericksburg. — McClellan iiad in- 
curred the severest censure of his government and of many of 
the Northern newspapers for not "pressing and crushing 
Lee's beaten army," and after he had finally crossed the river 
east of the mountains, and concentrated his army about War- 
renton, Va., on the night of November the 7th he received 
orders from Washington displacing him from the command 
and putting Gen. A. E. lUirnside at the head of the army. 
While he had obvious faults as a soldier, there can be little 
doubt that McClellan was the ablest and most accomplished 
commander that the Army of the Potomac ever had, unless 
we except General Meade, and that his removal was due to 
partisan, political, rather than to military reasons. 

Burnside changed McClellan's plans, and nioved on Fred- 
ericksburg, only to find the advance of Lee confronting 
him on November 17, and when, after l)ombarding the town 
on the nth of December with 143 guns, ]:)osted on Stafford 
Heights, and meeting a stout resistance from Uarksdale's 
l)rigade of gallant IMississippians, he succeeded in laying his 
pontoons and crt)ssing his arni}-, lie found that Lee had only 
resisted his crossing the Rappahonnock at all in order to 
gain time to concentrate his troojis and form his lines on the 
hills bevond the valley, extending from near the river above 
the town to Hamilton's Crossing below. 

With 113.000 men and 7,62 guns (147 of them posted on 
Stafford Heights so as to sweep the battlefield), Burnside 
attacked Lee, who, with 78,000 men, only 20,000 of whoiu 
were actually- engaged, occupied a strong, natural position. 
A part of the line was strengthened by hastily constructed 
earthworks for the artillery and rifle-pits for the infantry. 
The result was that Burnside received a bloody defeat, both 
at Marvre's Hill, near Fredericksburg, and on Jackson's 
front, near Hamilton's Crossing (liis loss was 12,653. v.-hile 
Lee's loss was but 5322) ; his subordinate generals w ere so 



SCH')VL HISTORY OF THE IMTED STATES. 2S7 

unanimous in opposing- his purpose of renewing the at- 
tack, which Lee expected and eagerl}- waited for, that he 
availed hiniseU' of a tlark and stormy nigin on the 15th, and 
recrossed the river, where his strong works and heavy artil- 
lery rendered liim safe from a counter-attack by Lee. 

Two incidenls which illumined the battle of I'^redericks- 
burg may be given. John I'elham. "the l)oy artillerist" of 
Stuart's Horse Artillery, with one gun, took position in the 
plain below Hamilton's Crossing, enfiladed the b"ederal line 
with such effect as to halt l^-anklin's advance on Jackson for 
an liour, and held his position with such her(~>ic i)ersistencv 
as to extort from (ieneral Lee the conmiendation, "It is glo- 
rious to see such courage in one so voung." 

The cries of the bT^deral wounded between the lines in 
front (Tf Maryre's Mill so excited the s\inpatliies d' ivicliard 
l\irkland, a sergeant in the Second South Carolina Regi- 
ment, that he obtained ])ermission from his general, Ker- 
shaw, and at the imminent risk of his life, carried water to 
the famishing enemy and did everything else in his ])ower to 
help tl.em. He was afterwards killed, while bravelv tloing 
his dut\" at the battle of Chickamauga, but he cleser\-es to be 
known in liistory as "///c Inniunic hero of I' roih:ricl:shm\i:;.'^ 

Thus closed the campaign of 1862 in A'irginia, except that 
on the .:6th of Deceml)er the able and indefatigable Stuart 
look 1800 of his troopers, under Hampton and the Lees, and 
made a most successful raid to the eneiuy's rear, making 
large captures, sending a telegram to the Federal (juarter- 
master-general, complaining of the bad (|uality of the mules 
lie furnished Burnside, and making a circuit through Lou- 
doun and Fauf(uier counties before returning to Culpeper. 

42. Military Movements in Kentucky. — After the battle 
of Shiloh the Federal ai-m\' was heavib rt^'ii forced. Halleck 
assumed connnand. and. with an innnense arm\, began a 
series of slow advances against Beauregard at Corinth. 



2cSS .SCHOOL nhSTORY OF TH H IXITED STATE >S. 

Beauregard destroyed everything of value and withdrew be- 
fore the superior force. Halleck entered and took posses- 
sion of Corinth on the 30th of May, as he might have done 
weeks before. Beauregard estabhshed hiniseh' at Tupelo, 
fifty miles south, of Corinth. By the opening of September, 
General Bragg, who had succeeded Beauregard, he being 
on sick furlough, had an army of 60,000 men; Kirby Smith's 
corps was at Knoxville, while the troops of Hardee and Polk 
were with Bragg at Chattanooga. All were ordered to 
march through Kentucky to Louisville, threatening Cincin- 
nati on the way. 

Kirby Smith marched the greater part of the distance 
across Kentuck}- and won a handsome victory at Richmond. 
Cincinnati was thrown into consternation. While hurried 
])reparations were making to repel the attack, Smith turned 
off and joined Bragg at Frankfort. The Federal general. 
Buell, near Xashville, saw the danger of Louisville, and 
started in great haste for the cit\'. It became a race between 
the two armies for Louisville. The result was doubtful for 
a time, but a burning bridge over Salt river at lUirdstown 
delayed Bragg long enough to allow Buell to win the race 
and save the city. Buell entered Louisville September 25, 
and reinforcements soon swelled his army to 100,000 men. 

Although P)ragg- failed to secure Louisville, he gained an 
innnense amount of supplies. Northern Kentucky abounded 
w ith beeves, mules and hogs. When through with foraging, 
r>ragg had a wagon train forty miles long. On his retreat 
through the Cumberland nior.ntains into Tennessee he was 
])ursued by Buell with his ^\!■l(Jk' arm_\'. Bragg turned and 
attacked his advance at Perryville, where a severe battle was 
fought. Buell was surprised and defeated. Night saved 
him for a time, and, during the darkness, his straggling 
forces came up, so that the two armies were about equal. 
P)Ueirs management of the campaign was unsatisfactory to 



SCHOOL HTfiTORT OF THE rXTTED f^TATES!. 2S0 

the authorities, and. on the 30th of October, he was super- 
seded l)y Rosecrans. Meanwhile, Bragg gained a safe ref- 
uge in Tennessee. 

43. Military Movements in Mississippi. — (ieneral 
Sliernian was in connnand at Memphis, and Rosecrans was 
at Corinth, under orders to check the Confederate army of 
the Mississi|)i)i if it attem])ted to cross tlie Tennessee and 
attack Buell. The Confederate (ieneral Price, at Tuka. was 
attacked by Rosecrans and forced out (September K)). Be- 
ing joined by \'an Dorn and Lovell, Price drove in the pick- 
ets of Rosecrans, October 2, and the next day assailed the 
Federals with great impetuosity at Corinth, driving them 
from their position. During the night, Rosecrans made a 
skillful disposition of his forces. Nothing could exceed the 
heroism shown by the Confederates in making their attack 
the next dav. nor the bravery of the Federals in repelling it. 
The latter held their ground, and, after dreadful losses on 
both sides, the military situation remained as it was before 
the l)attle. 

44. Battle of Stone River or Murfreesboro. — On the 
last day of the }ear one of the great battles of the war ()])ened 
in Tennessee. Rosecrans had posted part of his army 
at Nashville and the rest along the line of the Cumberland 
river. On the 26th of December he advanced against the 
Confederate army at Murfreesboro. Considerable fighting 
took place on the 30th, and (icneral Polk's pickets were 
driven in.' At night the camp fires of the two armies were 
within sight of each other. 

Rosecrans's ])lan of attack was to mass his forces on his left 
in sufftcientlv strong numbers to crush the Confederate right 
before helj) could reach it from the west side of Stone river, 
portions of both armies being on l)oth sides of that stream. 
Bv a curious coincidence, Bragg formed precisely the same 




Gov. F. R. Lubbock. 

Goii. Stoi)hon D. Leo. 



Gen. W. L. Cabell. 



Gen. S. B. Buckner. 

(iou. F. T- Ni'jUols, 



SCHOOL nii-^TORY OF THE UNITED STATES. l.»<»l 

plan of attack, and was the first to move. Because of this 
the Federals were stirprised. They fought desperately, but 
the right wing was forced from the field, and the Confeder- 
ates held possession of most of the ground that had been oc- 
cupied by their enemies. 

There was no fighting of moment the following day, but 
on the afternoon of January 2 the battle was renewed, when 
the Confederates attacked the h^deral division that had l^ecn 
sent across the river. It recoiled before the assault, but, 
liaving been heavily reinforced, drove the Confederates in 
turn. A general advance was ordered socjn afterwards by 
Rosecrans, and Bragg withdrew before the furious attack. 
As is frequently the case, a violent storm set in after the bat- 
tle had raged for some time, and nothing was done the fol- 
lowing day. To retain Tennessee, Bragg saw it was neces- 
sary to abandon Alurfreesboro. This was done, and a new 
position taken about fifty miles to the south. 

45. Sioux War — Under the leadership of Little Crow 
and oth.er chiefs the Sioux (Soo) Indians resented the failure 
of the Federal (iovernment to pay them money which was 
their due, and began hostilities which resulted in the mas- 
sacre of over 700 and the driving of thousands from their 
homes in ]\Iinnesota, Iowa and Dakota. The Federal Colo- 
nel Sibley made a campaign, which routed the Indians. He 
took 500 prisoners and hung thirty-nine on one scaffold at 
Mankato, Minn. 

46. War in New flexico — The Confederate General 
Sil)ley raised a l)rigade in Texas, marched into Xew ^Mexico 
and gained victories over the h^ederals at X'alverde, Fel)ru- 
ary 21, Glorietta, March 2/ and Feratta, April 27,. 1862. But 
as it would have recpiired a nnich larger force than he could 
conunand to hold the countrv permanentlv, Si1)le\- returned 
to take part in more important movements. 



25)2 F!CHOOL HISTORT OF THE UNITED STATES!. 

Questions. — 19. What is said of the second year of the war? 
What of the South? What of the North? 

20. Show wliat liad to be done in order to conquer the South. 

ji. Describe the battle of Mill Spring. What was the result of 
this Confederate defeat? What of Albert Sidney Johnston? 

22. Describe the fall of Fort Henry. 

23. Of Fort Donelson. What is said of these Federal successes? 

24. Describe the new line of defense established by General John- 
ston. 

25. What was the result of the Confederate Presidential election? 
What of their inauguration? 

26. Give a description of the battle of Pea Ridge. 

27. What have you to say about Burnside's naval and military 
expedition? 

28. What Federal successes were gained on the coast? 

29. What movements were made by the Federals after the capture 
of Fort Donelson? What decision was made by General Johnston? 
Tell what he did. Give an account of his death. Describe the 
battle of Shiloh. or Pittsburg Landing. Estimate of Sidney John- 
ston. 

30. What other Confederate reverses followed? 

31. What was the crowning Confederate disaster of the year? 
What were the defenses of New Orleans? What was done by Ad- 
miral Farragut? Describe the fall of New Orleans. 

32. What is the history of the Vii'gima, or 3Tei'i'i7>iac? Tell what 
was done by her. March 8. Give a history of the Monitor^ De- 
-scribe the battle between these two ironclads. Subsequent history 
of both. 

^2,. McClellan's numbers and movements. Johnston's. Siege of 
Yorktown, and retreat of Johnston. Williamsburg. 

34. Fight at Drewry's Blufif. 

35. Seven Pines and Fair Oaks. Change of commanders, and 
why. 

36. Jackson's Valley campaign. Kernstown. McDowell. Front 
Royal. Winchester. Cross Keys. Port Republic. Summary of the 
campaign. 

2,7. Describe Stuart's ride around McClellan. 

38. Relative numbers and position of the two armies. Lee's 
plans. Names, dates and results of the battles fought. Malvern 
Hill. Results of these battles. 



srirooL fiixTORY of the j'\jti:d staths. 2!»;i 

39. General Jolm Pope, his orders and his plans. Jackson's move- 
ments, and the battle of Cedar Run. Lee's plans and movements. 
Second JManassas. Results. 

40. The Maryland campaign. Harper's Ferry. Sharpsburg (or 
Antietam). Boteler's Ford. Stuart's Raid. 

41. McClellan's removal. Fredericksburg. Incidents. Stuart's 
Raid. 

42. Movements in Kentucky. Kirby Smith and the battle of Rich- 
mond. Bragg and Buell. Perryville. 

43. .Military operations in Mississippi. 

44. Battle of Stone River, or Murfreesboro. 

45. Sioux War. 

46. New Mexico. 



CHAPTER XXIX. 

THIRD YEAR OF THE WAR, 1863. 

47. President Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation. 

— Under the plea uf "niilitarv necessity," President Lincoln 
declared tliat his emancipation proclamation, issued dtiring 
the previotts September, should be operative on the 1st of 
januar\-, 1863. This momentoits edict set free, in theory, 
4,000,000 slaves amono- the States striving for their inde- 
])en(lence. It could produce no immediate effect, but the 
end of the step was the abolition forever of slavery in North 
America. 

Air. Lincoln had said in his inatigural address that he had 
no right to interfere with slavery in the States, and no dis- 
position to do so if he liad the right. His proclamation was 
clearly unconstitutional, his plea of military necessity a shal- 
low pretext. The final consummation of the edict, by a 
triuni])!! of force over justice and right, was as bold a piece of 
wholesale robbery as ever the conqueror inflicted upon the 
conquered. 



21(4 fiCH(U)L UIXrORY OF THE r\ITED ,'^TATEt^. 

48. Confederate Success at Galveston — On the first 
(lay of the year a notable success was gained by the Confed- 
erates at Galveston, Texas. This port had been sealed, like 
all others in the South, by the blockade. General Alagru- 
der collected artillery at Houston, and occupied the works 
erected opposite the island on which Galveston stands. Two 
steam packets were converted into gunboats, that were made 
shot-proof by cotton bales. They were manned by Texan 
cavalry and accompanied by tenders of yachts crowded with 
volunteers. Thev quickly moved up and engaged the Fed- 
eral steamer Harriet Lane, one of the blockading fleet. One 
gunboat was driven off, but the other ran alongside, and, 
imder a brisk fire of rifles, the Texans leaped aboard of the 

Federal steamer, whose captain was killed, with most of her 
crew. The flag-shij) IVestfield tried to help the Harriet 
Lane, l)ut was blown up to prevent capture by her com- 
mander, w ho perislied, with some of his crew. Meanwhile, 
the Confederate land troops took possession of the town, 
when the Federals, being without artillery, surrendered. 
The blockade was raised and the Confederacy retained pos- 
session of Galveston to the close of the war. 

49. Fall of Vicksburg and Port Hudson The Con- 
federates held the Mississippi closed at Vicksburg, to which 
General Grant now gave attention. He tried various expe- 
riments, without success, and accompanied with great loss of 
life. When he marched a powerful force into Mississippi, 
he was defeated by General Van Dorn at Holly Springs and 
compelled to withdraw. At Chickasaw Bayou, Sherman 
suffered a severe defeat at the hands of Gen. S. D. Lee, one 
of the ablest generals of the war, who inflicted heavy loss 
upon the Federals. Then an attempt was made to change 
the course of the river by opening a channel between two 
abrupt bends on the west side of the river. Had this suc- 
ceeded, Vicksburg would have been made an inland city, 



HCHOOh lU STORY OF Till: JMTF.n STATES. 29.". 

but the I'athcr of Waters was obdurate aiul would not yield 
to such treatment. 

April i6, the Federal fleet ran up the river under a tremen- 
dous fire from the l)atteries, while Grant, with a powerful 
land force, passed down the west side and then crossed to the 
east side and moved northward, lie now' had General j. E. 
Johnston behind him at Jackson, while General PembertiMi, 
with his strong garrison, was in front. Grant's overwhelm- 
ing num])ers and prompt movements enabled him to defeat 
Pemberton at Port Ciibson, Alay i, and then advance rapidly 
to Jackson, where Johnston was forced back, AIa\' 14, as he 
was hastening to the relief of Peml)erton. Two days later 
Pemberton was forced from his position at Champion Hills, 
tlien defeated at Pig lUack river, and finally went into the 
works of X'icksburg, although h.e had been ordered b}- John- 
ston not t(j allow his army to be shut up tliere. 

Alay 19, two desperate assaults were made h\ the Federals 
upon tlie works, but l)Oth were repelled and a regular siege 
began. This siege was pushed with remorseless vigor, and 
the place defended with the utmost heroism. There was 
mining and ccjunter-mining. Tlie sight of a head above the 
works brotight a converging storm of btillets. Every i)art 
of the city was reached by the Federal shells, and the inhab- 
itants burrowed and lived underground most of the time to 
avoid the tempest of death. At the end of forty-seven days 
the defenders were on the verge of starvation, and their situ- 
ation being hopeless, (General Pemberton surrendered July 4. 

General Banks had tried in vain to capture Port Hudson 
while the siege of X'icksbnrg was in progress. Now that the 
most important post had fallen. Port Hudson became un- 
tenable, and surrendered July the 8th. Thus, at last, the 
Mississippi was opened froiii its source to the Gulf and the 
Confederacv was cut in twain. 



:^rH()OL HT^TORT OF TJIK VMTF.D STATES. 297 

50. Battle of Chickamauga. — Rosecrans remained 
idle after llie battle of Stone River, until June, and iiragg 
withdrew into CJeorgia. Rosecrans was pursuing Bragg, 
when the latter, having been reinforced, turned upon him 
with such suddenness that the b'ederal army narrowly es- 
ca]:)ed destruction. The scattered troops were hurriedly 
brought together, and the two armies came in collision at 
L'hickamauga, where was fought one of the l)loodiest l)at- 
tles of the war. 

At the end of the first day (Se])teml)er 19) the result was 
indecisive, but disaster came to the b'ederals on the second 
(law The left wing was hard pressed and the movement of 
the troops to its hel]) caused a gap in the l*\'deral lines. 
Quick to see the opening, Longstreet charged through it, 
forcing apart the Federal right and centre. Sheridan fought 
desperately. l)ut was swe])t back, as was Rosecrans himself, 
l)y the tumultuous flight of the defeated Federals. The only 
troops to hold their ground were those of General George 
H. Thomas on the left. If he yielded the whole Federal army 
would be routed. He stood firmly against the rei:)eated 
charges, and well won the title of the "Rock of Chicka- 
mauga," which remained with him through life. 

The battle was an unriuestioned Confederate victory, and, 
under cover of darkness, Rosecrans withdrew to Chatta- 
nooga. There the Federal arniv was shut up in the intrench- 
ments by TJragg, who occu]Med the surrounding hills and 
shut off all commtmication. Thus the Union troops were 
tln-eatened with starvation. 

51. Battle of Chattanooga. — The situation of Rosecrans 
was alarming, fi^r, unless the siege of Chattanooga was 
raised, he and his armv would l)e starved into submission. 
Grant lost no time in going to the help of the endangered 
forces. Hooker and two corps of the Army of the Potomac 
were brought by rail to Chattanooga, while a large part of 



298 SCHOOL HlsrOKY OF THE UXTTED STATES. 

the troops that had captured X'icksburg were hurried to the 
same point. This gave the Federals overwhehiiingly supe- 
rior forces, though the position of Bragg was the stronger. 
Unaware of the formidable preparations on the part of 
the Federal forces, Bragg detached Longstreet's command 
and sent it against Knoxville. Grant determined to strike 
Bragg l)efore Longstreet could get back. Accordingly, 
Hooker and his division climbed the steep side of Lookout 
mountain, and, brushing away the weak opposition, took 
possession. This was the famed "battle above the clouds" 
of which so much has been made, though it is hardly worthy 
the name of a battle. 

52. Capture of Missionary Ridge. — The capture of 
Missionary Ridge was a far more creditable exploit to the 
Federals. It was on November 25 that Sherman attacked 
at the northern end of Missionary Ridge, while Hooker as- 
saulted at the southern end. Thus Bragg, in order to de- 
fend the endangered points, was compelled to weaken his 
centre. Grant saw his opportunity, and launched Thomas 
and his veterans against it. They swept everything before 
them, and instead of halting after capturing the rifle-pits, as 
they had been ordered to do, they dashed up the mountain 
slope in a whirlwind of enthusiasm, never pausing until at 
the summit, where they planted their standards. The Con- 
federates retreated before one of the most brilliant Federal 
achievements of the war. 

53. The -Siege of Knoxville Raised — It will be re- 
meml^ered that Bragg had sent Longstreet against Knox- 
ville, which city was invested by the Confederate com- 
mander. His soldiers were ragged, starving and without 
tents, but Burnside was shut up in the city, with the prospect 
of starvation before him. Such would have been the inevit- 
able end had not Grant, a hundred miles away at Chatta- 
nooga, sent a column to the relief of Burnside. Before this 



SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UXITED STATES. 290 

formidable advance, Longstreet, after a Ijloody repulse in 
his assault on Fort Saunders, retired towards Virginia. 
Joseph E. Johnston superseded Bragg at Dalton, Ga. 

54. The Battle of Chancellorsville Alter his disas- 
trous defeat at Fredericksburg, General Burnside recuper- 
ated his army in his safe position on the north side of the 
Rappahannock, and being very anxious to redeem himself, 
as. well as to serve his cause, he planned and attempted an- 
other attack January 19, 1863, but the roads were so horrible 
that the artillery and wagons literally stuck in the mud, and 
before a single man could cross the river the orders for the 
advance had to be countermanded, the effort ingloriouslv 
failed, and ])asse(l into the annals of the Army of the Poto- 
mac as "the nuid march." 

Chagrined and disappointed, and stung by the criticisms 
of some of his general of^cers, Burnside asked that these 
men be transferred to other fields, or that his own resigna- 
tion be accepted. The President promptly accepted his res- 
ignation, and appointed General Joseph Hooker ("F/'o-/;f/;;o- 
/(>('," as he was affectionately called by his soldiers) to suc- 
ceed him. General Hooker went diligently to work, and 
had so increased the numbers, discipline, equipment and 
ct^cicnc} of his command that, with pardonable pride, he 
pronounced it "tlie finest army on the planet." The field 
returns show that his army numbered 138,378 present on 
April the 30th, while Lee had 53.303. 

.■\s a preliminary to his movement. Hooker sent 3000 cav- 
alrw under Averill, across the river at Beverly's Ford, near 
Cul])eper, to drive ofif the brigade of General Fitz Lee, whicli 
could only put 800 troopers in the saddle that morning. But 
under their gallant and skillful leader this little force not only 
successfully resisted Averill, but drove him back across the 
river with heavy loss. It was, however, a dearly-bought 
victorv for the Confederates, inasumch as "the gallant Pel- 



300 SCIKJOL HlXTOh'Y OF THE rXITED STATES. 

ham" — "the boy artillerist" — who comniaiuled Stuart's 
Horse Artillery, and was the pride and idol of the whole 
army, was killed leading a cavalry charge. 

Hooker's plan was admirably conceived, and at first well 
executed. Sending Stoneman, with 10,000 cavalry, to Lee's 
rear to break his communications with Richmond, he sent 
Sedgwick across the river at Fredericksburg, on the night 
of April 26, with 52,401 men, while he himself crossed on the 
night of the 28th and morning of the 29th at the upper fords, 
and moved out on Lee's flank with 73,124 men, it being de- 
signed that Sedgwick should hold Lee at Fredericksburg, 
while Hooker completed his move to Lee's flank and rear. 

General Hooker concentrated his wing of the armv at 
Chancellorsville, and issued a congratulatory order, in whicli 
he said that after the complete success of his movement the 
enemy would now be compelled "to ingloriously fly, or come 
out from behind his defenses, and give us l)attle on our own 
ground, where certain destruction awaits him." 

But he did not know the genius, or the l)oldness, of the 
Confederate chief. Leaving Early with his own division 
and Barkdale's Mississippi brigade to watch and check 
Sedgwick, Lee, with the rest of his army, moved on Hooker 
at Chancellorsville, and, finding him entrenched too 
strongly to be attacked in front or on his left, he sent Stone- 
wall Jackson around his right flank. Hooker, in the mean- 
time, had ordered up Reynolds's corps from Falmouth, and 
when that reached him on the morning of the 3d lie had in 
his very strong position, heavily entrenched, 92.710 men. 
while Lee had 14,000 in Hooker's front and less than 30,000 
m Jackson's flanking column. 

It is useless to speculate as to what might have l:)een had 
Hooker, with the genius and boldness of Napoleon at Aus- 
terlitz, attacked and crushed Lee's 14.000. and then turned 
on Jackson; but what did occur was that Jackson made his 



SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE L'XITED STATES. 301 

(k'luur of lillccn miles so rapidly and so secretl}- that when, 
at 4.10 J'. M., May 2, Hooker dispatched Sedgwick, "We 
know the enemy is flying, trying to save his trains," Jackson, 
gnided by Fitz Lee, who had guarded the marching ct^luinn, 
was forming his line of battle on Hooker's right and rear, 
and about to burst like a cyclone upon Howard's cor])s. 
Howard was routed completely, his men fleeing in wild 
panic, and Jackson was moving to cut off Hooker from the 
L'nited States ford, his only line of retreat, with a view of 
surrounding and capturing his whole armv, when, returning 
from one of those bold reconnoissances which he was ac- 
customed to make, his party was mistaken for the enemy, 
and fired upon by his own men, several being instantly killed 
and the great chief receiving three severe wounds. 

The confusion which ensued from Jackson's fall, and the 
wounding of A. P. Hill, the next in connnand, delayed anv 
further advance of the Confederates that night, and Hooker 
worked until morning with axe and spade to strengthen his 
position. 

JUit the next morning General Lee said, on hearing of 
Jackson's jilans, "These people shall be pressed today," and J. 
E. P). Stuart, who had l)een put in connnand of lackson's 
corps after Hill was disabled, gave the ringing order, 
"Charge and reiiieinber Jaeksoii," and finally leading the 
charge in person, while his voice could be heard above the 
din of the battle, singing in clear notes, 

"Old Joe Hooker, won't you come out of the wilderness?" 
he swept everything before him. Au eye-witness says that 
he "could not get rid of the im])ression that Harry of Na- 
varre led the charge, except that Stuart's plume was black, 
for everywhere the men followed his feather." 

Lee moved forward his lines at the same time, and b}- 10 
o'clock on the morning of May the 3d the position at Chan- 
cellorsville had been won, the two wings of Lee's army re- 



302 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UMTEJ> STATES. 

united, and Hooker driven to another line nearer the river. 
Lee was arranging to attack again when he received news 
that Sedgwick had defeated the small force in his front at 
Fredericksburg and was rapidly advancing on his rear. 

Leaving Stuart with Jackson's corps to watch Hooker, 
Lee, with Anderson's, McLaws's and Early's divisions, 
moved on Sedgwick, routed and drove him across the river, 
and returned on the evening of the 5th, with the purpose of 
linishing Hooker the next morning. But Hooker wiselv 
availed himself of the fearful storm that night, and, under its 
cover, fled across the river. 

Lee's loss in the Chancellorsville campaign aggregated 
10,281, Hooker's 17,197. Lee captured 5000 prisoners, be- 
sides the wounded, seventeen stand of colors, 19,500 small- 
arms and a large amount of ammunition. 

But the Confederacy sustained an irreparable loss in the 
death of Stoiiczi.'all Jackson, which occurred on the loth of 
May from an attack of pneumonia, whicli, in his enfeel)led 
condition, he could not resist. Jackson was unquestionablv 
one of the greatest military geniuses and, at the same time, 
one of the humblest, most devout Christians who ever fig- 
ured in tlie world's history. Born in Clarksburg, Va., Janu- 
ary 24, 1824. he was not long afterwards left a penniless or- 
phan boy, and soon developed traits of self-reliance, energy 
and courage. Entering West Point Military Academy, 
July, 1842, very poorly prepared, he steadily advanced in his 
class, and graduated June 30, 1846. 15eing made second 
lieutenant of artillery. United States army, he at once entered 
the Mexican war, where he greatlv distinguished himself, 
being repeatedly promoted, until he became "brevet-major" 
for "gallantry and skill on the field." Soon after the close of 
the Mexican war, he resigned his commission in the army to 
accept a professorship at the Virginia Military Institute. Lex- 
ington, \'a. He had made a profession of faith in Christ 



HCHOOL HISTORY OF Till: VXirfJI) STATES. 303 

while in Mexico, aiul. on the 22d of November, 1851, he 
united with the Presbyterian Church in Lexington. At 
West I'oint he had adopted as his motto. "]'oii may be zcliat- 
cvcr you rcsoli'c to be.'' He now added this: "/ can do all 
things through Christ ichich strcngtiu-ncth ///r." These mot- 
toes were the secret and mainspring of his brilhant career. 

He hved in Lexington the hfe of a quiet professor, earn- 
estly trying to do his duty, and of an humble, devout, active. 
Christian, meeting every obligation as a deacon in his church 
and superintendent of a negro Sunday-school which he had 
organized. lUit he crowded into the two years he served in 
llie Confederate army deeds which b.ave filled two continents 
with his fame. His history for these two years ma\- not be 
detailed here, as it would be the history of the Army of 
Northern X'irginia. 

Lee wrote him, when he heard of his wound: "Could I 
have dictated events 1 should have chosen for the good of 
the country to have been disal^led in your stead." 

Jackson bore liis sufferings and met his death with the 
calm resignation of the Christian hero that he was. and his 
last words were: "Let us cross over the river and rest under the 
shade of the trees." His loss was widely lamented, and Eng- 
lish admirers presented to \'irginia a fine Ijronze statue of 
him, which now stands in the Capitol Square, Richmond; 
his friends have jilaced over his grave in Lexington \'alen- 
tine's sui)erl) bronze statue; there is being erected at the \'ir- 
ginia Military Institute in his honor the ''Jackson Memorial 
1 1 all" and there are many wiio believe that had Jackson lived 
the independence of the Confederacy would have been es- 
tablished. Certain it is that Lee said, not long before his 
own death: '7/- / had had Stoue:^'all Jackson at Gettysburg I 
should lun'C i<'ou a great -riclory, and a decided victory there 
7i'ould ha-re established the indef^ciulence of the CoJifederaey." 

Let our vouth read the Life of Stonewall Jackson by Dr. 



304 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UXITED STATES. 

R. L. Dabney, and the Memoir by his wife, that they may see 
what a man he was, and learn to imitate his noble character 
and pure life. 

55. The Gettysburg Campaign and Battle — The 

position which Hooker held on Stafford Heights, north of 
the Rappahannock, was natnrally a very strong one, and as 
it had been strengthened by engin.eering skill and ample 
material, it was not practicable for Lee to assail him there, 
and so he could remain secure as long as he desired, rein- 
forcing, recuperating and e()ui])])ing his army until ready 
for another "( )n to Richmond." 

Lee determined, therefore, to manoeuvre Hooker from his 
position, transfer the war across the Potomac, draw his ra- 
tions from the granaries, barns and smokehouses of Penn- 
sylvania, and, if opportunity offered, strike a blow that would 
give him Washington, Baltimore and Philadelphia. 

On the (jth of June, Pleasanton, supported by infantry, 
attacked Stuart's cavalry at Fleetwood, below Culpeper, and 
there followed one of the severest cavalry fights of tlie war 
from early morning to late afternoon, when Pleasanton was 
driven across the river with heavy loss in killed and 
wounded, leaving in Stuart's hands about 500 prisoners, 
three pieces of artillery and several colors. 

Having divided his army into three corps under Long- 
street, Ewell and A. P. Hill, Lee left Hill at Fredericksburg 
to watch Hooker, and moved Ewell rapidly on to Winches- 
ter, wliere, on the 14th of June, he routed Milroy and cap- 
tured 4000 prisoners, twenty-eight pieces of artillery, about 
400 wagons, a large number of nuiles and horses and im- 
mense quantities of small-arms, ordnance, commissary, 
((uartcrmastcr and medical stores. Ewell ]:)romptly crossed 
the Potomac, nnd Hooker, having moved also, Lc^ngstreet 
and A. P. Hill followed. Ewell's corps pushed forward until 



SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 305 

lis cuhance reached \\)i"k and \\'rif;"htsville, and threatened 
Harrisbiirg', the capital of Pennsylvania. 

Hooker asked to be relieved of command, because Gen- 
eral llalleck, the commander-in-chief, interfered with the 
management of his army, and as the authorities at Wash- 
ington were not indisposed to get rid of him, they promptly 
complied with his recjuest, and assigned to take his place 
Ln'nrral Ccorgc Gordon Afradc, who was the fifth commander 
of the Army of the Potomac. This brave and accomplished 
officer hurried forward his army to concentrate against Lee, 
wlui, liis cavalry under Stuart l:)eing absent on a very suc- 
cessful raid between Meade's ami}- and Washington, was 
not aware for some days of the movements of his enemy. 

On tlie morning of July i. General Heth, of A. P. Hill's 
ctjrjis, mo\'e(l his division towards Gettvsbiu"g to ]~)rocure 
slu)es for the many barefooted men of his conunand, and 
was met first by Buford's cavalry division and then by Rey- 
nolds's corps of infantry, and the great battle opened with- 
out any i)urpose on the part of either commander to fight on 
that ground. Heth was reinforced by Pender's division of 
Hill's corps, and later by Rodes's and Early's divisions of 
Ewcll's cor|)S, while Reynolds was reinforced liy the lltli 
corps, under How'ard, and for six hours the battle raged 
fiercely, the Confederates having 26,000 men engaged and 
the Federals 22,982. The result was that the Federals were 
routed and driven through the streets of Gettysburg and 
over the heights beyond, losing over 5000 prisoners, includ- 
ing two general officers, exclusive of their wounded and 
three pieces of artillery. Their loss in killed anil wounded 
was very heavy, among the former their able and cluvalric 
commander. General Reynolds, whom the general officers 
of the Army of the Potomac preferred for conuuander. 

General Lee reached the field at 2.30 P. M. and (M-dered 
General Ewell to press forward and occupy the heights; but 



306 KCHOOL HlSTOin' OF THE UNITED STATES. 

as Ewell was beg:iiining to execute the order he was hahed 
by a report, which ])roved false, that the enemy was moving 
on his rear. 

General Aleade concentrated on Cemetery Ridge that 
night, but his troops did not all reach that point until the 
next afternoon, and if General Lee's orders for an early at- 
tack the next morning had been obeyed victory would have 
again perched upon his banners. But the attack was not 
made until 4.30 P. M., after Meade's troops were up and 
rested. Longstreet made a super):) fight and gained some 
advantages, but failed in the main object of the attack. 
Ewell captured a portion of the works in his front. 

The object to be attained — the crushing of Aleade's army 
and the opening of the roads to Washington and Baltimore 
— were so important, and Lee had such confidence in his 
splendid army (the heroes of the Seven Days around Rich- 
mond, Second Manassas, Sharpsburg, Fredericksburg and 
Chancellorsvillc) that he determined to attack again on the 
early morning of the 3d with his whole armv. But tliere 
was another delay; the Confederate artillerv did not open 
until I P. M., tlie charge was not made until 3.30 P. AL, and 
instead of being a concerted attack of Lee's whole army it 
was made by Pickett's division of three brigades, Heth's 
division under Pettigrew, and two brigades of Bender's di- 
\ision under Triml)lc, mmibering in all scarcely 14.000 men 
in the assaulting forces. 

This charge, for heroic daring, splendid dash and stern 
endurance, has few ecjuals and no superior in history. For 
1300 or 1400 yards, nearly every foot under a concentrated 
and converging fire of artillery, tliese heroes in gray marched 
with steady lines to attack an arm)- of nearly 100,000 men, 
in a strong position, heavily fortified. 

Pickett's A'irginians captured the outer works and turned' 
the guns on the enemy; the other brave troops did their duty, 



SCHOOL HISTORY OF Till'] VMTKD STATES. 307 

but tlic) were not supi)ortcd; the rest of the army looked on, 
;i(hnire(l and wondered, and the Confederates were driven 
hack by the overwhehiiing numbers concentrated against 
them. 

Their loss was fearfid; of Pickett's three brigadiers, Gar- 
nett and Armistead were killed and Kemper terribly 
wounded, while many others of the bravest and best of the 
division and of Heth's division and the two brigades of Pen- 
der were killed, wounded or taken prisoners. 

Witnessing the failure of the attack from his position in 
the centre of the army, Lee galloped to the front and was 
soon moving among his shattered battalions as they re- 
coiled from their brave endeavor, and restoring order by the 
magic influence of his presence and kindly words. While 
he knew, ami the calm verdict of the historian must be, that 
the failure had been due to failure to carry out his orders, yet, 
with a self-abnegation which rises to tlie sublime, he calmly 
said: "This is all my fault. I hai'c lost this battle, and you must 
help iiu' out of it the best Zi'ay you ca/;." 

Lee had at (icttysburg, of all arms. 60.000 men; Meade, 
105,000. Lee's total loss in killed, wounded and missing 
was 20,451: Meade's total loss was 23.003. In Meade's 
army, four general officers — Reynolds. Mncent, Weed and 
Zook — were killed, and thirteen — Hancock, Sickles, Gib- 
bon, Warren, Rutterficld. IJarlow, Doubleday. Paul, Brook. 
I'arnes, Welib, Stanard and Graham — were wounded; in 
Lee's armv, five general officers — Pender, Garnett, Armis- 
tead, Barksdale and Semmes — were killed, and nine — Hood. 
Hampton, Heth, J. M. Jones, G. T. Anderson, Kemper, 
Scales and Jenkins — were wounded. These losses tell the 
story of the terrific fighting of those three days in July. Lee 
remained in line of battle all day, July the 4th, inviting an 
attack from Meade, but that night he moved back to the Po- 
tomac, where ^Meade did not venture to follow him until, six 



.ms SCHOOI. HISTORY OF THE HMTED STATES. 

cla}s afterwards. Leo's pontoons had been destroyed, the 
rains had rendered the river past fording, and he was tliere 
in hne of battle awaiting the attack of Meade, which 1 lalleck 
and I 'resident Lincohi were nrging and for which the North.- 
ern newspapers were chunoring. Ihil Meade was too good 
a soUher to \ield to tins ])ressnre; and on the i^^th of jnl\', 
the waters ha\ing snl)side(h Lee crossed the I'otoniac witli- 
ont serious molestation or loss. 

Early in Angnst, Lee held the line of the Ra])idan in ( )r- 
ange county, \'irginia, and Meade was in ("nlpe])er, and the 
two armies occupied these positions niUil tlie next s))ring, 
exce])t that in ( )ctober Lee adxanced and forced Meade back 
to the fortifications in front of W ashinglon. and lln' latter 
part of Xoveniber Meade crossed the l\ai)i(lan to attack Lee, 
but finding him strongh' posted at Mine Run, fell back in 
the night and thus avoidc*! the attack which Lee had decided 
to make on him earlv the next morning. 

56. Religious Interest In Lee's Army. — \\ hile Lee's 
arniv was resting along the line of the Ra])idan, there began 
a series of revix'als which swei)t through the army, until 
well-nigh e\'t'ry cam]) was \-ocal with ( iod's praises. There 
had been Irom the beginning a decided religi(Mis interest in 
the army; the large number of earnest Christians among 
leading officers, such as 1\. \']. Lee, Stonewall h'lckson, I. h". 
I'). Stuart, I'.well (who ])rofessed conversion during the "'in- 
ler of 1862), W. X. Pendleton, T. R. C'obb, Tender, Scales. 
("ol(|uitt, j. R>. ( "lordon and ;i munber of others; tlie ver\- 
large element of juous men among the rank and tile; the 
faithful labors of cha])lains and missionaries; the distril)u- 
lion of l'.il)les and religious books and tracts; the earnest ap- 
peals and praxers of friends at home — all had their effect, 
and after the first ?\lar\lan(l c;nu]>aign, and while in winter 
([uarters near h'^redericksburg, there were revivals of vlce]> 
interest and pleasing residts. 




" C()MMANDr,«^- 
CONFEDEUATK CUiMM ANDERS. 



.'?10 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE IXITED STATES. 

But soon after the army went into camp along the Rapidan 
in August, 1863, there began a revival which reached nearly 
every regiment, and did not cease until the surrender at 
Appomattox. As one result of this, over 15,000 of Lee's 
soldiers professed faith in Christ and enlisted under the ban- 
ner of the cross. 

There were similar revivals in the other armies of the Con- 
tederacy, in the hospitals and in the Northern prisons, and it 
is confidently believed that in no armies in the world's his- 
tory has there been so much of evangelical religion, genuine 
piety or active efTort for the salvation of others. 

57. West Virginia Admitted — During this year West 
Virginia, which had been formed by dividing the old State, 
without the shadow of law, justice or right, save that of the 
sword, was admitted into the Union as a new State. Con- 
sidering the fact that old A'irginia had given to the Union, 
without asking compensation, the Northwest Territory, out 
of which five States had been carved, and on the condition 
that her territory should not again be abridged without her 
consent, this partition of her territory was all the more rep- 
rehensible, and can be justified on no ground save the ])lea 
of despotism that "Might makes rights 

58. Raids — Several notable "Raids" occurred this year, 
among them that of Colonel Streight and a picked body of 
F'ederal cavalry, who were pursued by Forrest, "the wizard 
of the saddle," with an inferior force, and captured on the 
border of Alabama and Georgia. General John H. Morgan 
made a raid across Kentucky into Ohio, and swept around 
Cincinnati, purposing to recross the river higher up, but he 
was surrounded by overwhelming forces and compelled to 
surrender, with 500 men, Jnly 26. The prisoners were con- 
fined in the Ohio Penitentiary, from which General Morgan 
made one of the most daring escapes on record. He re- 
ceived a great ovation on his arrival in Richmond. 



sciiooi. iiisToh'V or Tin: i \iri:n xtatks. ;ui 

59. Operations in Charleston Harbor. — Ihc ckfcnscs 
ot llic i.urbur of L'liark'slon, ])lannc(l 1)\ (\vn. R. h. Lcc in 
the latter part of 1861, and erected nnder the snperintend- 
ence of that most accomphshed engineer, Col. i). V>. Harris, 

fullv jnstihed the rei)ntation of the able engineers who de- 
signed tl.eni, and the defense made by Beanregard and 
others \.as one of the most heroic and successfnl on record. 
A])ril yth of this vear Admiral 1 )ni)ont made an attack on 
Snmter with a powerful deet of ironclads, but met a disas- 
trous repulse, th.e Keokuk being sunk and nearly all of his 
vessels seriouslv injured, (ieneral Cillmore landed on Mor- 
ris Island, and, after two bloody repulses, finally succeeded 
in ca])turing IJattcry Wagner. 

]M-om this vantage ground llie siege of Charleston was 
l)rosccuted with vigor; a gun called "The Swamp Angel" 
threw shot and sliell into the city, a distance of five miles; 
Sumter was battered into a ma^-'s of ruins, but the skill of the 
engineer. Major lolui Johnson, now rector n\ one of the 
I'rotestant l^^.]Msco])al churches of Charleston, converted the 
ruins into a stronger fortress than before; every assault was 
repulsed, and the Confederate fiag continued to wave over 
Sumter and Charleston until th.e s]:iring of 1865. when Sher- 
man's march in tlieir rear comiu'lled their evacuation. 

60. Results of the Third Year of the War — The 
I'ederals had cai)tured \icksburg and Port Hudson, giving 
them full control of the 'Mississii)])i, an<l had overrun vast 
regions of country. They had won important battles be- 
fore \'icksburg and at Chattanooga, had captured \icks- 
burg, and had won a great victory in defeating Lee's attacks 
on the heights of Gettysburg. 

The Confederates had won great victories at Chancellors- 
ville, Winchester, the first dav of Cettyslnn-g and at Chicka- 
mauga, had captured C.alvest(Mi 'and had defeated every at- 
tack on Charleston. 



:n2 SCliOOI. HISTORY OF Till-: I MTEh STATES. 

Englaiul and J'rancc were alxiut to iecoi;nizc the iiule- 
pentlence of the Confederacy, when the news of the capture 
(jf N'icksburg and of Lee's defeat at ( iettysburg reached 
them, and postponed indefinitely what would have inevitably 
resulted in the complete success of the Confederacy. It has 
been well said that "the Confederacy was within a stone's 
throw of independence at Gettysburg." 

Questions — 47. W'liat can you tell about President Lincoln's 
emancipation proclamation? 

48. Give an account of General Magruder's success at Galyeston. 

49. What efforts were made by General Grant to capture Vicks- 
l)urp;? Dcscrilie tlic fine ,<;eneralsbip sliown 1)y liim, Wliat is said 
of its surrender? What did General Banks try to do? What fol- 
lowed? 

50. What movement was made by Rosecrans? Wliat followed? 
Show how General Thomas .gained the name ol the "Rock of Chick- 
am an ga." 

51. Describe the battle of Chattanooga. What is said of the "l)attle 
.'d)o\-e the clouds?" 

52. Give an account of the capture of Missionary Ridge. 

53. Explain how the siege of Kno.xville was raised. 

54. Who now commanded the .\rmy of the Potomac? Make clear 
the military ])osition. Death of the "gallant Pelham." What was 
done l)y General Lee? What of Stonewall Jackson? Show the ])ril- 
liant generalship of Lee. What of the death of Stonewall Jackson? 
Sketch his career. 

55. What steps were now taken in the way of a Confederate inva- 
sion of the North? Narrate the movements preliminary to tlie great 
battle. Give an account of the first day of the battle. Of the second 
day. What was the result of the two days' conflict? Give a careful 
account of the charge on the third day. What were the losses at 
Gettysburg? What was done by Lee? What by Meade? 

56. Religious interest in Lee's army. 

57. Admission of West Virginia as a State and l)y what right. 

58. Two notable "Raids." 

59. Operations in Charleston harl)or. 

60. What were the results of the third year of the war? 



f^ruooi. iiisTouY or Tin: i \rTi:n sTATEf<. 2v^ 
CHAl'TF.R XXX. 
FOIIRTTT YEAR OF THE WAR, 1S64. 

61. Grant Made Lieutenant=General. — General Grant 
batl iK'eonie the foremost general of tlie l'"ederal armies. His 
campaigns and successes proved that lie possessed high, 
(pialities as a general wlien backed by nuni])ers and re- 
sources. ( )n the 2(1 of March, 1864, he was made lieutenant- 
general, and President Lincoln personally handed him Ins 
commission on the 19th to a rank previously held l)y ()ul\- 
Washington and Scott. Henceforth all the mihtarv move- 
ments of the I'^ederals were to be tuider the direction of 
( Irant. This was a wise step, for, besides liis eminent fitness 
for the responsibilitv, many I'^^leral failures had been duv 
to the jealousv of ofificers and to the disjointed method of 
conducting campaigns. 

67i The Great Task — The Mississippi had been opened, 
the L^jufederacy severed and the Idockade rigorousl\- main- 
tained. The v^outli had all her available men in tlie field, 
and the losses of war could not be replaced. Hut tw(^ of her 
])owerful armies were still under tlie conuuand of skilled, 
leaders: one was the ])eerless Armv (^f Xorthern X'irginia, 
\v(\ 1)\- the matchless Lee. and the other the noble army com- 
manded ])>■ that al)le soldier. Josepli E. Johnston in ( ieorgia. 
Until these were conquered the Confederacy could not l)e 
overthrown. To General Sherman was assigned the task of 
overcoming Johnston, while (irant entered the lists againsi 
Lee. 

63. Sherman's Campaign. — \\''c will first follow the- 
cam])aign of General Sherman in the South. :\\ the lu'.'i'! 
of an armv of 150.000 men. he marched against Joimstou, 
who was at Dalton, with a force of 42.754. Xow began a 
series of skilled manoeuvres, which lasted for more than a 



314 i^rilOOL IJ I STORY OF Till: IXITED STATUS. 

hundred miles. After Johnston had assumed a strono; p(V 
sition, Sherman would hold his front with a force eciual to 
Johnston's whole army, and flank him with a lar^e column. 
Then the Confederate general would fall back, thus drawing 
his opponent further from his base of supplies. The conflicts 
were numerous, the principal being at Dalton, Resaca and 
TvOst and Kenesaw mountain. At the last-named point 
Sherman received a severe repulse and suffered great loss. 
Finally, on the loth of July Johnston, without giving the 
general battle which the government and people were ex- 
l)ecting. withdrew into the entrenchments of Atlanta. 

64. Capture of Atlanta, — Jolmston's retreat from Hal- 
ton to Atlanta had been ably and skillfully conducted, and 
had unquestionably inflicted far greater loss on the enemy 
than he had received. 

lUit soon after the army reached Atlanta the general 
clamor against the "h^abian l'olic\" of the al)le soldier be- 
came so great that ['resident 1 )avis at last yielded to the 
])opular demand, and issued an order removing ( ieneral 
b)hnston from tlie command and a])p()inting General John 
I'. Hood to succeed him. 

It is very easy, in the light of subsequent events, to criti- 
cize this action; but from the point of view in which the matter 
presented itself at the time to the President it is difficult to 
see how he could have acted otherwise. General Hood was 
a gallant soldier, a true patriot, but he was dottbtful of his 
ability t(^ conunand that army, especially under the circum- 
stances, and begged (ieneral Johnston to remain with him 
as his "militarv adviser;" but General Johnston went to 
Macon, and Hood, left to his own judgment, made three 
vigorous attacks on Sherman's lines, July 20, 22 and 28, and 
while his troops fought as gallantly as men ever fought under 
any flag, he met a disastrous defeat, losing very heavily, 
amoner the killed beine the 2'allant Gen. W. H. T. Walker. 



?>-[C, SrnOOL nrSTORT of the VXTTED fiTATES. 

IJood was compelled to evacuate the city September the 
2(1, the I'^ederals taking immediate possession. 

In one of these battles the Federals sustained a great loss 
in the death of that bold and accomplished officer, General 
McPherson. 

65. The Result — Sherman now held the granary of the 
Southern Confederacy, where for the first time a hostile foot 
trod. At Atlanta, Rome and other towns in the neighbor- 
hood were foundries, manufactories and mills, wliich fur- 
nished supplies, clothing and ammunition for the Confed- 
erate armies. This indispensable source of supply was 
licnccfortli closed to tlie Soutli. 

66. End of the War in the West. — Sherman's desire 
to march directly tlirough the Confederacy t(^ the Atlantic 
coast could not be carried out so long as Forrest's cavalrv 
was raiding along his railway communication, and Hood 
and liis army threatened him in front. Witli the purpose of 
forcing Sherman l>ack into Tennessee, Hood marclicd nortli 
to cut his communications. IJut (lencral (leorge II. 
Thomas r.i-ganized an army nmch larger than Hood's to 
meet his advance and allow Sherman to start on his proposed 
"march to th(^ sea." After many marches, manceuvres and 
skirmishes, Hood attacked Schofield in a very strong ])osi- 
tion at iM-anklin, Tenn., and there ensued one of the bloodiest 
l)attles of the war. Scofield was driven from his position 
with heavy loss, but the Confederate loss was fearful, and 
among the killed was that gifted and gallant soldier. General 
Pat Cleburne, who had done so mucli to add lustre to the 
;;]ories of the "Armv of Tennessee," and who fell on its last 
victorious field. Scofield retreated to Nashville, where 
General Thomas took command. Two weeks passed, during 
which nothing was done on either side. Hood waited for 
reinforcements, which never came. General Grant grew 
impatient with Thomas, and sent him urgent orders to move. 



acnOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 317 

Tlujuias wailed till his preparations were complete, when he 
sallied out and fell upon Hood with greatly superioi num- 
bers, guns and equipment, and with irresistible fury. 

The Confederates fought bravely, but they were driven 
from their lines with great slaughter, considerable demorali- 
zation ensued, the pursuit of Thomas was skillful and vigor- 
ous, and only the heroic skill and sleepless vigilance witli 
which Gen. N. B. Forrest and Lieut.-Gen. S. D. Lee (wlioni 
Mr. Davis pronounced "one of the best all-around generals 
the w'ar produced") covered the retreat, saved the rem- 
nant of Hood's army from annihilation. 

Hood was relieved from command at his own repeated 
recjuest, and the renniant of his army was finally ordered 
to report to Gen. J. E. Johnston in North Carolina. 

The campaign of General Thomas was al)ly planned and 
admirably executed, and its l)rilliant success came barelv in 
lime to save his official head lron\ the guillotine at Washing- 
Ion and w'in for him wide reputation as one of the best sol- 
diers which the war produced. This campaign virtually 
closed military operations in Tennessee. 

67. Sherman's March to the Sea. — It will thus be 
seen that iltj(_)(rs march into rennessee not onl_\' failed to 
draw Sherman after him. ])ut cleared from the jiath of the 
Federal commander the only obstacle to his advance straight 
through the Confederacy. He did not hesitate. Setting 
fire to the city of Atlanta, a most unjustifiable act of vandal- 
ism, and forcing her citizens from their homes, he cut loose 
from his conmnmications. November i6. and started for the 
Atlantic coast. 

He made his path one of desolation. Railways were de- 
stroved right and left, dwellings plundered and ruthlessl\- 
burned, while the 60,000 men drew their "supplies" from the 
countr\- through wliich they passed, and destroyed what 
they could not use. No force could be gathered strong 



318 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UMTEU STATES. 

enough to interpose serious resistance to the mighty host, 
to whom the march was a month's picnic, for a distance of 
300 miles. During all this time no news from Sherman 
reached the Xorth, and nuich anxiety was felt for him and 
his army. The first tidings were that he had arrived at Sa- 
vannah. That city was occupied December 21, after its 
evacuation by General Hardee, and on Christmas Eve Presi- 
dent Lincoln received a telegram from Sherman, presenting 
it to him "as a Christmas gift." 

As a military movement, this march of Sherman's dis- 
played neither especial genius in planning, nor skill in exe- 
cuting. General Lee once said of it: "We had nothing to 
oppose Sherman, and his march through Georgia was based 
simply on a mathematical calculation whether his army could 
live on the country by faking all the proz'isioiis tJic people had.'' 
For the rest, tliose who sing ".Marehing fhroiigJi Georgia''' 
forget that the pillage and l)urning of private houses and the 
wanton outrages and insults heaped upon old men, women 
and children along tlie track of that army were a blot upon 
the American name and upon the civilization of the nine- 
teenth century, and such a blot as all lovers of our country 
should seek to commit to (oblivion. 

In his official report of this march, General Shcrm-an says: 
"I estimate the damage done to the State of ("corgia and its 
military resources at one hundred millions of dollars: at least 
fzcenty millions of i^'Jiieh Jiazr inured to our adz'antage, and the 
remainder is simply z^'asfe and de.9fruefioii." In other words, 
he used for his army property valued at tzceuty millions, and 
ruthlessly and cruelly destroved eiglitv millions more. 

68. The Kilpatnck=Dahlgren Raid. — In March, 1864, 
General Kilpatrick, with 4000 cavalry, attempted to ride by 
Lee's flank and dash into Richmond before reinforcements 
could reach it. The raid proved a failure, and is notable 
chiefly from the fact that there were found on the person of 



SCHOOL HISTony or the UMTED ^TATi'-S'. 319 

the leader of one of the columns. Colonel L Ine Dahlgren, 
who was killed and most of his command captured, papers 
indicating- a purpose to turn loose the prisoners who were 
to be released, to Inu-n and sack Richmond and kill Jeffer- 
son Davis and his cabinet. The authenticity of those papers 
was afterwards denied, but the proofs of their genuineness 
are overwhelming. 

The Confederate (Jovernment threatened to retaliate, bu'. 
both General Meade and the authorities at Washington de- 
nied all knowledge of such papers, and Dahlgren's officers 
and men were, therefore, treated as other prisoners. 

69. Grant's Campaign Against Richmond — Witli 
the resources of the government at his back, Cirant deter- 
mined to capture Richmond by a combined movement, 
which seemed irresistible. A colunm moving through the 
mountain passes of Southwest \'irginia, one up the valley 
of the Shenandoah, one from the Atlantic seal)oard by way 
of James river, and his own from the Rapidan were to con- 
verge on, ovcrwiielm and capture Richmond by the early 
sunnner. These colunms, including reinforcements sent 
during the campaign, numbered more than 275,000 men 
e(|uipped in the most superb manner, and supplied abund- 
antly with provisions and with stores of every description. 

To meet this mighty host, deneral Lee had, including 
ever\- man he could draw as reinforcements during the cam- 
l)aign, not more than 75,000 men. badly armed. wretchedl\- 
ccjuipped and very poorly supplied with rations, clothing, 
ordnance stores, transporation — in fact, needing everything 
necessary to the ef^cicncy of an army save able leadership, 
stout hearts and indomitable patriotism. 

The army immediately opposed to Lee's numbered, when 
it crossed the Rapidan on May 4, 1864, 149,166 men, wliile 
Lee had within call 62,000 men; but with only half that num- 



320 .SCHOOL IlfSTOh'Y OF Till: IXITHIf STATES. 

l)cr 1k' moved on and allackcd Clrant's army in "The W iUler- 
ness." 

70. Battle of the Wilderness.— As soon as Grant be- 
gan U) cross the Kapithm, Lee. instead of retreating before 
the mighty host, moxetl down from ( )range and attacked him 
in the Wilderness, where, from the 5th to the 7th of May, the 
terrible battle raged and with fearful slaughter, (jrant losing 
17,666 men, and \a'v half tiiat number. 

r>ut the result fully con\'iuced the hederal commander 
that he could not destroy 1 >ee"s arm\' or (lri\e it from its ])()si- 
tiou on that ground, whicli had ])r()\-en again, as at C'hanceb 
l()rs\ille, a "shadow of death" to the hederals ; and the ad\'an- 
lage being so decidedly with the Confederates, ( iraul deter- 
mined to mo\e off l)\- l.ee's right Hank that uigh.t and seize 
the strong slr;itegic ])ositi()n at S|)otts\lvania Court Mouse. 
r>ut Ia'c di\iue(l his ])ur|)ose, as if by intuition, and when the 
head of ( irant's colunni came near the coveted ])oiut the 
advance of the Army of Xorthern N'irginia barred the waw 

71. Spottsylvania Court House. — P.oth sides eutrench.ed 
their lines as best they could, though the h'ederals were well 
proxided with entrenching tools of e\ery description, and 
had a strong ])it)neer cor])s, while the Confederates had to 
use bayonets, tin cu])S and sharpened sticks as their chief 
"entrenching tools," and the work had to be done entirel}- i^y 
the soldiers themselves: so that Grant's lines here, as every- 
where else on the campaign, were nuich stronger than those 
of Lee. 

For five days Grant repeatedly assault<.-d Lee's position at 
tlififcreut jxjints, and was badh' defeated, lint on the early 
morning of the 12th, "Hancock the su])erb" carried a salient 
by assault, captured between 3000 and 40CO ]irisoners, among 
them General Edward Johnson, and t\veut\' pieces of artil- 
lery, and seemed about to cut Lee's arnn in two. lUit the 
Confederates rallied, and, under the immeiliate e\e of Lee 



SCHOOL iifsToh'Y or Tin-: i mted stati:s. ',v21 

himself, drove back the hhic wave to "the hlotxh' ant;lc," 
where the tight raged uiilil after dark so tierceh- tliat large 
trees were cut down hy niinnie halls, and the slaughter was 
learful. Lee recovered all of his line excejjt "the toe of the 
hurseshoe." a new line was formed just in the rear of this, 
and the C'onfederates continued to hold tJieir lines so stoutlv 
that ( irant, although hi' had received large reinforcements, 
deemed it unwise to make another assault, and on the 2()th 
moved I)\' Lee's right to Hanover Junction, t)nly to lind Lee 
again in his i)ath. 

(jrant lost at Spottsylvania Court House iH.^cjc;, making 
a total loss of 40,000 in his two weeks' campaign, or about 
two-thirds as many men as Lee had. 

72. Sheridan'5 Raid. — On the 9th of May. (irant sent 
Sheridan, with 10,000 cavalry, s])lendidl\- mounted and 
equipped, to break Lee's connnunication, intercept him, 
when (Irant should have crushed him at vSjiottsylvania Court 
1 louse, and, if o])])ortunity offered, to dash into Richmond. 
Stuart had available to o])])ose this splendid bo(l\- of troo])- 
ers only three small brigades, numbering about 3000. but he 
boldly planted himself across Sheridan's ])ath at Yellow Tav- 
ern, si.\ miles from Richmond, where, on Mav 11, he made 
a heroic fight, which checked Sheridan imtil local troops 
could be gotten into the trenches and Richmond sawd. lUit. 
alas! the "Mower of Cavaliers" fell at the head of his gallant 
troo])ers mortally wounded, and died the next da\- in Rich- 
mond, deeply moiUMied b\- the Confederac\-. 

Ceneral John Sedgwick, one of the ablest soldiers of the 
Army of the Potomac, whose fall at Si)ottsylvania was so 
widely lamented, once said: "Stuart is the best cavalry sol- 
dier ever foaled in America," and that will be the verdict of 
the militarv critic who studies his campaigns. I'ut whiU' an 
ideal cavalrvman, he was a man of unsullied character and 
temperate habits, never using tobacco or drinking even a 




General Grant. 



SCflOOI. HISTORY OF THE VMTIJl) STATHS. IVSA 

glass of wine, and, above all, an humble, earnest Christian. 
lie said to President Davis, who called to see him on his dy- 
ing bed: "/ odi zcilliiig to die if God and my country think that 
J hai'C fullillcd my destiny and done my dnty.'' 

73. Cold Harbor. — Lee not only checkmated Grant at 
Hanover | unction, situated on the North Anna river, at the 
junction of the railroad from Richmond to l^Yedericksburg, 
and the Central (now Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad) from 
Richmond to the \'alley of Virginia, but thrust himself in 
l)etween two wings of his army, and was about to give him 
a crushing blow, when the Federal commander hastily with- 
drew and moved by his left fiank on Cold Harbor, only to 
Ihul tliat Lee had again detected his plans and was across his 
road to Richmond. There was considerable preliminary 
fighting along the Cold Harbor lines, but on the 3d of June, 
Grant, having received large reinforcements, made a deter- 
mined assault on the Confederate position and received one 
of the bloodiest repulses of the war. Swinton, the Northern 
historian of the "Army of the Potoiuac," says of this battle 
that it was decided in an incredibly short time; that the Fed- 
erals lost over 13,000 men, and that when another charge was 
ordered "no man stirred, and the innuobilc lines pronounced 
a verdict, silent, yet emphatic, against further slaughter." 

The loss of the Confederates was about 750; they were 
elated at their l)rilliant success, and the nnvalc of Lee's army 
was never better than just after Cold Harbor, where Lee 
occupied the positions from which he had driven McClellan 
in June, 1862, two years before. 

74. Other Operations of the Campaign In the Val- 

Ic}' of X'irginia, Siege! moved as far as New Market, where, 
on the 15th of May, Breckinridge defeated his 6500 men with 
only 5000. and compelled Siegel to retreat down the \'alley. 
In this battle the Cadets of the \'irginia Military Institute 
greatly distinguished themselves. 



324 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

General Jjiitler, with an ami}- of over 30,000 men, was to 
have captured Petersburg, "the back door of Richmond," 
before Grant reached the front of Richmond, but he was 
driven back by lleauregard on the 1 6th of May to Bermuda 
Hundred and effectually "bottled up," as General Grant 
expressed it, sending a good part of his troops later to share 
in Grant's defeat at Gold Harbor. General David Hunter 
succeeded Siegel in the command, moved up the Valley 
again, was joined by Crook and Averill from Southwest Vir- 
ginia, defeated Gen. W. E. Jones (Breckinridge having gone 
to join Lee) at Piedmont, and advanced via Staunton and 
Lexington on Lynchburg, laying waste the country through 
which he passed, and burning the Virginia Military Institute 
and Governor Letclier's private residence at Lexington. 
Grant sent Sheridan, with 10,000 cavalry, to meet and escort 
Hunter to Richmond, but Hampton and Fitz Lee met him 
at Trevillian's, in Louisia county, with half his numbers, 
defeated him very handsomely and compelled him to fall 
back to Grant's lines, leaving his dead and wounded and 
many spoils of victory in the hands of the Confederates. 
Hunter's move on Lynchljurg compelled Lee, badly as he 
could spare them, to detach Tireckinridge and then Ewell's 
corps, under Early, to meet him. 

Earlv drove Hunter from Lynchburg on a disastrous re- 
treat through the mountains of A^irginia, and then rapidly 
moved down the Valley of \'irginia to cross the Potomac 
and threaten Washington. 

75. The Results of the Campaign. — In sixty days 
Grant's campaign against Richmond, despite his boast at 
Spottsylvania that he would ''fight it out on this line if it took 
all of the summer," had dwindled to a siege of Petersburg 
(nine miles from deep water) by the main column under 
Grant, which had lost about 70,000 men — more than Lee 
had — in order to get a position which it might have reached 



SCHOOL HISTORY or Till-: i mti:i> STATHS. 325 

at l'l^^l w ilhout tiring" a shot or losins;- a man. His army, ac- 
cording to Swinton, "shaken in its strncture, its valor 
(jncnched in blood, and thousands of its ablest officers killed 
or wotmded, was the \4riuy of the Potomac' no more." 

Uutler's cokunn was mingled with Lirant's in the lines be- 
fore Petersburg', the other k'ederal columns which had begun 
the campaign in the Valley and Southwest \'irginia were in 
disorderl)- retreat through the mountains to the Kanawlia 
valley, out of the area of active operations, and Lee had made 
his lines impregnable to direct assault, and had a movabb' 
colunm -\vithin two da\s' march of the Federal capital. Well 
might Colonel \ enable, of Lee's stafif (from whose able ac- 
count of this campaign we have condensed our summary) 
say, in view of these facts, tliat Lee "/;(/(/ made a campaii^ii 
iincxaiiiplcd ill the history of dcfciisi-:r warfare.'' 

There is strong evidence that Mr. Lincoln was so affected 
bv the result of this campaign that he was in favor of open- 
ing peace negotiations with the Confederates; that stej)s to 
tliat end were really taken, and that tlicy were arrested only 
bv tidings of Federal success in the West. 

76. The Siege of Petersburg. — Flaving lost 70,000 men 
to Lee's ] 8,000 in his overland campaign against Richmond, 
and having been taught so impressively tliat he could not 
force Lee's lines in front of Richmond, (irant had nothing 
left him but to try to "steal in at the back door," i)y a sudden 
march on I'Vtersburg l)efore Lee could reacli that ])oint witli 
his army to defend it. 

But the first attack was defeated by the old men and the 
bovs of the gallant "Cockade City." Cieneral Beauregard 
collected a handful of troops, which heroically and success- 
fullv resisted other assaults, and by the time Grant's main 
armv reached the lines of the city's defense. Lee's veterans 
were in position, and it was impossible to carry the works by 
direct assault. There followed the siege of Petersburg, 



32U SCHOOL lUSrONY OF THE LXJTJJh STATES. 

which lasted ten months, and during this time Grant added 
to his "attrition" tactics of wearing Lee's army away by con- 
stant attacks the starvation pohcy of cutting off his suppHes. 

There were a number of brilHant affairs, such as the re- 
capture of the Confederate Hues after the explosion of the 
Federal mine, which made the famous "Crater" on July 30; 
many brilliant sorties on the Federals near the Weldon Rail- 
road; A. P. Flill's handsome victory over Hancock at 
Reams's Station on August 25. and some brilliant successes 
of the cavalry under Flampton. 

77. Early's Valley Campaign. — Crossing the Potomac 
on the 6th of July, Early defeated General Lew Wallace at 
Monocacy on the 9th, and arrived in front of the works at 
Washington at noon on July 11 with about 10,000 men and 
forty pieces of artillery, intending to make an assault at day- 
light the next morning. But learning that night of the ar- 
rival of the 19th corps from New Orleans, and the 6th corps 
from the Army of the Potomac, Early countermanded the 
order, remained in front of Washington during the 12th, 
and that night withdrew and marched back to the \'alley of 
Virginia, reaching Strasburg on the 22d. 

Early remained in the \'alley as a sort of "forlorn hope" to 
threaten Washington, Maryland and Pennsylvania, draw 
supplies from that fertile region, and hold as large a force as 
possible of the enemy who would, otherwise, operate against 
Lee at Richmond and Petersburg. 

On the /th of August, General Phil Sheridan was put in 
command of the forces opposite Early, and allowed Early to 
hold him in clieck mitil, on the iQth of September, liaving 
increased his army to 62,740, he attacked Early's 11,400 at 
Winchester, and, after a most stubborn fight, in which Sheri- 
dan's infantry were defeated and were actually beginning to 
retreat, he sent his splendid body of 10,000 cavalry to Early's 
rear, and thus forced his retreat, with a loss of about 4000 — 



s( iiooi. iiisroh'Y or Till-: i \iti:i> stati:s. .-.^t 

Slu'ridan's loss l)eiiii;- 5000, of which iicarl_\- 4400 were killed 
and vvountled. Early was again defeated at Fisher's Hill on 
the 22(1 of September, and moved back to Port Republic, but 
being- reinforced there by Kershaw's division of infantry, 
Cutshaw's battalion of artillery, and later on Rosser's bri- 
gade of cavalry, he assumed the offensive, and again moved 
down ilie X'alley to b^isher's Hill. 

(Jn the 19th of October, before daybreak. Early attacked 
and r(mted Sheridan's command on Cedar Creek, but, im- 
fortunatcly, tlie victory was not vig'orousl\- ])ushed. ( leneral 
\\'rig-ht, of the 6th corps, rallied tlie tr(^o])s, and, on Sheri- 
dan's return from Winchester, wlicre he was in the morning, 
lie ordered forward h.is whole line, and Earl\' sustained a 
disastrous defeat at the hands of the overwhelming force, 
which attacked him in flank, wl:en his troops were scattered 
by tlie fight of the morning and by the rich ])lunder of the 
l'\Mleral camps, whicli his ragged, barefooted, hungry men 
could not resist. 

Early lost twenty-three pieces of artillery, i860 killed and 
wounded and over 1000 prisoners. Sheridan's loss was also 
very heavy, (jeneral Early retired up the Valley, but was 
not pursued by tlie enemy, and in Xovember moved down 
the X'alley again and offered Sheridan battle on the old 
ground, which, being declined, the Federal commander pre- 
ferring to stav l)ehind his strong entrenchments near W'in- 
rjiei^ter. Early again retired to the u])]:)er A'alley, from wlu'cli 
lie sent out several cavalry raids. 

The campaign in the X'allev seeming to be closed, Sheridan 
sent the greater ])art of liis infantr\- to Crant. and Early re- 
turned to Lee Kershaw's division, and, the last of November, 
the old 2d Cor])S, now conuuanded by General John H. Cor- 
don, and there were no further operations during the year, 
except some cavalry movements. Early's cpmpaign had 
resulted in driving Hunter from Lynchburg, invading Mary- 



n2S SCHOOL HlFiTORY OF THE rXITED STATES. 

land aiul J'cnnsylvania and threatening Washington, keep- 
ing about 50,000 Federal troops in the Valley and as many 
around Washington, which might otherwise have been used 
against Lee, inflicting upon the enemy a loss nearly double 
his own numbers, feeding his own army on the country and 
sending supplies to General Lee, and, while sutYering seri- 
ous disasters and losses from the overwhelming numbers 
opposed to him, holding his ground with an indomitable cour- 
age and perseverance which showed him to be a soldier of 
real ability and unyielding pluck. 

With the force under his command, Sheridan ought to 
have utterly anniliilated Early in the summer or early au- 
tunui, and his failure to do so (added to his cruel orders to 
Inirn private houses, barns, mills, crops, etc., until he made 
his wicked l)oast that he had so desolated the \'alley that "a 
crow flying over would have to carry his own rations") very 
materially withered the laurels he won in the campaign. But 
we turn now to other events of the year 1864. 

78. Banks's Red River Campaign — One of the utter 
failures of the war was a naval and land expedition under 
Gen. N. P. Banks, undertaken in the spring of 1864. One 
important truth was learned l)y the Federal and Confederate 
authorities, at heavy cost to each, viz: pc:»litical generals are 
the worst sort of hindrance to military operations. They 
usually l)ring disaster to whichever side employs them. War 
is a science, in which, as a rule, natural aptitude must be sup- 
plemented by special training. Exceptional instances oc- 
cur, but many a reverse was due to the incompetency of 
leaders placed over their superiors in courage and skill. 

General B.anks essayed to conquer Texas and Louisiana, 
but his chief object was the inmiense lot of cotton belonging 
to the (\^nfederates in that region. Ascending the Red 
river, he captured Fort de Russy, March 14, and then ad- 
vanced upon Shreveport. He had an army of 30,000 men. 



SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE V}\UTED STATES. 32!) 

At Sal)ine C'ross Koads the battle of San Jacinto was repeated 
almost in detail. Like Santa Anna, lUmks had his troops 
strung along- for a distance of many miles, without a thought 
of danger, when (leneral Richard Taylor, son of Ex-Presi- 
dent Taylor, attacked, with relentless impetuosity, just as 
Houston did a quarter of a century before. The demorali- 
zation and rout of the Federals were as complete as those of 
the Mexicans in 1836. They were sent flying pell-mell. 
April 8, but were finally rallied at Pleasant Hill, where they 
were again routed on the following day by Taylor, who 
drove them out of the State. Banks made his way back to 
New Orleans, and was relieved of his conunand. 

Admiral Porter, in command of the gunboats on the Red 
river, narrowly esca])ed a fate as disastrous as that of Banks. 
Learning of the retreat of the land forces. Porter attempted 
to descend the river with his fleet, but the water fell so rapidly 
that this became impossible. To prevent the boats falling 
into the hands of the Confederates, he prepared to blow 
them up. In this crisis. Colonel Joseph Bailey, of Wiscon- 
sin, directed the construction of a series of wing dams, which 
raised the river sufficiently to float the boats beyond danger. 
This was the only creditable incident in what was. after all, 
no more than a gigantic cotton speculation, which would 
have enriched a few men, but for the vigorous interference 
of General Taylor. 

79. Admiral Farragut in Mobile Bay — Although the 
blockade was maintained with great stringency, the vast ex- 
tent of sea coast prevented its being effective at all ]')oints. 
From Wilmington, Mobile and other places the daring 
blockade-runners darted in and out during the darkness, and 
carried on a lucrative trade. At Mobile, there was good 
reason to believe the Confederates would succeed in raising 
tlie blockade with the aid of the ironclads they had well un- 
der way. Accordingly. Admiral Farragut, August 5, en- 



;'.:!(i sc /{()() f, jiisTojiY or Tin-: rxiTi:n states. 

tered the l)ay with his fleet. He stationed himself in the rig- 
ging of the Hartford, fought his way past the forts, and en- 
gaged the ironclads in a furious battle. The formidable ram 
Tennessee was captured and the other vessels taken or driven 
up stream. The forts were reduced, but the city of Mobile 
was not captured until the following year. The Federal 
troops entered the city April 12, unaware that General Lee 
had surrendered three days before. 

80.J Destruction of the Alabama — The few Confederate 
privateeers succeeded in driving Federal commerce from 
the ocean. These daring cruisers penetrated the remote 
seas, some of them playing havoc with the whaling fleets in 
the icy regions of the far North. The most famous com- 
mander was Captain Raphael Semmes, who began his work 
of destruction in 1861. in command of the Sumter. He was 
blockaded in the port of Gibraltar, when he sold his vessel, 
made his way to England and secured the more famous 
Alabama. 

In charge of this noted cruiser. Captain Semmes destroyed 
millions of dollars' worth of Northern shipping and eluded 
every efifort to capture him. When he had taken more than 
threescore merchant ships, lie entered the harbor of Cher- 
bourg, France. The Federal Kearsarge (kcer'sarj) appear- 
ing, Semmes challenged her commander, Captain Winslow, 
to fight him. The challenge was accepted, and the naval 
battle took place Sunday. June 19. Thousands of people 
gathered on the shore to witness the conflict. 

The two vessels steamed around a common centre, firing 
at each other from a distance of a quarter or half a mile. 
Captain Winslow bad suspended heavy chains over the sides 
of the Kearsarge, and concealed them with planks. These 
virtually made the vessel an ironclad, impervious to the can- 
non shot of the Alabama. Seven times the antagonists cir- 
cled about each other, firing continuouslv, and had begun 




(ion. Ct. Mcado. AlaJ.-Ccn. Oeo. H. Thomas. (Jen. B. McClcllaii. 

Major-Genoral Bucll. Major-General Btirnsido. 



332 fiCTJOOJ, HTSTORY OF THE I'XITED STATE^^. 

the eighth circuit when Captain Semnies, seeing that the 
Alabama was sinking, headed for French waters. Captain 
Winslow followed, and Semnies ran ap a signal (jf distress. 
Just before his vessel went down, Semmes iiung his sword 
overboard and leaped into the ocean with his. officers and 
men. He and a number were picked up by an English 
yacht cruising near, and the rest were rescued by the boats 
of tlie Kcarsaro^c.''' 

81. Fate of the Other Privateers. — The Confederacy 
had other privateers roving the high seas. The Georgia was 
ca])tured off the coast of Portugal when she had no arma- 
ment on board. She was taken as a lawful prize and sent to 
the United States for abjudication. The Florida was at- 
tacked, contrary to the law of nations, October 7, 1864, 
while lying in the neutral port of Bahia, Brazil. She was 
sent to Hampton Roads the following month, and, while ly- 
ing there until the question of the legality of her capture 
could be decided, was run into bv a steam transport and 
sunk. Some people believed this was not an accident. 

The ironclad Albemarle was the special dread of the block- 
ading f^eet off the mouth of the Roanoke. No more for- 
midable vessel was ever in the service of the Confederacy. 
She defeated the Federal fleet in two fierce engagements, 
and prevented any attack on Plymouth, N. C, which the 
Confederates captured in April, 1864. There was fear, in- 
deed, that the Albemarle would interfere with Grant's cam- 
])aign against Richmond. 

On the night of October 27, Lieutenant Cushing, with a 
crew of thirteen men, stealthily ascended the river in a small 
steam launch, provided with a spar-torpedo, that is, a torpedo 
fastened to the end of a pole or spar-like piece of wood. The 
Albemarle was about eight miles up the Roanoke. Tlie ap- 

*The Kearsarge foundered on the nisbt of February 2, 180-1, off Koncarter Reef, 
while on a V()ya<;;o Item Port-au-Prince, Hayti, to Blueflelds, Nicaragua. Offlcera 
and crew were saved. 



SCHOOL Hr STORY OF THE US IT ED STATES. 33;? 

l)roacli of Cushing was not discovered until he was within 
fifty feet of the ironclad. Then he put on all steam, dashed 
against the side of the Albemarle and exploded his torpedo 
under her sheathing. The shock sank Cushing's small boat 
and destroyed the Albemarle, which filled and went to the 
bottom of the river. Strange to say, Lieutenant Cushing, 
although repeatedly fired upon, made his escape, most of 
his companions being taken prisoners. 

82. The Shenandoah — The career of the Sheiiamloah 
was the most romantic of all. She was originally the Sea 
King, which sailed out of the Thames in October, 1864. 
Captain James I. Waddell, when his crew and an armament 
were placed on board, changed her name to the Sheua)idoali. 
One of her lieutenants was a nephew of General Robert E. 
Lee and the son of Admiral Lee, commander of the Phila- 
delphia Navy Yard at the opening of the war. He had seen 
service on the Georgia and Florida. The chief-engineer and 
paymaster were from the Alabama, and every commissioned 
officer was a graduate of the Naval Academy at Annapolis. 

The Shenandoah was capable of going eighteen knots an 
liour, and made her first capture on the 29th of October. 
Slie then headed for the South Seas, and averaged a prize 
almost every other day. She had several narrow escapes 
from the Federal cruisers hunting for her, and in January 
was in Australia. In June, 1865, she played havoc among 
the American whalers in Behring Sea. On the 5th of July 
slie performed probably the most remarkable exploit of the 
kind ever known. She bonded two whaling vessels and 
sank nine. 

It will be noted that this was months after the surrender 
of the Southern Confederacy, of which disaster Captain 
Waddell knew nothing. By the laws of nations, he was an 
outlaw and liable to be hanged. On the 2d of August he 
learned from an English ship that the war had ended nearly 



?,:U XCIIOOL IIIKTOlfY OF THE [XfT/JI) STATE f^. 

four months Ijeforc, and the tiag under which he sailed rep- 
resented a nation that had no existence. He at once crowded 
all steam for England, where he arrived just six months, 
lacking fcjur da}s, after the close of the war. The Sliciuui- 
doah was turned over to the United States consul at Liver- 
jjool, and was finally sold to the Sultan of Zanzibar, who 
used her as a pleasure craft. Some }^ears after she foundered 
with all on board. 

83. Admission of Nevada. — Nevada became a member 
of the American L'nion, October 31, 1864. 

84. Presidential Election of 1864. — The Democratic 
nominees for the Presidency and Vice-Presidency of the 
United States, in November, 1864, were General George B. 
McClellan, of New Jersey, and George H. Pendleton, of 
( )hio. Although their platform was that of peace, they car- 
ried only three States — Delaware, Kentucky and ( )hio. 
Abraham Lincoln was, therefore, re-elected, with Andrew 
Johnson, of Tennessee, \^ice-President. 

85. Several Other Battles. — At Olustee, or Ocean 
Pond, I'^ebruary 20, 1864, (ienerals h'innegau and A. li. Col- 
c|uitt defeated with severe loss the Federal General Seymour 
and drove back his invasion of Florida. General Natlian 
Uech'ord b^jrrest, who has been called "'TJic \l'i:::ard of the 
Saddler "The Stoiicicall Jiickson of flic ff'tw/," was active 
during tlie year, and achieved some very handsome suc- 
cesses; on b\'bruary 22 he routed the cavalry under W. S. 
Smith which was to su])port Sherman's march of devasta- 
tion across Mississippi, and compelled him to turn back from 
Meridian. He captured Fort Pillow on the 12^11 of A]:)ril 
by assault, and, among the negro troops who held it, crying 
out "No (juarter to the Rebels," the slaughter was fearful; 
but Forrest stopped his men in their blood\' work as s(jon as 
he could, and the charges of brutality made against him by 



SCHOOL iiisTOh'Y or tin: r\fri:n states. :v.]7> 

Xorllicni writers have l)een refuted by uninipeaehable testi- 
iiiuny. 

( )n the loth of June, iMjrrest attaeked (ieneral Sturgis at 
Tishaniingo Creek, near (iuntown, and so eoiiipletely routed 
him that Sturgis lost, out of liis foree of 12,000, 5000 in killed, 
wounded and prisoners, all of his artillery, numbering 
twenty pieees, and all of his wagon trains. 

(ieneral 1 loke made a gallant and suceessful nu)ve ag;ainst 
Plymouth, X. C, and, on the JOth of April, with the aid of 
the ironelad .Ubcmarh', ea])tured the town with its garrison, 
artillery and valuable stores. Newbern also fell into his 
hands. 

l-"ort l'"isher, Xorth Carolina, was attacked on the 24th and 
25th of December 1)\- a large land force under Cen. W. V . 
lUitler and sevent}- vessels under Conunodore Porter. The 
explosion of (ieneral lUitler's "1 'owder-l'ioat" against the 
fort was a costly e.\|)eriment. wliich did the Confederates no 
harm and brought great ridicule on its ])rojector. The fort 
was heroicalb- and skillfull}- defended, and the attack very 
handsomel}- repulsed. 

86. Results of 1864 — l)esi)ite the innnense disparity in 
numbers and resources, there can be no doubt that the battles 
of 1864 were very decidedl\- in favor of the Confederates. 
Dr. R. R. riowison, whose careful and generally accurate 
1 listory of the Cnited States we have freely consulted, gives 
this sunmiar\- of the im])ortant battles of 1864: "Idiey were 
sixt\-fivc in number, of which the I'"ederals gained twenty- 
one, the Confederates fort\'-three, and one was indecisive." 

P)Ut the resources of the Confederacy were greatly weak- 
ening. The blockade was more rigid than ever, large ])or- 
tions of their best territory had been overrun and desolated, 
the railroads had been cut or destroyed so as to hinder the 
collecting of supplies, and those which remained intact were 
broken down and so badly needed rails and new e(iuij)nu'nts 



336 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UXITED STATES. 

of every kind that they were very inefficient and unrehable 
for transporting snpplies or troops, the armies were reduced 
in numbers and on starvation rations, and there was no hope 
of improvement, while they needed shoes, clothing, medi- 
cines, arms, anmumition, indeed, everything that goes to 
make an army efficient. 

On the other hand, the Federal Government, with tlic 
world for their recruiting ground and their storehouse, were 
able to keep in the field larger and better equipped armies 
than ever before. 

Questions — 6i. What is said of General Grant? 

62. What had been done by the Federals, and what remained to be 
done? 

63. Give an account of General Sherman's campaign in the South. 
What of General Johnston and his removal? 

64. Give an account of the capture of Atlanta. 

65. Sum up the result of this Federal success. 

66. What movement was now made by Hood? Describe the bril- 
liant campaign of General Thomas. 

67. Give an account of Sherman's march to tlie soa. What Christ- 
mas gift did he make to President Lincoln? What of Sherman's 
march as a military movement? What of his vandalism? 

68. The Kilpatrick-Dahlgren Raid. 

69. Give an account of Grant's campaign against Richmond. 
What were the relative numbers of Grant and Lee? 

70. What of the battle of the "Wilderness?" 

71. Spottsylvania Court House. 

72. Sheridan's Raid and death of Stuart. 

73. Cold Harbor. 

74. Other operations of the campaign. Those of Siegel. Of But- 
ler. Piedmont. Trevillian's. Lynchburg. 

75. The results of the campaign. 

76. The siege of Petersburg. 

77. Early's Valley campaign. Winchester. Cedar Creek. Re- 
sults. 

/H. Give the history of Banks's Red River expedition. Tell how 
Admiral Porter saved his fleet of gunboats. 
79. Describe Admiral Farragut's fight in Mobile Bay. 



tiCHOOL llfSTO/n- OF THE VXITED ."iTATES. 337 

80. Give a brief history of the Alabama. 

81. Of the Georgia and Florida. Of the destruction of the 
Albemarle. 

82. Tell the story of the Shenandoah. 

83. What State was admitted in 1864? 

84. What of the Presidential election of 1864? 

85. Several other battles of 1864. Olustee. Exploits of Forrest. 
Plymouth and Newbern. Fort Fisher. 

86. Results of the battles of 1864. Relative resources. 



CHAPTER XXXI. 
THE LAST YEAR OF THE WAR. 1865. 

87. The End Near. — It is easy to see now that the end 
was very near when the year 1865 opened, and that the more 
than a niihion men the Federal Government had actually in 
the field, backed by their almost unlimited resources, would 
soon be able to overcome the bare 100,000 which the Cou- 
fetleracy had under arms, and with no prospect of recruiting 
her armies or of supplying those she had. 

And yet the steadfast courage and hope shown by Presi- 
dent Davis, (ieneral Lee and others of the leaders, the rag- 
ged, starving men in gray, most of the people, and especially 
the noble women of the Confederacy, form a bright chapter 
in history worth v of studv and deserving grateful remem- 
brance. Each side awaited with bated breath tlie opening 
of the campaign. 

88. Capture of Fort Fisher. — Commodore Porter, who 
was very much dissatisfied with the result of his cami)aign in 
connection w^ith General P)Utler, insisted upon another expe- 
dition against Fort Fislier. General Terry was sent to coiu- 
mand the land forces, and on the 15th of January the fort, 
after a gallant resistance, was surrendered to the combined 
forces. 



338 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

89. Peace Negotiations. — Both sides had long been 
weary of the war and were anxious for peace, yet the Con- 
federate authorities felt that they had made every proper 
overture without success, and that the next one must come 
from Washington. Through the influence of Mr. Frank 
Blair, Mr. Lincoln wrote a letter indicating that he was 
ready to confer on the subject, and arrangements were made 
for a conference on board a vessel in Hampton Roads be- 
tween \'ice-President A. H. Stephens, Judge J. A. Campbell 
and Hon. R. M. T. Hunter, on the part of the Confederates, 
and President Lincoln and Secretary W. H. Seward, on the 
part of the Federals. There was hope that something might 
be accomplished; the Federal soldiers cheered the Confed- 
erate commissioners as they went through their lines; but 
Lincoln and Seward had no terms to offer save "uncondi- 
tional surrender," and nothing was accomplished by the con- 
ference. 

On the return of the Confederate commissioners to Rich- 
mond, immense mass-meetings were held, and President 
Davis, Secretary Benjamin and others made speeches of 
rare eloquence and popular power which excited a high pitch 
of enthusiasm ; but this could not recruit the armies or recup- 
erate the resources of the Confederacy. 

90. Sherman's Northward March Resting a month 

at Savannah, Sherman began his march northward, leaving 
desolation along his track. Columbia was captured Febru- 
ary 17, and nearly the whole city burned to the ground by 
the Federal soldiers with the connivance of their of^cers. 
Charleston was threatened in the rear and evacuated the 
next day. Fort Sumter, which had defied every attack from 
the sea and had heroically repulsed every effort to take it, 
now saw the Stars and Bars lowered and the Stars and 
Stripes run up and floating over its glorious ruins. General 
Johnston, having been recalled to the command of the Con- 



SCHOOL HISrORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 339 

federate troops in North Carolina, offered what resistance 
he could to the advance of the Federal army. Severe en- 
gagements were fought, and Confederate victories won at 
Averysboro and Bentonville, but Johnston was too weak to 
stay the progress of the 66,000 Federals. At Goldsboro, the 
army of Scofield from Wilmington and Terry from Newbern 
joined Sherman, swelling his force to over 100,000. At this 
juncture, Sherman went to City Point to meet Grant and ar- 
range with him the plan of the final campaign. 

91. Opening of the Campaign in Virginia — Sheridan 
opened the campaign in Virginia by moving up the Valley 
with his splendid body of 10,000 cavalry, and on March 2 
attacked and scattered Early's small force of about 1200 at 
Waynesboro, crossed the mountains, destroyed the railways 
at Charlottesville and toward Lynchburg, which place he 
was prevented from capturing by high water, broke up the 
James river canal and joined Grant at Petersburg. 

General Stoneman in Southwest X'irginia cut the railroad 
at Wytheville and Christiansburg, rendered unserviceable 
the lead mines from which the Confederates obtained all their 
lead, and destroyed the salt works on the Holston, upon 
which the region east of the Mississippi depended for salt. 

92. Operations Around Petersburg — The winter along 
the Richmond and Petersburg lines had been one of fearful 
hardship and sufifering to the half-clad, half-fed soldiers o^ 
Lee. But they kept stout hearts ; they had built at great sac- 
rifice (frequently carrying the timbers for miles on their 
shoulders) sixty chapels located at convenient points on the 
lines: they had prayer-meetings in their bombproofs, the 
chaplains and missionaries always found eager listeners, 
thousands of soldiers professed conversion, and songs of 
praise often drowned the whistling of the minnie or the burst- 
ing of the shell. 

Grant had at the opening of the campaign 162,234 men, 




Fort Sumter at Close of War. 



Riclimoiid, Va., in 1865. 



scnoo/. iii.sToh'Y or riii: i \iti:i) statks. 341 

while on ;\larcli 31 Lee Iiad, to i^uanl thirty-live miles of 
breastworks and meet any move of the enemy, only 33,000 
men ; in other words, Grant could hold his lines, which had 
been made very strong- by engineering skill and ample ma- 
terial, with a force twice as large as Lee's whole army, and 
then send a force of 100,000 men to move around his flanks 
and operate in his rear. And to make matters worse for 
the Confederates, Sherman was moving up with 100,000 
men, while Johnston had only 18,000 to oppose him. This 
was tlie situation as shown by the official figures. 

\'et with a boldness that seemed almost rash, Lee deter- 
mined to make an effort to cut ( irant's lines south of the 
Ap])oniatto.\, and accordingl\-, at 4.30 on the morning of 
March 25, a storming party, under the chivalric Gordon, 
broke through the trench guards and captured Fort Sted- 
man and two adjacent batteries. Rut their supports failed, 
there was concentrated upon the victors an overwhelming 
force and a terrific fire, and after displaying conspicuous 
gallantry, they were forced to retire, losing 1949 prisoners 
and 1000 killed and wounded. Init inflicting heavy loss on the 
enemy and bringing back 560 prisoners, among them Briga- 
dier-General McLaughlin. 

General Lee had iluring the winter carefully considered 
the (|uestion of evacuating Richmond and Petersburg and. 
by a rapid movement on Danville, uniting with Johnston to 
strike Sherman before (irant could come up. This 'plan 
had been decided on. and w(iuld have l)een ]:)ut into execu- 
tion but that tlie condition of the roads and the weak condi- 
tion of the horses of the artillery and transportation hindered 
it, until Grant forestalled it by his movements. 

On March 28. (irant sent Sheridan in conunand of his cav- 
alry, now numl)ering 15,000, and the two infantry coips of 
Warren and I [umphreys. to turn Lee's right, cut his rail- 
ways and prevent his moving on Danville. Lee sent what 



342 SCHOOL HTSITORT OF THE IMTEI) f^TATEfi. 

iniantry and cavalry he could to meet this move, and, on the 
evening of the 31st, Pickett and Fitz Lee attacked and drove 
Siitridan's cavalry corps back to Dinwiddie Court House, 
but fell back to Five Forks on the morning of April i. Here 
that evening Sheridan, with his cavalry and iniantry, at- 
tacked and routed Pickett, who was badly j^osted and with 
scarcely any cover, the Confederate loss being between jooo 
and 4000 men, thirteen colors and six guns. 

Lee was obliged to weaken his lines, imtil he had scarcely 
a good skirmish line to guard thirty-five miles along his 
front, and at 4 A. M. the next day (April 2), Grant attacked 
along his whole line from the Appomattox ro Hatcher's Run, 
and broke the Confederate lines at several p(/ints. As Gen- 
eral Lee expressed it, "I had to stretch nrv lines until they 
broke." 

93. Evacuation of Richmond and Petersburg. — An 
inner line was held all day against repeated efforts to break 
it, but Lee saw that evacuation was novx^ necessar}', and that 
morning sent the famous telegram to Mr. Davis, vvhich was 
delivered while he was quietly worshiping m St. Paul's 
Church, Richmond, of which he was a member, and was 
received and treated with the calm dignity and indomitable 
courage which so characterized the Confederate President. 

Preparations were made for evacuating the wiicle line 
that night, the President and his oi^cials took a train of cars 
foi- Danville, bearing themselves as proudly in defeat as they 
had done in victory, and that night the silent columns of 
gray moved out on roads leading towards Danville. 

Richmond was fired from the burning tobacco ware- 
houses which certain Confederates subordinates had set on 
fire from a misapprehension of orders, and the heart of the 
business portion of the city was destroyed. Thus the herrjic 
cit} which, for nearly four years, had resisted all the mighty 
combinations against her, was literally "in sackcloth and 



.^f'lfOOL rirsroRY of the VMTED fiT.\TEi<. 343 

ashes" when, on tlie fateful morning of April 3, [863, her 
l)rave defenders all gone, she opened her gaies and (jeneral 
Welzel marched his command into the city. 

Only two incidents connected with the fall of Richmond 
an J Petersburg, among the many of interest, can be iiere 
given. Lieutenant-General A. P. Hill, one of the most gal- 
lant and skillful soldiers of the army with which iie had ijeen 
identified from the beginning, on hearing that his lines had 
been broken, was attempting to reach the part of !iis corps 
that had Ijeen cut off. when he was shot and instantly killed 
i,<y a vidette of the enemy whom he attempted to capture. 
Able, accomplished, brave and patriotic, he had been c-ne of 
the most conspicuous figures in the Army of Northern V'^ir- 
ginia, and had rendered the Confederacy most devoted and 
'/aluable services. In the campaign of 1864 his cirps had 
killed, wounded and cai)tured doul)le as many men as it 
numbered, and had taken in battle a number of guns, flags, 
etc., without ever having its battle line broken or losiig a 
gun or a flag. And now its superb leader fell in the liour of 
disaster, when his lines had been for the first time broken, 
tlie grand old army he had contributed sr. much to make 
al)out to go to pieces, and the cause he loved so well about 
to fail. 

The other incident was the heroic defense of Fort Gregg, 
an enclosed v^^ork on the right of Lee's lines into which de- 
tachments of the Twelfth and Sixteenth Mississippi, of Har- 
ris's Mississippi brigade, some artillerymen of Hill's corps 
and a few others of different commands had retreated and 
which they defended with an obstinate courage and self-sac- 
rificing devotion worthy to be written alongside the most 
heroic achievements of history, and forming a fitting close 
to the grand defense of Petersburg. 

94. The Retreat and Surrender, — General Lee's plan 
now was to concentrate his armv at Amelia Court House, 



344 SiniOOL HISTORY OF THE IXITED STATES. 

where he had ordered rations to be coUected, and then using 
the Richmond & DanviUe Railroad to transfer his army, to 
hurry South to unite with Johnston and strike Sherman. 
But when he reached AmeHa Court House he found that his 
orders had not been carried out and that no rations had been 
collected. The day's delay in trying to collect rations from 
the surrounding country proved fatal, as it enabled Grant 
to cut the railroad south of him, and then began that run- 
ning fight between overwhelming odds of the enemy and 
Lee's ragged, weary, starving remnant of his glorious old 
army, which figlit terminated at Appomattox. 

A great disaster befell the Confederates at Sailor's Creek, 
where they were' attacked by overwhelming numbers in 
front, flank and rear, and lost nearly 6000 men — among the 
prisoners being Generals Ewell, Custis Lee, Kershaw, Corse, 
Hunton and Dubose — and they lost heavily at other points. 

But, in turn, they inflicted heavy loss on the enemy, cap- 
turing more prisoners than they knew what to do with in the 
many afTairs along the lines of their retreat, paroling a num- 
ber and having with them over 1000 when they reached Ap- 
pomattox Court HouFP, 

On the 7th of April, Grant wrote Lee, suggesting his sur- 
render, and the famous correspondence between them en- 
sued, and on the same '^^fe his corps commanders suggested 
to Lee that the time for negotiations had come. Li a con- 
ference with these (Longstreet and Gordon, commanding 
the infantry; Fitz Lee. chief of cavalrv, and Pendleton, chief 
of artillery) on the night of the 8th, it was agreed that early the 
next morning Gordon and Fitz Lee should advance towards 
Appomattox Station ?'--' r■,^f their way through if nothing 
but cavalry barred the road, and that Longstreet should fol- 
low; but that if Grant's infantrv was up in full force they 
should call a halt and notifv General Lee, who would raise a 



SCHOOL II I STORY OF THE UMTED STATES. 345 

flag of truce and seek (.ieneral Grant, with a view to sur- 
render. 

Accordingly, the next morning Gordon and Fitz Lee ad- 
vanced, drove Sheridan very handsomely, and captured two 
pieces of artillery and a number of prisoners. But their vic- 
torious advance was finally checked by General Urd and two 
corps of Federal infantry, numbering over 40,000 men. In 
a word. General Lee, with a force which had dwindled down 
to barely 7800, with arms in their hands, was surrounded by 
about 80.000 Federals, and surrender was inevitable. When 
the message of the chivalric ( iordon came, "Tell General Lee 
1 have fought mv old corps to a frazzle, and can do nothing 
more unless heavily supported by Longstreet," Lee said, 
"Then there is nothing left me but to go to General Grant, 
and I had rather die a thousand deaths than to do it." 

Manv wikl propositions were made by gallant officers 
who gathered around, and one said, "Oli. General, what will 
historv say of us if we surrender the army in the field?" "I 
know they will say hard things of us. Colonel," w^as the calm 
reply; "They will not know the odds against which we fought 
or the circumstances which surrounded us. But that is not 
the question. Colonel : the only question is — Is if right to surren- 
der this army:' and if it is right I icill fake all the rcsponsibdity." 
He had said that l)ef()re he would accept "unconditional sur- 
render" as the terms, "he would put himself at the head of 
the remnant of his brave men, and they would all die /;/ their 
tracks." 

But Grant's terms were generous, and his whole bearing 
on the occasion chivalric. The two chiefs met at Appomat- 
tox Court House, in the parlor of Mr. McLean, whose house 
on Bull Run Beauregard had for his headquarters during 
the fight on the i8th of July, 1861. and the occasion was 
marked by calm dignitv and manly bearing on both sides. 
When once asked if General Grant and himself did not "meet 



340 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

under an apple tree/' General Lee replied, "We met in Mr. 
McLean's parlor. If there was an apple tree there I did not 
see it." When asked if General Grant did not "return his 
sword," Lee replied, "No! he had no opportunity of doing 
so. By the terms of the surrender the sidearms of officers 
were exempt, and I did not, of course, z'iolatc those terms bv 
Iciuicriiig my sicord to General Grant. All that was said 
about swords was that General Grant apologized to me for 
not wearing his own sword, saying that it was in his baggage 
and he could not get it in time." 

When Lee returned to his headquarters from his meeting 
with Grant, officers and men crowded around him to take 
his hand, and bronzed veterans of an hundred glorious vic- 
tories wept like children that the cause they loved, and for 
which they would gladly have laid down their lives, had 
failed. Lee issued to his army the following farewell: 
"Head(|uartcrs, Army of Northern Virginia, 

"April lo, '65. 

"After four years of arduous service, marked by unsur- 
passed courage and fortitude, the Army of Northern Vir- 
ginia has been compelled to yield to overwhelming numbers 
and resources. I neetl not tell the survivors of so many 
hard-fought battles, who have remained steadfast to the last, 
that I have consented to this result from no distrust of them ; 
but feeling that valor and devotion could accomplish noth- 
ing that could compensate for the loss that would have at- 
tended the continuation of the contest, I have determined to 
avoid the useless sacrifice of those whose past services have 
endeared them to their countrvmen. By the terms of the 
agreement, officers and men can return to their homes and 
remain there until exchanged. You will take with you the 
satisfaction that proceeds from the consciousness of duty 
faithfully performed, and I earnestly pray that a merciful 
God will extend to you His blessing and protection. With 



SCHOOL HlfiTORY OF THE PXTTED STATES^. 347 

an increasing admiration of your constancy and devotion to 
your country, and a grateful remembrance of your kind and 
generous consideration of myself, I bid you an affectionate 
farewell. 

"R. E. LEE, General." 

There was, of course, general rejoicing among the victors, 
but there was no firing of salutes, no cheering, no manifesta- 
tions that could wound the feelings of the conquered. To the 
credit of the "men in blue" be it said that they respected tlie 
men with whom they had fouglit so long, and treated tliem 
with the highest consideration. And thus the Armv of 
the Potomac and the Army of Northern Virginia marched 
into history. 

95. Assassination of President Lincoln. — While the 
North was ringing with shouts of gladness, tlie whole coun- 
try was shocked by news of the assassination of President 
Lincoln. While the President was seated with his family 
and friends in a box in Ford's Theatre, in Washington. April 
14, John Wilkes Booth, an actor, whose egotism approached 
insanity, stealthily entered and fired a ]iistol ball into the 
head of the President. Then, leaping from the box to the 
stage, he dashed out, sprang upon a horse in waiting, and 
rode at full speed out of the city. He was pursued and run 
down in \'irginia, April 26, and shot while resisting arrest. 

President Lincoln was carried to a private house across 
the street, where he lingered until the next morning, when 
he died. His funeral took place on the 19th, and he was 
widely and deeply lamented. The South felt that his death 
was a calamity to her, as she decidedly preferred him to his 
successor. 

96. Surrender of Johnston and the Remaining Con= 
federate Forces — General Johnston surrendered to Gen- 
eral Sherman, April 26, upon the same terms given by Grant 
to Lee. General Taylor and the remaining Confederate ar- 




Gen. Robert. E. Lee. 



sriioor. II f STORY OF riii: jmted stated. 349 

inics east of the Mississippi suhniilted on the 4th of May. E. 
Kirbv Smith, of the Trans- .Mississippi Department, did the 
same in Texas on the 26th of May. Thus ended all armed 
resistance to the I'nion. 

97. General Robert Edward Lee. It is not usual to 
honor tlie leader of a cause that fails, and yet the calm, ([uiet, 
di.^nihed soldier, who led his army to hnal defeat and sur- 
render, who rode away from Appomattox "a prisoner of war 
on parole," who was cheered by Federal soldiers as he rode 
into Richmond, who was the idol of his army and his people, 
and "has ridden into liistory the tallest, whitest chieftain of 
them all," deserves to be held up to the youth of our country 
as patriot, soldier, citizen. Christian g-entleman, whose beau- 
tifully rounded character and noble life are well worthy of 
careful study and imitation. 

Descended from a long line of illustrious ancestors, the 
son of Henrv Lee, "Light Horse Harry." of the Revolution. 
ROBERT EDWARD LEE was born in Westmoreland 
county. \'irginia — tlic birthplace of Washington, President 
Monroe and other illustrious Americans — on the 19th of 
lanuary, 1807. As a boy he was remarkably handsome, 
grave and thoughtful, of a naturally religious l)ent of mind, 
conscientious in word, thought and deed, and of tine physical 
development. He entered the West Point ^lilitary x^cad- 
emy, where he took rank at once as one of the ablest of all the 
cadets. 1 lis scholarship was sliown in tlie fact that in a class 
noted for the l)rilliancy of its members he graduated second. 
What is tenfold more remarkable, he passed through the 
whole four vears' course without a single demerit — some- 
thing almost unheard of and well-nigli impossible. 

Lieutenant Lee's high rank at graduation ])lace(l him m 
tlie engineer cor])s, where he easily passed all com])etitors. 
It mav be said that he won laurels from the very hour tlie 
opportunity opened to him. His career in the war with 



350 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Mexico was unsurpassed, if indeed it was equaled, by that of 
any other of^cer. When he was only a captain the Cuban 
Junto ofifered to make him the leader of their revolutionary 
movement for the independence of Cuba, a position which, 
as an American offtcer, he felt it his duty to decline. General 
Scott, under whom he served, said, 'He is the best soldier I 
ever saw in the field. The greatest military genius in Am- 
erica." He added, that if the opportunity offered "Lee 
would show himself the foremost captain of his time." 

He was ofifered by Mr. Lincoln the supreme command of 
the armies he proposed to send against the seceded States, 
and he was urged by General Scott to accept the offer, and 
"not throw away the great opportunity of his life;" but he 
calmly replied, that while he recognized no occasion for the 
state of things that existed — while he did not hesitate to say, 
"If the four millions of slaves in the South were mine I would 
free them with a stroke of the pen to avert this war" — yet 
that he could not take up arms against his State, his home, 
his children, and he, therefore, declined the brilliant offer. 

It cost General Lee hours of agony when he was com- 
pelled to decide upon his course. He loved the Union, but 
he believed implicitly in the sovereign rights of the States. 
He walked the floor and prayed a long time for divine guid- 
ance. When Virginia seceded, he cast his lot with her, and 
history has told with what magnificent valor and matchless 
ability he conducted the tremendous struggle through four 
years of war and conflict such as had never been known on 
this continent. We may quote an incident from Senator J. 
W. Daniel: "As General Lee rode from Appomattox toward 
Richmond, he carried with him the heart of every man that 
had fought under him, linked to him with hooks of steel for- 
ever. When he reached the fallen capital of the dead Con- 
federacy, and rode through its ashes and paling fires to his 
home, a body of Federal soldiers there, catching a glimpse 



SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE iXITED STATES. 351 

of the noble countenance, lifted their hats and cheered, and, 
as the great actor in the bloody drama stepped behind the 
scenes, and the curtain fell upon the tragic stage of the se- 
cession war, the last sounds that greeted his ear were the 
generous salutations of respect from those against whom he 
had wielded his knightly sword." 

The splendor of General Lee's character shone out as con- 
spicuously in defeat as in victory. Bitterness was never a 
part of his nature, and his serene cheerfulness, his calm dig- 
nity and his majestic nobility were like a benison to those 
who clustered around their beloved chieftain to bid him 
good-bye, and who would gladly have laid down their lives 
for him whom they liad followed through the flame of battle, 
to glory and to triumph so often, that they had come to be- 
lieve themselves invincible under the resistless leadership of 
his mighty genius. 

Defeat had come at last, and he bowed unmurmuringly to 
the will of God. His thoughts were now for his suffering 
countrymen. The cruel heel of war had ground to powder 
tlie wealth, the prosperity and the happiness of his beloved 
South, and the fair plains of the sunny clime had become 
the land of desolation. The arbitrament of the sword had 
decided against the Confederates, and he advised ail, with 
the deep earnestness of his nature, to devote their energies 
to repairing the waste places, to give over all thoughts of 
further resistance, to beat their swords into plowshares, to 
sul)mit cheerfully to the laws of the United States, and to do 
their utmost to promote the growth of friendly relations be- 
tween the North and the South. 

His example was of incalculable benefit. He not only de- 
clined to take any part in politics or in public affairs, but 
courteously refused tempting offers from abroad, which 
would have brought him wealth, honor and ease, and turned 



352 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UXITED STATES. 

away from more than one lucrative position that wealthy 
capitalists of the North begged him to accept. 

Like most Southerners, he suffered great pecuniary loss 
from the war. His exalted position as supreme leader of 
the Confederate armies gave him unnumbered opportunities 
for amassing wealth, but not a penny clung to his lingers. 
He was so impoverished, indeed, that he was compelled to 
seek some means of securing bread for himself and family. 
Scant as were the means in his section, lucrative business 
offers poured in upon him. In August, 1865, he was offered 
the presidency of Washington College, in the town of Lex- 
ington, Va. He immediately accepted, for the situation 
was congenial in every respect. He was peculiarly fitted by 
education, taste and temperament to manage youth, and his 
example in such a position would be beneficient and far- 
reaching in its influence over his people. The institution 
was one which Washington himself had endowed, and wdiich 
for all time will bear the name of ''IVasJiington and Lcc Uni- 
versity.'' 

General Lee was installed president October 2, 1865, and 
at once entered upon his duties. The ceremonies were of 
the simplest nature possible, which was in accordance with 
the wishes of Lee himself. He gave his full ability and 
energy to the new work to which he had been called. The 
lustre of his name Ijrought hundreds of students from all 
parts of the country, even from the North. The institution 
was in straightened circumstances, but under his admirable 
administration it speedily attained a degree of prosperity 
never before known. He elevated the standard of scholar- 
ship, and infused a spirit of good-will, honorable ambition 
and unity of aim, wiiich rendered the discipline nearly per- 
fect. The college received many handsome donations from 
all parts of the l^nion and even from Europe. The s]:)otless 
record, the exalted Christian character, and the chivalrous 



SCHOOL inXTOh'Y OF TIIK [XITI-Jf) STATTJS. 353 

dignity of General Lee's life won the respect of the North, and 
especially of those who had been his enemies on the battle- 
field. He himself had never manifested a bitter spirit dur- 
ing the war, and after its close he cultivated in himself, and 
enjoined upon others, a spirit of kindly feeling towards the 
people of the North. 

In order that he might set a proper example to others, he 
availed himself of the conditions of President Johnson's 
"amnest}" proclamation, and applied for "amnesty," send- 
ing his application through General Grant, who cordiallv 
endorsed it; but Johnson never condescended to notice it, 
and it will remain forever a blot upon American civilization 
that this greatest of American citizens died "a prisoner of 
war on parole," denied the rights of citizenship accorded to 
tlie meanest and most ignorant negro in the land. 

A L'nited .States grand jury, under the manipulation of the 
infamous "Judge" I'nderwood, had found an indictment of 
treason against him, but ( ieneral Grant boldly claimed that 
Lee was under the ])rotection of his parole, and could not 
be trieil, and Johns(in had to seek some other method of 
"making treason odious." 

General Lee. however, was ready for the trial and anxious 
lo vindicate liimself and liis j^cople licforc the world antl at 
the bar of history, for while he fully "accepted the situation," 
and all logical and pro])er results of tlie war. he never 
changed his u'.ind as to the justice of the cause for which he 
fought. He said to that grand old soldier. General Wade 
Hampton, of South Carolina, in June. 1869. alluding to the 
]~)art he took in the war: "/ could Ihtvc pursued no other course 
i^'ithout disltoiior. and if it icere all to go oi'cr again I should act 
III precisely the sanw way." He was always accustoned to 
speak of the war as "our great struggle for constitutional 
freedom." liut the crowning glory of Lee. after all. was the 
cliild-Iike simplicity of his faith in Christ, his spotless Chris- 



354 SCHOOL Hlf^TORT OF THE UNITED STATES. 

tian character, and the earnest, though quiet, work he did 
for the salvation of others. A man of prayer, a student of 
God's Word, a regular attendant on religious services, he 
was the constant friend of his chaplains during the war, and 
the efficient promoter of religion among his officers and men. 
Wiien he went to Washington College, he was as active in 
promoting real piety among the students, and used the most 
efficient means of doing so. "If I could only know that all 
the young men in the college were good Christians." said 
he to Dr. Kirkpatric.v, his eyes filling with tears and his voice 
tremulous with emotion. "I should have nothing more to 
desire." 

On the afternoon of Septemlier 28, 1870, lie attended a 
meeting of the vestry of Grace Episcopal Church, of 
which he was a member. He presided, and his last ])ub- 
lic act was a liberal contribution to his church. The ses- 
sion was prolonged, and (Jeneral Lee returned home late. 
He was in good spirits, and, entering the dining-room, he 
stood at the table with his family, liowing his head to ask 
a blessing, as was his custom, his lii)s parted, but no words 
came from them. His son. General Custis Lee, hastened to 
his side, and found he was sj)eechless. He was carried to 
his bed and medical aid sununoned. After a time he recov- 
ered his power of utterance, and it was hoped, and generally 
believed, he would soon be restored to health. He recog- 
nized his friends, occasionally spoke, but most of the time 
lay in a stupor. Everything that skill and loving kindness 
could do was done for him. On Monday, October 10, he 
was seen to be sinking. His mind wandered at intervals, 
and, like Stonewall Jackson, in his last moments, he called 
the name of the great lieutenant of the 3d Corps, saving, 
"Tell A. P. Hill to prepare for action," b.is thoughts reverting 
to the troublous times when he was at the head of the armv. 
Between 9 and 10 o'clock Wednesday morning, October 12, 



SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 355 

1870, surrounded by his family, the Christian hero breathed 
his last. The funeral services were of the most impressive 
ciiaracter, large crowds attended, and weeping friends and 
admirers bore him to the tomb. Memorial services were 
held all over the South and appropriate sermons preached, 
addresses made and resolutions passed. The Southern press 
was filled with glowing eulogies, the Northern press gener- 
ally was exceedingly kindly in its tone, and some of the 
papers highly eulogistic; and the foreign press generally 
echoed the sentiment of the London Standard, which said: 
'"A country which has given birth to men like him and those 
who followed him may look the chivalry of Europe in the 
face without shame, for flie falJwrlauds of Sidney and of Bay- 
ard never produeed a nobler soldier, genfleniati and Christian 
than Robert Edzvard Lee.'" 

On the 28th of June, 1883, Valentine's marble recumbent 
figure of Lee, which decks his grave at Lexington, and is 
one of the finest works of art on this continent, was unveiled 
in the presence of a large crowd of enthusiastic admirers, the 
address being made by Senator John W. Daniel, of A'irginia. 
A handsome monument was erected to him in New Orleans. 
l*>ut, perhaps, the grandest occasion of the kind was the un- 
veiling of Mercie's Equestrian Statue of Lee in Richmond on 
May 29, 1890, when an immense crowd went in procession to 
the spot. Colonel Archer Anderson made the address, and 
there was an enthusiasm rarely equaled, never excelled, 
when Lee's old soldiers gathered around and General Joseph 
E. Johnston pulled the cord which unveiled to their eyes the 
bronze representation of their idolized commander. 

And so he lives in the hearts of his own people and of the 
world, and will be handed down in history as one of whom 
America will ever be proud. 

98. The Conduct of the War between the States. 
— We would not revive bitter memories of a stormy past, 



356 SCHOOL BISTORT OF THE UNITED STATES. 

nor perpetuate harrowing details of the cruelties of the war, 
but as the Confederates have been so widely slandered as to 
their conduct of the war, and not only at the North, but in 
Europe held up to indignation on account of their alleged 
cruel treatment of prisoners, we deem it due to the truth of 
history, as well as to the fair name of a brave and honorable 
people, that we should make this brief statement which is 
abundantly attested by the ofBcial records. The Confeder- 
ate Congress never passed a law, and no Confederate official 
ever issued an order, directing, approving, or suggesting 
any conduct on the part of any Confederate troops, agents 
or employes not consistent with the recognized usages of 
civilized warfare. Such orders as those issued by Pope, 
Steinweirh, Milroy, some of the commanders in Missouri 
and other Federal officers were not only fitted to stir the bit- 
terest enmity, but to provoke the sternest retaliation; while 
the burning by the Federals of probably sixty towns in the 
South, and thousands of private houses, the desolation of 
whole regions of country such as Sherman made in Georgia 
and the Carolinas, and Sheridan in the \'alley of Virginia, 
and the perpetration of numberless other outrages upon the 
Confederates, would have palliated, if they had not justified. 
retaliation when the Confederates got the opportunitv. 

But when General Lee entered Pennsylvania, instead of 
retaliating, he issued an order condemning such a course in 
the strongest terms, and concluding as follows: "The com- 
manding general considers that no greater disgrace could 
befall the army and, through it, our w^hole people, than the 
perpetration of the barbarous outrages on the innocent and 
defenseless and the wanton destruction of private propert\ 
that have marked the course of the enemy in our country. 
Such proceedings not only disgrace the perpetrators and all 
connected with them, but are subversive of the discipline 
and efficiency of the army and destructive of the ends of our 



flPHOOL HrSTORY OF THE VXITED S^TATES. 357 

present movements. It nnist be remembered that we make 
war only upon armed men, and that we cannot take ven- 
geance for the wrong-s our people have suffered without 
lowering ourselves in the eyes of all those whose abhorrence 
has been excited by the atrocities of our enemy, without 
ofifending against Him to whom vengeance belongeth, with- 
out whose favor and support our efforts must all be in vain. 
"The Commanding General, therefore, earnestly exhorts 
the troops to abstain, with the most scrupulous care, from 
unnecessary or wanton injury to private propertw and he 
enjoins upon all ofificers to arrest and bring to sununary 
punishment all who shall in any way ofTcnd against the 
orders on this subject. 

"R. E. LEE, General." 

The only town ever burned by Confederate orders was 
Chambersburg, Pa., whicli was burned in 1864 l)y orders of 
General Early, in retaliation for Hunter's vandalism, and on 
the failure of the town authorities to pay the ransom in 
money demanded. 

This act of General Early's, though done from an honest 
purpose to repress further outrages of flie enemy, was dis- 
approved by General Lee. by the Confederate authorities 
and by the army and people generally. The gallant Col. W. 
E. Peters, now the able and accomplished professor of Latin 
in the Lniversity of \'irginia, absolutely refused to obey the 
order given him to burn the town, saying, "With a full 
knowdedge of the consequences of refusing to obey orders, 
I have to say that you may take my sword, Init I will not use 
the torch against innocent non-combatants.'' He was never 
tried for his disobedience of orders. 

As for the treatment of f^risoiiers, the Confederate records 
were searched in vain for a scintilla of proof that the Confed- 
erate authorities ever ordered or connived at any ill-treat- 
ment of prisoners. In the Southern Historical Papers, Vol- 



358 SCHOOL niNTORT OF THE VyiTED SSTATEFf. 

iniic /, this whole question is fully discussed, and it is shown, 
beyond all cavil, that the Confederate authorities did every- 
thing in their power to mitigate the sufferings of prisoners, 
that they made various humane propositions to this end, 
which were rejected by the Federal authorities, that they were 
always anxious to exchange prisoners, and carried out in 
good faith every "cartel" made for the purpose, while the 
Federals constantly violated the terms of the "cartel" when- 
ever they thought it to their interest to do so, and that, while 
the sufferings of prisoners on both sides was fearful and the 
mortality very great, yet the official reports of the Federal 
Secretary of War, E. M. Stanton, and the Federal Surgeon- 
General, Barnes, show that nearly 4 per eciif. more Confed- 
erates died in Northern prisons than of Federals in Southern 
prisons. 

These figures, taken in connection with the well-known 
fact that tlic Federal authorities had the greatest abundance 
of rations, medicines and liospital stores of every descrip- 
tion, while the Confederates were sadly in need of these for 
their own soldiers, establish beyond doubt that the Confed- 
erates were innocent, and the authorities at Washington were 
guilty, of the blood of the brave men on botli sides who per- 
ished in prison. In a word, the Confederates may proudly 
claim that they conducted the war on the highest plane of 
civilized warfare, and that the English poet. Professor 
Worsley, did not speak too strongly when, in his beautiful 
poem to Lee, he wrote: 

"All! realm of tombs, but let her bear 
This blazon to the last of times; 
No nation rose so white and fair, 
Or fell so pure of crimes." 



Stliooi. IIIS'rOh'Y or THE IMTED >iT.\TEfi. 359 

Questions — S7. Rrlalivc luinibtTs at the opening of tlu- year 1S65. 

88. Captnre of I'"ort l''islicr. 

89. Peace negotiations. 

90. Sherman's northward march. 

91. First operations of the campaign in Virginia. 

92. Winter in the Confederate trenches. Relative nmnl)ers of Lee 
and Grant. Fort Steadman. Lee's plans. Grant's movements. 
The results. 

93. Evacuation of Richmond and Petersburg. Death of .'\. P. 
Tlill. Defense of Fort Gregg. 

94. Retreat and surrender. Relati\e numbers at .\ppomattox. 
The "historic apple tree." Ditl Grant return Lee's sword? Lee's 
farewell address. Conduct of Grant and his army. 

95. Assassination of President Lincoln. 

96. Surrender of other Confederate forces. 

97. Give in \'our own words a sk'etch of General Lee. 

98. The conduct of the war on both sides. The treatment of jiris- 
oners. Rejieat Worsley's descri]ition of the Confederacy. 

BLACKBOARD AND SLATE EXERCLSES. 

{Model) 

The Causes of Secession: 

1. Roving character of the Northern people. 

2. The tariff. 

3. African slavery. 

Events of 1861 : 

Opening events of the war. 

The first battle. 

(_)thcr events in Virginia. 

Foreign complications. 

The war in the border States. 

Events of 1862: 

The work to be done. 
Operations in the West. 
The war on the coast. 



360 HCIIOOf. HfSTORY OF THE IXTTfJO HTATE^. 

Confederate disasters. 

Era in naval warfare. 

Military movements in Kentucky. 

Military movements in Mississippi. 

The campaign against Richmond. 

Events of 1863: 
Emancipation. 

Confederate successes in the South and West. 
Confederate disasters in the South and West. 
Campaign against Richmond. 
Aggressive campaign of the Confederates. 

Events of 1864: 

The task before the Federals. 

The war in the West. 

The cutting in twain of the Confederacy. 

The campaign against Richmond. 

The war on the coast. 

The war in the Southwest. 

The war on the ocean. 

Events of 1865: 

Sherman's Northward march. 
The end of the war. 
A national calamity. 
Conduct of the War. 

HISTORICAL INITIALS. 

1. What States furnished no soldiers to the Union armies? (G., 

S. C, V.) 

2. What Union general declared negroes "contraband of war?" 

(B. F. B.) 

3. What two States attempted to remain neutral at the beginning of 

the war? (K., M.) 

4. What was the first Confederate privateer that succeeded in get- 

ting to sea? (S.) 



SCHOOL HISTORY or the VXITED stater. 361 

5. At what battle, when General Grant was asked what terms he 

would grant, did he reply, "Unconditional surrender?" 
(F. D.) 

6. What Confederate general threatened an attack on Cincnmati? 

(K. S.) 

7. In what battle were several thousand Indians arrayed on the side 

of the Confederates? (P. R.) 

8. In what battle were many of the Union vessels concealed by 

dressing them out with leafy branches? (N. O.) 
o. What Union frigate went down and left her Hag flying from her 
masthead above the water? (C.) 

10. What vessel was called a "Yankee cheese-box?" (M.) 

11. What Confederate general in the course of his service before and 

during the late war was wounded ten times? (J. E. J.) 

12. What one-armed Union general was killed at Chantilly? (P. K.) 

13. What two Confederate generals were shot, one fatally, through 

mistake by their own men? (S. J., J. L.) 

14. What name, the scene of one of the fiercest battles of the war, 

means in the Indian tongue "River of Death?" (C.) 

15. What general became known as "The Rock of Chickamauga?" 

(G. H. T.) 

16. What battle was said to be fought above the clouds? (M. R.) 

17. In what battle did the eight-inch Parrot gun, known as the 

Swamp Angel, explode at the thirty-sixth round? (A. on C.) 

18. Who commanded the first colored regiment raised in the North- 

ern States? rCol. S.) 
ig. W^hat two large opposing armies, commanded by brave generals, 
after fighting each other, marched away in different directions? 
(H' — 's and S — 's.) 

20. Who sent the news of the capture of an important city as a 

Christmas present to President Lincoln? (S.) 

21. What Confederate cruiser continued to destroy Northern com- 

merce for four months after the end of the war before her cap- 
tain heard the news of Lee's surrender? (S.) 

22. What was the most important battle of the war? (G.) 

23. What was the bloodiest battle? 

24. At which battle were the largest number of Confederates assem- 

bled? (S. D. F.) 

25. At which battle were the largest number of Unionists assembled? 

(W.) 



302 .^f'HOOL HI.-iTOTiY OF Til !■] TXTTEl) ,^TATE,^. 

CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY OF EVBLNTS. 
A. D. Page 

i86i. President Lincoln inaugurated, Marcli 4 226 

1861. Bombardment and capture of Fort Sumter, April 14 230 

1861. President Lincoln called for volunteers, April 15 232 

1861. President Davis called for volunteers, April 29 233 

1861. Virginia seceded, April 17 232 

1861. Northern troops attacked in Baltimore, April 19 242 

1861. Arkansas seceded, May 6 232 

1861. North Carolina seceded. May 20 232 

1861. Fight at Phillipi, Va., June 3 244 

1861. Tennessee seceded, June 8 232 

1861. Fight at Booneville, Mo., July 4 254 

1861. Confederate capital removed to Richmond, Va., \la.y 29.. 244 

1861. Confederate defeat at Carthage, Mo., July 5 254 

1861. Fight at Rich Mountain, Va., July 11 245 

1861. Fight at Carrick's Ford, July 13 245 

1861. Battle of Manassas, or Bull Run, Va., July 21 247 

1861. Battle of Wilson's Creek, Mo., August 10 254 

1861. Battle of Ball's BlufT, Va., October 21 250 

1861. Federal defeat at Belmont, Mo., November 7 254 

1861. Seizure of Mason and Slidell, November 8 255 

1862. Battle of Mill Spring, Ky., January 19 26b 

1862. Loss of Fort Henry, Tenn., February 6 262 

1862. Roanoke Island, N. C, captured, February 7 264 

1862. Fort Donelson. Tenn., captured, February 16 263 

1S62. Electoral vote of the Southern Confederacy counted, Fel)- 

ruary 19 263 

1862. Battle of Pea Ridge, Ark., March 7, 8 264 

1862. Battle between the Monitor and Virginia, or Manassas, 

March 9 269 

1S62. McClellan began his advance against Richmond, March 

ID 272 

1862. Newbern, N. C, captured by Federals, March 13 264 

1862. Battle of Shiloh, or Pittsburg Landing, April 6, 7 265 

1862. Island No. 10 captured, April 7 266 

1862. Fall of Newr Orleans, April 25 267 

1862. Fort Macon, N. C, captured, April 25 264 

1862. Union advance upon Yorktown, May 4 272 

1862. Battle of Williamsburg, Va., May 5 2^2 

1862. Norfolk, Va., evacuated. May 10 271 



SCHOOL lUSTOh'Y OF THE UMTED STATES. 363 

A. D. I'age . 

1862. Stonewall Jackson set out on his campaign, May 24 274 

1862. Corinth, Aliss., evacuated, May 30 288 

1862. Battles of Seven Pines and Fair Oaks, May 31. June i . . . . 27^^ 

1862. General Stuart's raid, June 13, 14 278 

1862. Seven Days' battles, June 25, July i 279 

1862. Second battle of Manassas, August 29, 30 282 

1862. Harper's Ferry surrendered, September 15 283 

1862. Rattle of Sharpsburg. Md., September 16, 17 284 

1862. Battle of luka, Miss., September 19 289 

1862. Battle of Corinth, Miss., October 4 289 

1862. Battle of Perry ville, Ky., October 8 288 

1862. Battle of Fredericksburg, Va., December 13 286 

1862. Battle of Murfreesboro, Tenn., December 31, January 2. . 289 

1863. Emancipation proclamation, January i 293 

1863. Capture of Galveston, Texas, January i 294 

1863. General Joseph Hooker assumed command of the Army of 

the Potomac, January 26 299 

1863. Battle of Chancellors ville, Va., May 2. 3 301 

1863. Stonewall Jackson died. May 10 302 

1863. West Virginia admitted to the Union, June 19 310 

1S63. Battle of Gettysburgs, July 1-3 305 

1863. Vicksburg surrendered, July 4 295 

1863. Port Hudson surrendered, July S 295 

1863. Battle of Chickamauga, September 19, 20 297 

1863. Battle of Missionary Ridge, November 25 298 

1863. -Siege (^f Knoxville raised, December 4 298 

1864. General Grant made Lieutenant-General, March 2 313 

1864. Capture of Fort dc Russy, March 14 328 

1864. Battle of Sabine Cross Roads. April 8 329 

1864. General Butler landed at Bermuda Flundred, May 5 324 

1864. Battle of the Wilderness, Va., May 5, 6 320 

1864. Battle of Spottsylvania, Va., May 8-12 320 

1864. Battle of Re.saca, Ga., May 14, 15 314 

1864. Battle of New Market, Va., May 15 ^^21, 

1864. Butler "bottled up" at Bermuda Hundred, May 16 324 

1864. Battle of Dallas, Ga., May 25-28 314 

1864. Battle of Cold Harbor. Va., June 3 ^2;i 

1864. Battle of Piedmont, Va., June 5 314 

1864. Battle of Lost Mountain, Ga., June 15-17 314 

1864. Destruction of the Alabama by the Kearsage, June 19. . . 330 



304 SCHOOfj nrSTORY or THE VyJTED ^TATEfi. 

A. 1). Page 

1864. Battle of Kenesaw Mountain, Ga., June 27 314 

1864. Battle of Monocacy, Md.. July 9 326 

1864. Battles before Atlanta, Ga., July 20, 22, 28 314 

1864. Mine explosion before Petersburg, Va., July 30 326 

1864. Farragut's battle in Mobile Bay, August 5 329 

1864. Atlanta. Ga., captured, September 2 314 

1864. Capture of tbe Florida, October 7 2>2>2 

1864. Battle of Cedar Creek. Va., October 19 ^i^j 

1864. Destruction of the Albemarle, October 27 ^t,2 

1864. Nevada admitted to the Union. October 31 334 

1864. Atlanta burned, November 16 317 

1864. Savannah, Ga., captured, December 20 318 

1864. Battle of Nashville, Tenn., December 15, 16 317 

1864. Failure to capture Fort Fisher. N. C, December 24. 25.. . 335 

1865. Fort Fisher captured. January 15 T,T,y 

1865. General Lee appointed commander-in-chief of the military 

forces of the Confederacy. February 5 

1865. Columbia. S. C, burned, February 17 338 

1865. Charleston, S. C, evacuated, February 18 338 

1865. Battles of Averysboro and Bentonville, N. C. March 15. 18. 339 

1865. Capture of Fort Steadman. Va., March 25 341 

1865. Battle of Five Forks, Va., April i 342 

1865. Assault of the Confederate front. April 2 342 

1865. Fall of Richmond, April 3 342 

1865. Lee surrendered at Appomattox, April 9 345 

1865. President Lincoln assassinated, April 14 347 

1865. General Johnston surrendered, April 26 347 

1865. General Taylor surrendered. May 4 349 

1865. General Kirby Smith surrendered, May 26 349 



SCHOOL llli<T()Iiy OF THE UNITED t^TATEt^. 305 



PART Yl. 

Reunion and Progress (1865-1896.) 



CHAPTER XXXII. 
JOHNSON'S ADMINISTRATION. (1865-1869.) 

1. The Cost of the War. — The statistics of the war be- 
tween the States are too vast for us to grasp. From the 
opening to the close, over 3,000,000 men were engaged in 
fighting. Those who died in battle from wounds, from disease 
and from the result of exposure must have been nearly i ,000,- 
000 in number, which represents the awful cost of one of the 
most stupendous struggles of modern times. The public 
debt of the United States at the close of the war was $2,750,- 
000,000. The loss of the Confederate States in property can 
never be correctly and fully estimated; the 4,000,000 slaves 
were liberated without compensation to the owners; the 
entire currency and the bonds of the Confederacy and of the 
States were wiped out and the banks all wrecked; the rail- 
way companies all went into bankruptcy; wide regions of 
country were laid waste; in them farming utensils were de- 
stroyed, horses, mules and stock of every description carried 
of? or shot, mills burned, business of every kind destroyed 
and the means of obtaining a livelihood, for the time, utterly 
blotted out. 

2. Dissolving of the Armies — It is doubtful whether 
anv other nation in Christendom would have stood the strain 



366 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

to which the United States was subjected just after the sur- 
render of General Lee. The death of the head of the nation 
by assassination would have brou.c^ht revolution elsewhere, 
but, despite the deej) feelini^ that stirred all hearts, there was 
no disorder, and the wheels of the government went forward 
without check or friction. When the war ended there were 
1,000,000 l^'ederal soldiers under arms. They were veterans 
without their e(|uals anywiiere under the sun. The rest of 
the nation would have been powerless before such a mis^htv 
host. Many were poor and impoverished, but within the 
same year that saw the end of hostilities all these soldiers 
had laid aside their deadly weapons and were giving their 
whole energies to tlie pursuits of peace. Civilization never 
saw a grander sight tlian this noiseless dissolving of the 
armed hosts and their transformation into quiet, orderly, 
law-abiding citizens, except the grander sight displayed by 
the conduct of the returned Confederate soldiers. These 
last, with fortunes ruined, ]io])es blighted, plans all frus- 
trated, and subjected to all sorts of ])ctty annoyances by 
provost guards, Freedmen's lUireau agents and the swarm 
of hungry "Carpet-baggers" who came .South to devour the 
little the war had left, instead of sitting down to rake in the 
ashes of the past, or entering upon a career of lawlessness, 
which would have made the condition of the South far worse, 
took off their coats and went to work in the corn, tobacco 
and cotton-fields, in the factories and workshops, in the pro- 
fessions, in whatever vocation lionest industry could make a 
living. The waste places of the South have been built up, 
her industries have prospered, her deserts now "bloom and 
blossom as the rose," and this changed result is due (far more 
than to any other causes save God's blessing) to the brain 
and brawn of "the men who wore the gray," and who have 
made as law-abiding citizens as the world ever saw. 



SCHOOL III^TOh'Y OF THE LXJTEI) HTATEH. 



307 







'■"■■'■'■■ 



3. Andrew Johnson. — Andrew 
I hnsoii, who, througli the assas- 
lation of President Lincohi, he- 
me the seventeenth President 
el the United States, was born at 
Raleigh, N. C, December 29, 
1808. His family were too poor 
'^i'llliij^ to send him to school, and at the 

ain^e of ten he was apprenticed to a 
tailor. He spent his leisnre time in 
learning to read, and, having mar- 
ried a most estimable woman, he received great help from 
her. He became inlt-rested in politics. Having removed 
to Greenville, Temi., he was successively alderman, mayor, 
member of the legislature, governor, and, in 1843, ^^s sent 
to Congress. He also served as United States Senator. 
Although a Democrat in politics, he was so decided in his 
Union sentiments that he was placed on the ticket with 
Lincoln in 1864 and elected Vice-President. He died Jidy 

4. Reconstruction. — The ])roblem that now confronted 
our government was tlie pro])er method of adjusting the re- 
lationship of the States that had seceded from the Union. 
In some of them, so-called State governments had been 
formed, under the protection of the advancing Federal ar- 
mies. The President recognized these, and appointed pro- 
visiiMial governors in the rest, with authority to call conven- 
tions and organize "loval" governments. Such conventions 
were called, the best people being disfranchised. They re- 
pealed the ordinances of secession, repudiated the Confed- 
erate war (U'bt, and ratified llie Thirteenth Amendment to 
the Constitution, which abolished x'Vfrican slavery. When 
these conditicMis were niot, the President claimed that, inas- 
much as the revolting States had never been legally out of the 



368 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Union, they were entitled to all their former rights and privi- 
leges. An anniesty was proclaimed on Christmas day, 1868, 
but it excluded from its benefits fourteen classes of Confed- 
erates. 

Congress, however, quickly joined issue with the Presi- 
dent. That body claimed that it was its right, and not the 
President's, to prescribe the conditions on which the South- 
ern States should be restored to their old places in the Union. 
Congress demanded that the States should be "recon- 
structed." Their governments were set aside and their Con- 
gressmen refused admission. Congress held that these 
States were in the situation of concjuered provinces. As a 
condition to their restoration to their former privileges they 
were recjuircd to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment to the 
Constitution. This amendment conferred civil rights upon 
the negro, prohiljited the jjayment of any portion of the 
Confederate war debt, and i)laced the public del:»t of the 
United States beyond cavil. 

The Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution received 
the necessary three-fourths votes of the States, counting 
those of bogus conventions in the South, and was ratified by 
Congress July 21, 1868. The (|uarrcl between the President 
and Congress became more bitter. The executive soon cut 
loose from the Republican party. He vetoed different po- 
litical measures, and insisted that the course of Congress was 
unnecessarily severe toward the reconstructed States. Fi- 
nally, a point was reached when Congress decided to remove 
the President from ofBce. 

5. Impeachment of the President — To impeach a 
President is simply to charge him with wrong-doing in his 
office. Before he can be displaced, he must be tried and 
found gilty of violation of the laws. The House of Repre- 
sentatives draws the articles of impeachment, and the United 
States Senate is the bodv before which the trial must be held, 



SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UyiTEI) STATES. 369 

the Chief Justice of the United States acting as presiding 
ofBcer. The trial lasted thirty-two days. A two-thirds vote 
was necessary to convict. The President escaped conviction 
by one vote, and on the 5th of June. 1867. Chief Justice Chase 
ordered a verdict of ac<|uittal to be entered. 

6. Honors to the Federal Leaders in the War. 
— Previous to this date, several events had occurred of na- 
tional note. On the 25th of July, 1866, Congress passed an 
act reviving the grade of General in the army and creating 
the ranks of Admiral and Vice-Admiral in the navy. To 
General Grant was given the title of General, to Sherman 
that of Lieutenant-General, to Farragut that of Admiral, and 
to D. D. Porter the rank of Vice-Admiral. 

7. The Atlantic Cable Successful. — We have learned 
of the failure of the Atlantic cable, laid in 1858. In the sum- 
mer of 1865 another attempt was made to lay a cable. The 
manmioth steamer Great Eastern, which had jiroven a r-uin- 
ous disappointment to its owners, was found to be just what 
was needed to carry the immense coil of cable. When half 
of it had run out, it snapped in two and sank. It was fished 
up again, but another break followed. This was repeated 
several times, until the effort was given over. By taking 
lessons from the repeated failures, complete success was at- 
tained on the 28th of July. Since then the cable has worked 
perfectly, and others equally successful h.ave been laid. Tele- 
graphic conuuunication now exists with every part of the 
civilized world. 

8. Fenian Scare. — In the month of April, 1866, several 
hundred Fenians, as those people that were striving for the 
freedom of Ireland called themselves, came together in 
Fastport. Mc, and began preparations for descending on the 
island of Campobello, belonging to New I^runswick. Some 
davs later a schooner arrived from Portland with arms. 



870 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

These were seized by the United States Goveninient, and a 
British war steamer anchored off the island. United States 
troops were sent to Calais, and General iVleade arrived on the 
19th of April and assumed command of ihcni. Thereupon 
the Fenians gave up the enterprise. 

The organization, however, abandoned their purpose only 
for the time. They held secret conventions and sent a num- 
ber of arms to the New York frontier, which were seized by 
the American authorities. On the ist of June, nearly 1500 
Fenians crossed the Niagara river at Pntffalo and occupied 
the deserted post of Fort Erie. The following day- they had 
a skirmish with a number of Canadian volunteers. While 
they were attempting to withdraw to the United States, an 
American gunboat stopped them and arrested about 700. 
The parole of more than 1300 was taken, and they promised 
to give up the project. (Jther Fenians who arrived were 
sent home by their officers. 

Meanwhile, Fenians were massing on the border in Ver- 
mont and at Malone, N. Y. General Meade went to Og- 
densburg to prevent an invasion. One thousand Fenians 
entered Canada and took possession of St. Armand, from 
which the Canadians had tied. The Fenians retreated across 
the frontier upon the advance of a large force of Canadians. 
General Meade arrested a large number, took their parole 
and sent them home. Finally, the flurry was ended by the 
proclamation of the President (June 6. 1866). 

9. Purchase of Alaska. — Bv a treaty with Russia. 
Mach 30, 1867, the United States secured that stretch of ter- 
ritory in the Northwest which had been known as Russian 
America, and is now called Alaska. The price paid was 
$7,200,000. Tlie country has a hilly surface, with an abund- 
ance of timber. The fisheries and fur trade are of enormous 
value. Its ])0])ulation consists chiefly of Indians and Esqui- 
maux. The settlements are few in number. Sitka, or New 



tiCliOOL niSTONY OF THE LMTED >STATE>S. 371 

Archangel, is the capital. The government is administered 
by an executive appointed by the President of the United 
States. 

10. Expulsion of the French from Mexico One 

of the most malignant foes of tlic I'cderal (iovernment was 
Louis Napoleon, Emperor of h>ance. He continually urged 
England to join him in tlic recognition of the Southern Con- 
federacy. Finally, he decided to establish an empire in Mex- 
ico. . Pie saw that the hands of the United States were too 
full in prosecuting the war for the subjugation of the South 
to enforce the Monroe doctrine. Napoleon offered the po- 
sition of Emperor of Mexico to Maximilian, an Archduke 
of Austria. This amiable, but weak, man was made to be- 
lieve that it was the wish of the Mexican people that he 
should reign over them. 

When he reached Mexico, however, he saw he had made 
a fatal mistake, or, rather, the French Emperor had deceived 
him. The majority of Mexicans were opposed to him, and 
a revolution was under way. About this time, the war be- 
tween the States having ended, Napoleon was notified that 
h.e nuist withdraw his troops from Mexico and respect the 
Monroe doctrine. He was (luick to obey, and left Maxi- 
milian to his fate. The Austrian made the l)est fight he 
could, but the Mexicans were too strong for him. He was 
surrounded and forced to surrender May 15, 1867. He and 
h.is two leading generals were shot on the 19th of June, and 
thus the projected FrctTch F.mpire in America fell to pieces. 

11. Release of Jefferson Davis. — When Richmond 
fell and General Lee surrendered, Jefferson Davis and his 
ca])inet retreated southward. ( )n the loth of May he and 
several of his friends were ca])tm-ed and afterwards impris- 
oned in h\:)rtress Monroe, where he was treated witli a cru- 
elty that will ever remain a foul l)lot on American history. 




liodiii ill which .IclTcrsoii Davis w;is iiiiprisiiiKMl. 
KouUi iu which iSlouewall Jacksou Died. 



sciioof. iiTsToh'V or Till-: vmted stati:s. r!7:i 

Having;' beer, charj^ed with treason, liis trial was del'erred 
until the 13th of May, 1867, when he was released on hail for 
six months, liis bail, whieh was given in the United States 
court at Richmond, was for $100,000. Among those whc 
signed his liond was Horace (ireeley, the famous editor of 
the New York Tribune. Tlie trial of Mr. Davis was post- 
])oned from time to time, and finally dropped, February 6, 
1869, because the ablest lawyers at tlie North gave it as their 
opinion that he could not be convicted under the Constitu- 
tion of the United States. 

12. Admission of Nebraska. — Nebraska w^as ad- 
mitted to the Union March i, 1867, making the thirty- 
seventh member. Although one of the youngest States, it 
speedily took rank among the foremost in the production of 
wheat and corn, and in stock raising. 

Questions. — i. Give an idea of the cost of the war in life and 
money. 

2. What grand act followed the dissolution of the armies? How 
(lid the Confederate soldiers act? 

,?. Give a biographical sketcli of the seventeenth President. 

4. Explain the course of the President on reconstruction. What 
was done by Congress? What is said of the Fourteenth Amend- 
ment? 

5. What does it mean to impeach the President? Give a history 
of the impeachment of President Johnson. 

6. What of the honors to Federal leaders in the war? 

7. Describe the successful laying of the Atlantic telegraph cable. 

8. Describe the Fenian scare in Maine. What attempt was made 
at Buffalo? What followed? 

9. What can you tell about Alaska? 

10. Give a history of the attempt to found a French empire in 
Mexico. 

11. What is related concerning JeiTerson Davis? 

12. What have you to say of Nebraska? 



374 



SCHOOL /lISTOJx'Y or THE 1 XITJJI) STATERS. 



CHAPTER XXXIII. 



GRyVNT'S ADMINISTRATIONS. (1869-1877.) 




13. U. 5. Grant.— The popu^ 
larity of (General Grant caused his 
election to the Presidency in 1868 
by an overwhehiiing majority. 
Scliuyler Colfax, Speaker of tlie 
House of Representatives, was 
elected Vice-President, the two 
defeating the Democratic candi- 
dates, Ex-Governor Horatio Sey- 
mour, of X'^ew York, and General 
Erancis P. Blair, of Missouri. The 
eighteenth President of the Ignited States was born at Point 
Pleasant, Ohio, April 22, 1822. His parents removed from 
tliat place the following year to the village of Georgetown, 
in the same State, where young Grant passed his boyhood. 
At the age of seventeen, he was appointed a cadet to the 
West Point Military Academy, where he graduated twenty- 
rirst in a class of thirty-nine. Plis given name was Hiram 
Ulysses, but his a])pointmcnt was made out in the name of 
L'lysses Simpson, which name has remained ever since. 

Lieutenant Grant first saw fighting in Mexico, where he 
did fine service, being breveted captain for gallantry. He 
entered the war between the States as captain of a company 
of Illinois volunteers raised by himself. The governor soon 
appointed him colonel, and in August, 1861, he was pro- 
moted to 1irigadier-general. In his first battle at Belmont, 
Mo., he had his horse shot under him. He attracted the at- 
tention of the whole country l)y his brilliant capture of Ports 
Henry and Donelson, which were the first decisive Eederal 
victories of the war. The terrific Ijattle of Pittsburg Land- 



srijooL irrsTORY of the rxTTEn states. ai.i 

ing- followed, ami ihcnceforward his history became closely 
interwoven with that of the war in which he bore such a 
prominent part. He died July 23, 1885, at Mount McGre- 
f^or, X. Y., after sufYerinq- for weeks with a cancerous affec- 
tion of the tongue. 

14. The Pacific Railway — The first event of public 
importance in the early (la\s of Grant's administrations was 
the completion of the I'nion Pacific Railway. This grea; 
work was l)egun in 1863, but, because of the war, little was 
done during the first two years. With the close of the war, 
the work was pushed with vigor, and, on the loth of May, 
1869, the last rail connecting the line from the east with the 
line from the west was laid and the last spike, which was 
made of solid gold, was driven in place. The two locomotives, 
one from the Atlantic and the other from the Pacific, with 
tlieir pilots almost touching, let out several resounding blasts 
from their whistles as a salute to each other, speeches were 
made, and the American continent, for the first time, was 
spanned by the iron railway from ocean to ocean. 

15. The Fifteenth Amendment. — The Fifteenth 
Amendment to the Constitution gives to the negro the right 
to vote. It was proposed during the last days of Johnson's 
administration, and declared ratified March 30, 1870. 

16. "Black Friday." — As the war progressed the price 
of gold rose, until at one time it was worth three times as 
much as paper. Then it began steadily declining, until the 
spring of 1869, when a gold dollar was worth 131 cents. A 
number of speculators in New York bought several millions 
of gold at that price. Then they made it appear, through 
certain newspapers, that a war with England and also with 
Spain was imminent. This scare sent the price of gold up 
to 145. The operations of the brokers caused a "corner," or 
scarcity of gold. Their aim was to buy most of what was in 
the banks of New York and prevent the sub-treasury of the 



:',7u sciiixtL i/isroh') oh 'ihi.. iMii;n s'jATES. 

L'nitctl States from selling" any part of the $100,000,000 which 
it had in its vaults. Then they intended to push the price of 
gold up to the highest attainable point and sell all they had. 
Could they succeed they would make many million dollars. 

On h>iday, September 24, the operators on Wall street 
became like so many lunatics. The price of gold had been 
■'bulled" to 144 and was going up every minute, with the 
threat that it would not stop until 200 was reached. Men 
who had been wealthy for years could only shriek, fling their 
arms and leap about, as they saw their fortunes slipping 
from them. The advance of gold caused other stocks to 
decline, and ruin spread right and left. Some men actually 
became crazed and were taken to asylums, while others died 
from the exhausting excitement. Hundreds were ruined 
and never recovered from the horrors of that panic, which 
will always be known as "Black Friday." In the midst of 
the pandemonium, when gold had reached 164, with the 
prospect of still rising, the government came to the rescue 
with the announcement that it would sell gold. This caused 
an instant break, and the price began to fall. The conspira- 
tors in the daring scheme cleared more than $11,000,000, 
but the indignation against them was so intense that they 
had to hide themselves for a time, and it required several 
months for the country to recover from the shock. 

17. The Alabama Claims. — We have learned that it 
was charged that England did a great deal to help the Con- 
federate privateers during the war. For this, the United 
States now called her to account. It was not England's 
sense of justice that led her to consider these claims, so much 
as the fear that if she did not, sometime in the future we 
might retaliate. A joint high conmiission, composed of five 
British and five American statesmen, met in Washington, 
February 27, 1871, and made a treaty. May 26, agreeing to 
arbitration at Geneva. 



SCHOOL IJ I STORY OF THE IXITED STATES. 377 

The arlMtration lril)unal met at Cieneva, June 15, 1872. 
On the 14th of September, this tribunal decided that England 
should pay to the United States the sum of $15,500,000 for 
damages inflicted upon Northern commerce by the Confed- 
erate cruisers. This, as the President declared in his next 
message to Congress, left Great Britain and the L'nited 
States without a shadow upon their friendly relations. 

18. Trouble with Corea — The barbarous country of 
Corea, on the eastern coast of Asia, was tributary to the Em- 
perors of China and Japan. It was the custom of those 
people to treat with great cruelty the crews of vessels ship- 
wrecked on their coast. In May, 1871, the American envoy 
to China and the admiral of the fleet in those waters opened 
negotiations with the Corean authorities for the correction 
of this wrong. The Coreans expressed themselves as eager 
to do whatever was desired, and allowed the fleet to make a 
survey of the neighboring coasts and waters. While two 
steamers and four launches, accompanied by a French ves- 
sel, were thus engaged the Coreans treacherously opened 
fire upon them from a masked battery manned by several 
thousand natives. The vessels returned the fire with such 
effect that the garrison were driven pell-mell from their 
works. 

The Corean government was notified that ten days would 
be given them in which to apologize for the breach of faith. 
The time passed without any apology. Then the vessels 
landed 500 men, stormed and captured the forts, destroyed 
the guns, blew up the magazines, besides killing more than 
200 and wounding many others. Nothing more was done 
concerning the shipwrecked sailors, but since then Corea 
has assumed friendly relations with the United States. 

19. The Chicago Fire — On the 8th of October, 1871, 
a cow belonging to an Irish woman in Chicago kicked over 
a lamp and started one of the biggest fires in the world. It 



378 FiCEOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED f^TATES. 

oegan in De Koven street, and was driven by a high wind 
into the frame honses and hmiber-yards in the vicinity. Be- 
fore many people suspected the danger, the flames bounded 
across the south branch of the Chicago river and swept 
through the business portion with a hurricane's swiftness. 
People who expressed their sympathy for the sufferers a mile 
away suddenly found the conflagration at their own doors. 

The awful fire raged and grew all day, until it looked as if 
the whole city was doomed. The main channel of the river 
offered no check to the advance of the flames, and the fire- 
proof buildings were devoured in the fervent heat as though 
made of tinder. By the time the conflagration had spent its 
force fully 20.000 buildings were in ashes, and the devastated 
area was estimated at from one to three square miles. Prob- 
ably 250 people lost their lives and 100,000 were rendered 
homeless. The value of the property destroyed was $192,- 
000,000. It is in such times of calamity that the best instincts 
of people are stirred to action. From every portion of the 
land, including the desolated, impoverished South, contri- 
butions were hurried to Chicago, and everything possible 
was done for the suffering ones. The citizens ot the stricken 
city displayed wonderful pluck and energy. While the ruins 
were still smoking the work of rebuilding was begun. Thou- 
sands of buildings were erected without any cessation of 
labor night or day, until completed. Within a year Chicago 
had risen from her ashes and has steadily grown ever since. 

20. Presidential Election of 1872. — The Presidential 
election of 1872 was a singular one. President Grant was 
renominated by the Republicans, Henry Wilson taking the 
place of Schuyler Colfax for the Vice-Presidency. Horace 
Creeley, who had spent most of his life fighting the Demo- 
crats, now became their nominee for the highest office in the 
gift of the American people. Many of the radical Demo- 
crats refused to support his nomination, which was first 



SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE I'MTEI) STATES. 379 

made 1)\' tilt "Liberal lvepiil)licaiis." The rej^ular Repub- 
lican ticket carried thirty-one States. Mr. Greeley was so 
crushed bv his overwhelniinf;- defeat that he lost his reason 
and died within a month after the election. 

21 Massacre by Modoc Indians — The g-overnment 
adopted the policy of setting' aside large tracts of lands, called 
"reservations," for exclusive occupation by Indians, ddie 
latter were re([mred to remain u])()n these reservations, and, 
so long as they did so. were to l)e guarded from molestation. 
These reservations were extensive enough to furnish each 
Indian with several hundred acres. 

Several serious difficulties confronted the government 
when it attempted to carry out this plan. Although the res- 
ervations, as we have shown, were extensive, the American 
Indian is never willing that limits shall be set to his wander- 
ings. He claims the right to roam and hunt wherever his 
fancv leads him. liesides, on many of the reservations the 
soil was inferior to that to which the Indians had been ac- 
customed. In some cases it was worthless, and the agents, 
as is verv frecpiently the case, seized every opportunity to 
swindle the red men. 

The Modoc Indians were occupying fertile and fine hunt- 
ing lands south of ( )regon, when they were removed to a 
tract which was so sterile that they turned about in anger 
and fled back to the lands from which they had just been 
driven. -Thev were onlv a few hundred in nuinl)er, but they 
defied the Ignited States to remove them. They withdrew 
'lO some lava-beds just over the frontier in Northern Cali- 
fornia, where thev w"erc surrounded by troops, but the coun- 
try is so wild and inaccessible that it was almost im])Ossible 
to reach and bring them to terms. 

A conference was held April ii, 1873, under a flag of 
truce between the leaders of the Modocs and six members of 
the peace commission. While the conference was under 



3S0 HCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED t^TATES. 

way the Modocs sncklcnly assailed the white men. General 
Edward S. Canby, the head of the commission, and Dr. 
Thomas, a member, were killed, and General Meacheni, an- 
other commissioner, was shot and stabbed, but escaped with 
his life. Operations against the Alodocs were now pressed 
with the utmost vigor, and finally they were compelled to 
surrender. The three chiefs responsible for the murder of 
the commissioners were executed ( )ctober 3. The rest of 
the warriors were removed to a reservation in Dakota, where 
they have never caused any annoyance. 

22. War with the Sioux — The Sioux Indians are the 
fiercest warriors in the Northwest. They are numerous and 
powerful, and have frequently given us much trouble. The 
discovery of gold in the Black Hills drew many desperate 
men thither. Most of the region where the precious metal 
was found belonged by treaty to the Sioux reservation, and 
the white men. therefore, had no right to enter the country. 
Adventurers in the struggle for gold, however, give little 
thought to the rights of others, especially if persons thus 
wronged are Indians. 

The Sioux were (|uick to use the excuse for galloping off 
their reservation and retaliating upon the white people. 
They stole horses, burned buildings and murdered settlers in 
Wyoming and Montana. Generals Terry and Crook, with 
a strong force of regulars, entered the mountainous region 
of the Upper Yellowstone, with the ])urpose of forcing the 
Indians back upon their reservation. Several thousand 
warriors, under Sitting Bull and other leading chiefs, were 
thus driven toward the Big Horn mountains and river. 

While the campaign was in progress. Generals Custer and 
Reno rode forward with the Seventh Cavalry to discover 
where the hostiles were. Thev were found encamped in a 
large village, nearly three miles long, on the left bank of the 
Little Rig Horn river. Custer recklessly charged upon the 



SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE I'XITED STATES. 381 

village \\illu)Ut waiting for reinforcements. The Indians 
assailed liis soldiers in overwhelming numbers and massa- 
cred every man. General Reno held his position at the lower 
end of the encampment until General (hbbon arrived with 
reinforcements, and saved what was left of his men. The 
loss of the Seventh Cavalry was 261 killed, and fifty-two 
wounded. This massacre occurred June 25, 1876. 

23. The Centennial Exhibition. — The centennial oi 
An.erican independence was fittingly celebrated by an inter- 
ruitional exhibition at h^airmount Park, Philadelphia. The 
expense of the exhibition was estimated at $8,500,000. Of 
tliis amount, the city of Philadelphia gave $1,500,000, and 
the State of Pennsylvania, $i,GOO,ooo, while $2,500,000 was 
raised by the sale of stock. ( )ther States aided, and Con- 
gress appropriated $1,500,000. The whole sum needed was 
secured before the date fixed for the opening. The follow- 
ing nations accepted the invitation of the President to par- 
ticipate in the exhibition: The Argentine Confederation, 
Austria, P>elgium, Bolivia. Brazil, Chili, China. Denmark, 
Ecuador, Egypt, France (including Algeria), German Em- 
pire, Great Britain and her colonies. Greece. Guatemala. 
Havvaii. Hayti, Honduras, Italy, Japan. Liberia, Mexico, 
Xcth.erlands, Nicaragua. Norway, ( )range Free State, Per- 
sia, Peru, Portugal. Russia, Siam, Spain. Sweden, Switzer- 
land, Tunis, United States of Colom])ia, and X'enezuela. 

I'"ive principal l:)uildings were selected to receive the vari- 
ous articles exhibited. The Main Building was 1876 feet 
long and 464 feet broad. The second building was tlie Art 
Gallery, or Memorial Hall; tlie third. Machinery Hall; the 
fourth, Agricultural Hall, and the fifth. Horticultural Hall. 
L'p to that time the Main Building was tlie largest structure 
in the world, the ground floor having an area of twenty acres. 

The Centennial Exhibition was declared open by Presi- 
dent Grant in the conclusion of his address, May 10, 1876, 



;!.M' SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE VXITED STATES. 

.tnd closed by him six months later. The daily attendance 
at the exhibition grounds rose from 5000 to 275,000. The 
whole number of visitors was a little short of 10,000,000. The 
grounds were open 158 days, and the total receipts were 
$3,761,598. The whole celebration was worthy in everv 
respect of the grand events which it was designed to com- 
memorate. 

24. Admission of Colorado. — Colorado, the thirty-eighth 
State, was received March 3, 1875. 'j'-^t its Constitution was 
not ratified by the people until July i, 1876. From this fact 
it is sometimes known as the "Centennial State." Colorado 
contains the highest peaks in the Rocky mountains and the 
vast elevated plateau called "Great Parks." The largest of 
these has an area exceeding that of the State of Massachu- 
setts. It is one of the first States in the Union in the pro- 
duction of silver, and has unsurpassed grazing regions. 

25. Presidential Election of 1876.— The Presidential 
election of 1876 was one of the most trying in the history of 
the country, which was brought to the verge of civil war. 
An attempt was made to renominate General Grant for a 
third term, Imt it failed, and Rutherford B. Hayes, of Oliio, 
was put forward as the Republican candidate, with William 
A. Wheeler, of New York, as the nominee for the \ ice-Presi- 
dency. The Democratic candidates were Samuel J. Tilden, 
of New York, and Thomas A. Hendricks, of Indiana. The 
"Independent Greenback Party," as it was termed, nom'- 
nated Peter Cooper, of New York. Although they did not 
carry a State, they polled 100,000 votes. 

For a number of days after the election the Democrats 
and Republicans each claimed the victory. In four States 
the result was disputed, viz: Louisiana, South Carolina, 
Florida, and Oregon, It was necessary for the Repul)licans 
to secure all these in order to carry the election, for Tilden's 
un(|uestioned vote was too. and one more would elect him. 



SCnOOL lll^roRY of the FXITED SITATES. 383 

Each party charged the other with fraud, and the wrangle 
was made worse by the fact that the Lower House of Con- 
gress was Democratic and the L'pper, Republican. JJy law 
it was necessary for the electoral vote to be counted at a 
joint session of the two Houses. Inasnutch as double sets 
of returns were sure to come from the four States in dispute, 
the prospect was of the gravest nature, and caused alarm 
llu'oughout the countrw There were thousands of Demo- 
crats so convinced that fraud was on foot that they were 
ready to go to war. 

In this crisis, Congress, after nuich discussion, passed a 
Ijiil creating an Electoral Connnission to decide the dis- 
puted points. This tribunal consisted of five Senators, ap- 
pointed by the \'ice-Prcsident (three Republicans and two 
Democrats); five Representatives appointed by the Speaker 
(three Democrats and two Republicans), ahd five judges of 
the Supreme Court (three Republicans and two Democrats). 
This, as will be noticed, made the commission to consist of 
eight Republicans and seven Democrats. ( )n tlic 2d of 
March, two days before the inauguration, this commission, 
by a strict party vote, declared the Repul)lican candidates 
elected, though the election of Tilden was supposed by many 
to be beyond all reasonable doubt, and that it was a case in 
which partisan methods overruled the popular will. 

Questions. — 13. Give a biographical sketch of the eighteeiith 
President. 

14. Give an account of the completion of the Union Pacific Rail- 
way. 

15. What is said of the Fifteenth Amendment? 

16. Give an account of "Black Friday." 

17. What is meant l)y the "Alabama Claims?" How were they 
settled? 

t8. What trouble occurred with Corea, and how was it settled? 
IQ. Give a history of the great Chicago fire. What was the loss? 
JO. What is said of the Presidential election of 1872? 



384 



.sY7/or>/. insToh'Y OF Tin-: vmtei) stati:s. 



21. Explain »1r' iiK-aniiiK '>f tlu- word "reservation," as applied to 
the Indians. What angered the Modocs? Of what massacre were 
they guilty? 

22. What is said of tiie Sioux Indians? Wliat roused them t(j hos- 
tility? Describe tlie lampaign against tlieni. 

j,^ What is sail! of ilie Centennial Plxhihition at Philadelphia? 
.\t wliat sum were llie expenses estimated? Now was it raised: 
Wliat is said of the Main lUiilding? What were the other huildings? 
Give the statistics. 

24. What have you to \v\\ aliout Colorado? 

25. What is said of the Presidential election of 1876? What caused 
the danger of the country? How was it finally settled? Who was 
really elected? 

CHAITKR XXXIV. 

HAYES'S ADMiNlS'rR,\TlUN. (1877-1881.) 



26. R. B. Hayes. — Rutlurlord 
'). i layts, nineU'cntli Trrsidt'iit of 
the I'liilcd States, was l)()ni in 
)cla\\arc, ( )lii(), ( )ct()l)c'r 4, 1822. 
\v j^radiialed from KeiiNon Col- 
]c,L;r at the a^c of t\vcnt\', and 
completed ills k\L;al studies at 
I larvacd I niversity. lie be^an 
lie ])raciit\' of law^ at Mai"ic'tta, but 
rc'mo\'e(l to I'remoiit. and tinalK 
lo Cincinnati, lie <lid L;'oo(i service in the war between tlie 
States, and rose io the rank of major-pi'eneral. He was 
Congressman in 1865, and was chosen (lovcrnor of Ohio 
three times. I lis nomination to tlie {'residency was a com- 
promise, his name liavim;- ])een liardK- lhon|L;"lit of mitil the 
close strn^'^'le between tlie leaders comj^elkMl tlie slej). lie 
died at k'reniont, Ohio, January 17, 1893. 




SCHOOL iiisToh'Y or Till-: I \ in: ft statijs. shh 

27„ Withdrawal of Troops from the South Presi- 
dent Hayes, at tlie outset of his adininistration, seemed aetu- 
ated by a desire to hel]) the era of ^ckkI feelinjj^ l)et\veen the 
Xorlh and South. ( )ne uieuil)er of his cabinet liad served 
the Confederacy (hnnnj;- the war. An important act was the 
witluh-awal of troops from the Southern States. Many of 
his sup])()rters opposed this step, hut it l^nn'cd decidedly bene- 
ficial. 

28. Currency Changes. — There was much (hscussion 
over the renujneli/.ation of silver — that is, of brin^int;- it into 
circulation aj;ain. 'Ihe cry for an increase of ])aj)er money 
havini;' failed, its supi)orters demanded an issue of silver 
coinaj^^e. The silver dollars passed out of circulation durinjj^ 
the war, and, in 1X7.^, C'oni^ress made _<:^old the exclusive 
standard. The bill for the renionetization of silver was ve- 
toed by the I'residcMit, but passed over his veto by a lari;-e ma- 
jorit}-. ( )n the iSth of l)eceml)er, 1878, ^o\<.\ and silver 
money, for the hrst time in seventeen years, were of the same 
value. 

29. Resumption of Specie Payments. — The universal 
desire was for the resuniptidu of specie pa\ments. The value 
of the pa])er dollar steadily increased, as tin- public debt was 
reducetl, and Conja^ress, by an act in 1875, tixe<l January i, 
1879, as th: date on which specie payments would be re- 
-nmed. At that linn' there was an accunudation of $138,- 
000,000, mostly gold, in the I'nited States treasury, which 
,jmountcd to nearly half of the outstanding:^ bonds. This 
fact so stren^thcMU'd ])ublic credit that on the i st of January. 
1879, onlv $11, 000, coo were (jffered for rcdemjition. 1lie 
problem for the resumption of specie payments proved to be 
no problem at all. 

30. Labor Troubles. — Labor strikes, more or less se- 
rious, ha\'e often occurred. The most alarming' of them 
broke out in the summer of 1877, and was known as the 



386 SCHOOL BISTORT OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Great Railway Strike. There had been dissatisfaction for a 
long time among the workmen throughout the country over 
their wages. When, therefore, the Baltimore & Ohio Rail- 
road made a reduction of lo per cent, in the pay of its em- 
ployes this action was followed by a strike, July 14, on the 
several branches of the road. Sympathy with the men 
caused a similar strike later on the Pennsylvania, Erie and 
New York Central and their Western connections, includ- 
ing the Missouri Pacific and minor lines west of the Missis- 
sippi. 

The Brotherhood of Engineers, which is generally the last 
association to go into a strike, took the lead, and were fol- 
lowed by the firemen, brakemen and other railway employes. 
At Martins1:)urg, W. \a.. all trains were stopped and the 
authorities set at defiance. Tlie militia sent against them 
either sympathized with the strikers, or were driven out of 
their ])ath. It was not until the 19th of ]u\\\ when 300 regu- 
lars reached the point, that the ])lockade was raised. 

A furious fight took place the next day in Baltimore, when 
an attempt was made to drive the rioters ofT the streets. 
Xine persons were killed and twenty wounded. The strike 
rapidly spread throughout the country, paralyzing business 
and almost sto]5ping travel. The only section not injuri- 
ously affected was the Southern States. The most fearful 
scenes took place in Pittsburg, where 20,000 rioters held 
control of the city for two days. 

Soldiers made their appearance on the streets on the 21st, 
and were viciously attacked by the rioters. They replied 
with bullets, killing and wounding a number. This added 
to the fury of the rioters, who set upon the soldiers with such 
fierceness that they fled for refuge into a round-house be- 
longing to the railwav companv. There they were besieged, 
and burning oil cars were rolled against the building. The 
firemen who hastened to the spot to put out the flames were 



tiCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED HTATEt<. 387 

not permitted to do so. The Union Depot and all the ma- 
chine shops and railway buildings of the city were burned. 
The losses amounted to $10,000,000, and the rioting was not 
brought to a stop until the regular troops were sent to the 
help of the State troops. Fully 100 lives were lost during 
the conflicts in Pittsburg. 

Disturbances took place in other parts of the country. In 
Chicago, on the 26th of July, nineteen persons were killed, 
and in Reading the military shot down a dozen before the 
rioting was suppressed. One hundred thousand laborers 
took part, and at one time 6000 miles of railway were tied up. 
This violent outburst, liowever, did not last long. Within 
a month it ended, and all the roads were running again. 

31. War with the Nez Perces. — When Lewis and 
Clark were in the West on their exploring expedition in 
1806 they made a treaty with the Nez Perces Indians of 
Idaho. Missionary stations were established, and friendly 
relations lasted until after tlie war with Mexico. A large 
section of their land was bought by our government in 1854. 
and extensive reservations were made in Northwestern Ore- 
gon for the Indians. Many of the chiefs were dissatisfied, 
and refused to go to the reservations. 

In 1877. General Howard marched against the Nez Perces 
with a small force of regulars. Their chieftain Joseph was 
an extraordinary man. who led his warriors \vith so much 
skill that it was imjiossible to force him to battle. His plan 
was to transport his whole tribe, including his women and 
children, across the Rocky mountains into British territory. 
General Merrilt ]M-onounces Chief Joseph's retreat and man- 
agement of this campaign one of the most remarkable in our 
historv. The pursuit continued for 1300 miles, when at last 
Joseph and his liand were surrounded in the Pear Paw 
mountains. Seeing all hope was gone. Chief Joseph walked 
forward to General Howard the following day, and, handing 



388 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

him his ritie, said, as he pointed to the sky, "From vvliere the 
sun stands, 1 fight no more against the white man." 

The surrender of the Indians was sincere, though a por- 
tion of the band escaped into liritish territory. General 
Howard was filled with admiration of Chief Joseph and with 
sympathy for him and his people. Some years later he se- 
cured their return to the neighborhood of their old home, 
where they have never given the slightest trouble, for they 
are contented and prosperous. 

32. The Fishery Award — There was no dispute down 
to i8i8 over the right of Americans to fish along, the shores 
of the British, possessions. In the year named the United 
States agreed to confine its fishing to three miles from the 
inhabited shores of Canada. The dispute arose as to 
whether the three miles should be measured from the head- 
lands or from every point along shore. Other questions 
became involved with this, and the matter was finally re- 
ferred to arbitrators, sitting in Halifax. They decided that 
the United States should pay Great P)ritain tb.e sum of $5,- 
000,000. The verdict was regarded as so unfair that our 
government at first was disposed to refuse to accept it, but 
finally decided to do so, and the sum was paid the following 
year. 

33. Presidential Election of 1880. A determined ef- 
fort was made to renominate General Grant for a third term, 
but it failed. The Republican nominees were James A. Gar- 
field, of Ohio, and Chester A. Arthur, of New York. The 
Democratic candidates were General ^^'inficld S. Hancock, 
of Pennsylvania, and William H. English, of Indiana. The 
Republican ticket was successful. 

Questions — 26. Give a biographical sketch of the nineteenth 

President. 

27. What steps were taken by the President to conciliate the 
South? 



SCHOOL illSTOh'Y OF THE IMTKU STATUS. 



3S!) 



28. What currency changes took place? 

29. Show how specie payments were resumed. 

30. What is said of the labor troubles in 1877? Give an accotint 
of the troubles at Martinsburg, W. Va. In Baltimore. Describe the 
conflicts in Pittsburg. What of the troubles elsewhere? 

31. What is said of the Nez Perces Indians? Of Chief Joseph".' 
Relate what followed. 

Ji2. Give a history of the Fishery Award. 

S3. What is said of the Presidential election of 1880? 



CHAPTER XXXV. 



GARFIELD AND ARTHUR'S ADMINISTRATION. 



(1881-1885. 



34. James A. Garfield. — James 
Abrani (jarfield, twentieth Presi- 
\^ dent of the United States, was 
_ ^ l)orn in Orange Township. Ohio, 
% November 19, 1831. His father 
2^ (Hed while the son was in his in- 
fanev, and his care devolved upon 
his mother, who was a most ex- 
cellent woman. His Ijoyhood in 
tlie backwoods gave him robust 
health. He developed great mechanical skill, and his ser- 
vices while a boy were much sought by the farmers of the 
neighborhood. For a time he was driver of a canal l)oat. 
At the age of seventeen he attended the high school in Ches- 
ter, became a student at Hiram College, and afterward an 
instructor in the mstitution. He graduated with lionor from 
Williams College in 1856, became president of Hiram Col- 
lege, which place he resigned in order to enter the military 
service at the breaking out of the war between the States. 




390 SCIJOOL lllsTOh'V or Till: I XfTlU) STATES. 

He acquitted himself hrillianth-. and l:)ecanie brigadier-g-en- 
eral. He was chief of staff to General Rosecrans, and took 
a leading part in the battle of Chickamauga. While still in 
the field he was elected to the Lower House of Congress., 
and served seventeen years. He was chosen to the United 
States Senate in 1879, ^^^^t never took his seat, because of his 
nomination for the Presidency. 

35. Civil Service Reform. — The question of "civil ser- 
vice reform" is one which holds much of public attention. 
President Jackson showed the greatest vigor in turning out 
of ofifice those who belonged to liis political opponents aufl 
filling their places with his friends. The i)ractice has been 
followed to a greater or less extent l)y all Presidents since. 
vSome think the policy is hurtful, because servants who have 
l)een in office long enough to become skilled are obliged to 
give way to those who know nothing of the duties, with the 
inevital)le result tliat the ])uldic service suffers. Tlie argu- 
ment is made that before anyone is apj^ointed to a public 
situation he should l)e re(]uired to pass an examination to 
l)rove that he is qualified for the duties of the office. 

It is maintained, further, that having been once appointed 
to office the incumbent sliould be allowed to stay as long as 
he performs its duties faithfully. Not only that, but the 
prospect of promotion should always be before him. In 
other words, he should never l)e turned out of of^ce because 
of his political opinions. This is wliat is meant by "civil 
service reform." President HaAcs professed to carry out 
the principles, but was forced to yield to the clamor of office- 
seekers. The Republican platform indorsed the civil service 
reform. The wild horde of men determined to secure ofBce, 
however, were resistless, and the question was shifted over 
for tlie succeeding administration to battle with. 

36. Assassination of President Garfield. — On the 26 
of July, 1881, President Garfield, accompanied by Secretary 



SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE VXITED STATES. 391 

lUaine and sonic friends, rode to the Baltimore railway sta- 
tion in Washinoton to take the cars for Elberon, N. j. He 
entered the station, and was talking with Air. IJlainc, when 
a miscreant, named Charles J. Cuiteau, standing directly 
l)ehind the President, tired a pistol at him. The wounded 
President was carried to the Executive Mansion, and his 
assassin was hurried cjff to prison. 

The profoundest sympathy was felt for the striken man, 
and countless prayers were offered for his recovery. Noth- 
ing was neglected, and, when strong enough, he was re- 
moved to the seaside, in the ho])e that the pure atmosphere 
and invigorating breezes would bring back his health and 
strength. All in vain, however. He quietly ])assed away 
on the night of Se])tember if)th at EUieron. 

37. Chester A. Arthur.— 
Chester Alan Arthur, who thus 
)ecame the twenty- first President, 
was born at Eairiield, \'t., ( Octo- 
ber 5, 1830, and died ( )ct()bcr 28, 
1888. He graduated at l^iion 
College in 1849. After teaching 
school for some time, he came to 
Xew York city to stud\- law. Dur- 
ing the war for the Union, he was 
(|uartermaster-general of the State of New York, and for 
seven years held the position of collector of customs for the 
l)ort. He had hardly resumed his law practice, when he 
was called to enter the Presidential election of 1880. 

38. The Yorktown Centennial. — Inasmuch as the 
struggle for American independence was extended over a 
period of seven or eight years, the centennial celebrations 
lasted for a considerable time. The one most worthy of 
note was held at Yorktown, Va., in the month of October, 
1881. Among the distinguished visitors were the President 




392 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE VMTED STATES. 

of the United States, tlie governors of most of the States, 
leading mihtary men, and representatives from Great Uritain, 
Ciermany and Franee. At the close of the celebration, 
where the j)ride of England had been hnml)led to the dnst by 
Washington, the British flag was rnn np by order of Presi- 
dent Arthnr, and a military salute fired in its honor. 

39. The Brooklyn Bridge.— ( )n May 24, 1883, the tine 
structure known as the Brooklyn bridge was opened ft)r 
travel. The main span is 1595 feet and one-half long, and 
the two land sj^ans 930 feet each. The masonry ai)proach 
o.n the New York side is 1562 feet, and on the Brooklyn side 
971 feet, making the total distance more than a mile. The 
middle of the bridge is 135 feet above the water in summer, 
and, because of the contraction from cold, is three feet higher 
in winter. ( )])erations were begun on the bridge January 
3, 1870, and twenty persons were killed in the course of its 
cf)nstruction. The Brooklyn l)ridge is the largest suspen- 
sion bridge in the world, and is said to be the only one on 
whicli horses are allowed to cross at a faster gait than a walk. 
The travel over the l)ridge everv dav is enormous. 

40. The Northern Pacific Railway The Northern 

Pacific Railway was finished August 22, 1883. The last 
spike was driven in the presence of a number of distinguished 
guests, among vvdiom were Generals Cirant, Sheridan an<l 
many English and German capitalists. At one of the sta- 
tions the famous chieftain Sitting Bull drove a thriving trade 
by selling his autographs for a dollar apiece. The Nortli- 
ern Pacific Railway extends from Superior City, Wis., for 
1674 miles to Wallula Junction, on the Columbia, in tlic 
State of Washington. It has several branches. 

41. The Highest Latitude Ever Attained by flan. — 
It was proposed in 1880 that different countries should unite 
in establishing meteorological stations in the polar regions. 
The purpose was to afford opportunity to study the phe- 



SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE VXITEIt KTATf-JS. 3!t:i 

noniena of the weather and of the magnetic needle. Con- 
gress responded to this invitation by making an ap])ropria- 
tion for planting two scientific colonies, one at Point Bar- 
row in Alaska, and the other on Lady Franklin bay, in Grin- 
nell Land. These stations were to be occupied for ])eriods 
varying from one to five years. The party intended for Lady 
Franklin bay was under command of Lieut. A. W. Greely. 
All the other atteni])ts to form circumpolar stations (ahoul 
a dozen in numl)er) were successful. 

The arrangement made by Lieutenant Greely was first to 
establish a base of supplies. It will be seen that Arctic ex- 
plorers are exposed to death not only from cold, Init also 
from starvation, since little game is found in the dismal 
regions of the far Xorth. A point, therefore, was fixed on 
Lady Franklin bay, which, it was believed, could he readily 
reached by vessels with supplies. So long as the vessels 
designated for that duty attended to it the explorers had a 
point to which they could return when in need of food with 
the certainty of finding it. 

The arrangement was that two vessels should be sent to 
Lady Franklin bay in the summer of 1883 to bring Greely 
and his men back, or leave them supplies. The explorers 
sailed from St. John's July 7, 1881, and, including officers 
and two Esquimaux, numbered twenty-nine men. While 
the steamer was striving to reach Cape Sabine, as agreed 
upon, with supplies, it was crushed in the ice and sank. The 
crew escaped with great difftculty, and made their way to 
L'pernavik, where the other vessel had been left. No sup- 
plies had been landed for Lieutenant Greely and his men, 
whose lives were thus placed in great peril. 

Meanwhile, the explorers pushed northward, facing 
weather of whose severity the mind cannot conceive. A sig- 
nal station, called Fort Conger, was established on Lady 



.'^594 SCHOOL HISTORY OF T!fK TXITED STATES. 

I'^rankliii hay, and an cxpcdilinn snit alun^- []\c iKirtlicni 
coast of (Greenland. Abonl the middle df Ma\-. icSXj, Lieu- 
tenant James Jj. Locd<\vood and Serjeant I )avid L. Ilrainard, 
with a single Esfjuimaux as tlieir conipanion, rearlu'd a 
l)oint beyond which they coidd not ])ass. Ilefore turning- 
hack tliey ])roceeded to take observations witli tlu- utmost 
care and under the best conchtions. 

These observations showed that tlie tliree men were in 
latitude 83° 24' 30" nortli, lonj^itufh' 40" 46' 30" wc-t of 
dreenwicli. Lockwood and I'rainard. therefore, liad readied 
THE ill(;ilh:ST LATITl l)|-, I-A'IvR Ad'TAIXI'd) lA' 
MAN. 

I he ex])lorers fnidiniL;' no ])ro\isions on tlieir return to 
h^ort CV)n_^-er, uiKU'rwent (h-eadful sufferiui^'. At one time 
cannil)ahsm was resorted to. I.ientenant l.ockwood was 
amon.q^ those who succuml)e(l and (bed. When tlie s^aunt 
survivors were rescued l)y a rehef ex])e(htion sent out in thc> 
summer of 1884, only Lieutt'uanl (ireely and six of his com- 
panions were alive. hAen tlu'y coidd not liave lasted more 
than two or three daws Ioniser. 

42. Dedication of the Washington flonument. — 
The corner-stone of the Washington monument was laid 
July 4, 1848. Amono- tliose present were I bnr\- ('lav, 
Daniel Webster, President I 'oik and John C. Calhoun. Af- 
ter making- the beginning- (jf this tribute to the ]'"ather of his 
Country, it was not very creditable to the American nation 
that it took nearly forty years to complete it. Such, lunv- 
ever, was the fact, for it was not dedicated until February 21, 
1885. (Washington's birthday fell on Sunday that vear.) 
The ceremonies were fitting and impressive. General Sheri- 
dan acting as chief marshal, while Senator John W. iJaniel, 
of Virginia, delivered an eloquent address. The Washing- 
ton monument is the loftiest in the world. It can be seen 



xciiooi. iiis't'din or 'rin: i \rn:i> states. :',!»;' 

for Uvcntv iniK-s in an_\ direction, and towtrs to llir lu-i^lil of 
555 feet, more than a tenth ni a mile. The weijj^ht of the 
entire shaft is 82,000 tons. The wliole cost of the nionu- 
nient was $1,187,710. of wliicli Cfjni^ress appropriated 
$900,000. 

43. Presidential Election of 1884, — The Democratic 
candidate's in the Presidential eU'i'tion of 1884 were (Irf)ver 
( le\-eland, of .\ew \'ork, and I hoina.s A. I iendri(d<s, of In- 
diana, riic l\c])nl)li("an candidates were janies '1. I'daine, 
of Maine, and < icncral hdin A. T.o<.^an, of Illinois. The 
I )(,-niocrats made the h.i^'ht (diielh- on the issue of civil service 
reform, while llu- tariff was the main arj^ument of the Re- 
pnhlicans. d he .Southern issue no lon^^-er entered into the 
Presidential conti'sts. The diversity oi views on the tariff 
and civil service reform is so ji^reat in hoth ])arties that the 
distinction between the political faith of a 1 )emocrat and that 
of a Repuhlican is less perce])tihle than e\'er before. .Many 
proiuinent Rej)ublican ])a]Hr^ sni)])ortcd tlie l)etuoeralic 
ticket, which was elected. 

Questions. — .34. Give <i biof^rnpliic-il sketch of the twentieth Prcs- 
i'leiit. 

.-55. F.xplain tlie meaning of "Civil Service Reform." Wliat ar- 
^.(nments are adduced in favor of it? 

,36. Descrilje tlie assassination and dcadi of President Garfield. 

T,J. Give a biographical sketch of the twenty-first President 

38. Give a descrijjtion of the Yorktovvn Centennial. 

.39. What is the history of the Brooklyn bridge? 

40. What is said of the Northern Pacific Railway? 

41. What international proposition was made in 1880? WHiat was 
ihe object? What expeditions were successful? What arrange- 
ments were made by Lieutenant Greely? Give an accr)unt of the 
memorable exploit of Sergeant Brainard and Lieutenant Lockwood. 

42. What is the history of the Washington monument? Give 
some figures concerning it. 

43. What is said of the Presidential election of 1884? 



30ti 



scfjooL insToin' or Tin: i mteu state's. 



CTTAPTKK XXX VT. 



tXEVELAND'S FIRST ADMINISTRATION. (1SS5-1889.) 




44. Qrover Cleveland. — Grover 
Ck'velaiicl, twenty-second ] 'resi- 
dent of tlie I'nited States, was 
horn at Caldwell, X. J.. Marcli 
iS, 1837. lie rt'Ct'ived his edn 
cation in the ])nhlic schools, anc! 
'.".'cann' a teacher in an institn 
•ion for the blind in Clinton, X. 
\'. l\enio\in<;- to Ihiffaloin 1855, 
Ik' soon ranke(l anion^' llie U'ad- 
ers at the har in that t-itv. lie 
was assistant district attorney in 1863, and was eU'cted sheril'f 
of the eonnt\' in 1870. Tlis pi i])idaril\- made him mayor of 
lUiffalo in i88t, althoni^h tl'.e city was stronj^ly Repnhlican 
in ])olitics. llis prodiy-if)ns majority in 1882, when chosen 
( lovcrnor of the State of Xew York, attractt'd national at- 
tention, and hrnno-lit ahont his nomination for tlie Presi- 
dency in 1884. 

45. Civil Service Reform. — Ilavini-; received the snp- 
port of many connnitted to "civil service reform," President 
(develand did not ignore his obligations to these snpporters. 
1 le made a strong effort in that direction. Despite the clamor 
(A of^ce-seekers, he retained in position probabh- one-half, 
if not more, of the Repnblicans that had dischari'-ed their 
d.uties satisfactorily. He natnrally cansed nnich dissatisfac- 
tion in the ranks of his own party, bnt he persisted in sliowing 
his belief in civil service reform, which was a plank in the niat- 
form npon which he was elected. 

46. The Statue of Liberty — That which strikes a vi; i- 
tor to this country most impressively, when he first a])- 



HCIIOOL HISTORY O/' 77//; LXITED (STATES. SU7 

[jroaches New York, is the j^ij^-antic statue of Liljert\-, stand- 
ing on Bedloe's Island, with its immense lorc-h lield liij^'h in 
air. This is the Jiarthokh Statue of Liberty ■'i^nlighlening 
the World." Few who have not made a critical examina- 
tion (A the largest work of its kind ever erected are aware of 
its huge dimensions. 'I'he forefinger is more than eight feet 
long; the sectjiid joint i^ about five feet in circumference; a 
finger-nail is mcjre than a foot in length; the nose is almost 
four feet long; the liead is almcjst fourteen feet high, and 
will accommodate forty persons within it, while the hollow 
of the torcli will liold twelve people. The coj)])er sheets 
which form the outside of the statue weigh eiglity-eight tons. 
It is 150 feet from the base to the toj) of the torch, which is 305 
feet above low-water mark. 

TIk' Liberty Statue is the work of l-"rederick Auguste l>ar- 
tlioldi, an eminent French scul])ior. It was officially pre- 
sented to the I'nited States July 4, 1884. To its cost, 180 
cities, f(jrty general councils, a large nund^er of chambers of 
Cfjmmerce, societies, and 100,000 subscriljcrs in l-'rance con- 
triljutefl. ^I'he statue was dedicated C)ctober 28, 1886, with 
impressive ceremonies. 

47. The Cotton Centennial Exposition The first ex- 

])orlation of y\merican cotton for foreign consum])tion was 
in 1784. T(j crMumemcjrate the event in a fitting manner, 
L'ongress, in k'ebruar}-, 1883, passed an act authorizing tlie 
holding rjf an industrial exj;osition in Xew Orleans. Tlie 
I'nited States loaned the organizati(jn $1,000,000, and $500,- 
000 more was secured by subscriptions to the stock. The 
exposition was o])ene.d Decemljcr 16, 1884. 

The main building was the largest which, up to that time, 
had ever bean constructed. It covered thirty-three acres, 
was built witlK)nt j^artitions, and liad a cr^ntinuous roof. 
Horticultural Hall was the most extensive conservator)' in 
the world, and the other buildings were of proportionate 



398 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

dimensions. The entire space covered by the different 
structures was 2,736,305 feet. 

The display of the products of industry and skill, and the 
products of the earth, represented forty-five States and Ter- 
ritories of the Union, and twenty-one foreign countries. The 
exhibit of the products of farms, the forests, the fisheries 
and the mines of our country surpassed everything of the 
kind ever attempted. President Arthur, sitting in Washing- 
ton, touched an electric button and set the machinery going 
hundreds of miles away. The exposition closed May 31, 
1885, the total attendance having been 1,158,840 i)ersons. 
While the success was not so great as was deserved, it was 
the means of doing a vast deal of good. 

48. The Chicago Anarchists. — Numerous labor strikes 
took place in the early part of 1886. Many were settled by 
arbitration, the true method of adjusting all differences; but 
in other cases, long strikes, accompanied by much suffering 
and often by acts of violence, were the result. On the 1st of 
May a popular demand was that eight hours should consti- 
tute a day's work. ( )n that day 40,000 workmen in Chicago 
went on a strike on this issue. A demonstration of the 
trade unions in New York city added force to the demand, 
while im])etus was given l^y similar movements in other 
cities. As is always the case, a number of pestilent anarch- 
ists took advantage of the excitement. While the police of 
Chicago were attemjiting to disperse a crowd of these people 
on the evening of May 4 a bomb was exploded by the an- 
archists among the offtcers. Its. effect was fearful. Seven 
policemen were killed, eleven crippled for life, and a dozen 
badly injured. 

In the investigations whicli followed, it was found that 
the anarchists had laid plans for slaying hundreds of inno- 
cent people and plundering the city. The leaders were ar- 
rested and brought to trial. Seven were condemned to 



SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATE!^. 3i>!) 

death. One committed suicide in prison and four were 
hanged. The two who were condemned to long terms of 
imprisonment were pardoned by the Governor of llhnois in 
the fall of 1893. 

49. The Charleston Earthquake. — The whole Union 
was startled on the last day of sunmier and the beginning of 
autumn, 1886, by a series of earthquake shocks, the most 
violent known in the history of our country. It was 10 
o'clock at night, August 31, when the city of Richmond, Ya., 
was strongly shaken. The convicts in the penitentiary be- 
came so panic-stricken that the militia had to be summoned 
to subdue them. The alarm continued throughout the night. 

The seismic shocks were still more violent at Columbia, 
S. C. The houses swayed, and tlie terrified inmates rushed 
into the streets, while in many places the negroes believed 
that the day of judgment had come. The disturbance was 
felt as far nortli as Albany, N. Y., and was noticeable in 
Washington and in Connecticut. 

Charleston, S. C, however, endured the most startling 
visitation. The cutting of telegraphic connnunication with 
the city on the night of August 31 caused the fear that it had 
been utterly destroyed. When news at last came to the hun- 
dreds of inijuiries, it was learned that the falling Iniildings 
had started numerous fires, and twenty structures were re- 
duced to ashes before the fire department gained control. 
The shocks continued at varying intervals. Fully 50,000 
men, women and children fled to the parks and public 
scjuares, where they spent the days and nights in the open 
air, afraid to enter the ruins of their own houses. At the end 
of a week, when the violence of the shocks gradually ceased, 
it was found that more than a hundred persons had been 
killed, and fully two-thirds of the city required rebuilding. 

50. Conquest of the Apaches. — An important work 
was accomplished by the army during the summer of 1885 



400 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED l^TATES. 

in the conc|uest of the Apache Indians of the Southwest. 
These savages arc perhaps the fiercest and most dangerous 
tribe with which civihzation has come in contact. Their 
courage, endurance and ferocity are ahnost beyond behef. 
A band of a dozen or fewer would terrorize a line of settle- 
ments for hundreds of miles. After striking a blow, they 
were gone before the settlers could rally to their pursuit. 
When pressed closely, they separated, and found safety in 
tlie wild mountain regions, where it was almost impossible 
to follow them. 

Had the Apaches been left to the management of the army 
of^cers the troubles would have been ended long before they 
were. These educated soldiers understood the red men and 
treated them justly. They encouraged the Apaches, to be 
peaceful, to cultivate the ground, and to manufacture many 
articles. When all was going well, corrupt white men inter- 
fered, and had the Apaches removed to a reservation which 
was little better than a desert. Then the furious warriors 
went upon the war-path, and spread death and devastation 
on every hand. Geronimo (he-ron'-i-mo) was tlicir most 
famous leader. When captured, he broke loose and, in one 
case, returned and recaptured his wife. The atrocities of 
Geronimo and his warriors continued for months, until the 
soldiers sent after them developed an equal degree of perti- 
nacity and skill. They trailed the Indians under the flaming 
sun, over almost perpendicular mountains, through gorges, 
across streams, into the wildest fastnesses of those regions, 
stealing upon them in the darkness of night, and keeping up 
the pursuit with the persistency of bloodhounds. This 
strange chase was continued for hundreds of miles, until at 
last Geronimo and his warriors were run down; and they 
are now peaceful, industrious, and take great interest in the 
education of their children, for whom schools have been 
provided. At the dedication of the principal school building 



SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE IXITED STATES. 401 

the once terrible Geroninio acted as usher, and helped to 
show the ladies and gentlemen to their seats. 

51. Presidential Succession Law. — The i 'residential 
succession law, which was passed in 1886, provides that if, at 
anv time, there shall be no President or \'ice-President, the 
office of President shall devolve upon the cabinet in the fol- 
lowing order of succession: the Secretary of State, of the 
Treasury, and of War, the Attorney-General, the Postmas- 
ter-General, the Secretar\' of the Navy, of the Interior, and 
of Agriculture. It would seem that it is impossible for a 
contingenc)- to arise in whicli a special election for President 
could be needed. 

52, Marriage of President Cleveland One of the 

most pleasant incidents connected with President Cleve- 
land's tirst administration was his marriage to Miss Frances 
Folsom. The only President previous to Mr. Cleveland 
that married during his term of office was John T}ler, who 
was united to his second wife in 1844. The union of Mr. 
Cleveland and Miss Folsom took place in the lUue Room of 
tlie White House on the evening of June 2, 1886. 

53. Presidential Election of 11888. — Th.e tariff issue en- 
teretl intcj the elcclion of 1888. The Democrats favored a 
low tariff, or reduction of the duties on imports, wliile the 
Republicans advocated a high protective tariff. The I)em- 
ocratic candidates were, for President, Cleveland, with Allen 
G. Thurman, of Ohio, for \'ice-President. The Repuljli- 
cans nominated and elected P)enjamin Harrison, of Indiana, 
and Levi P. Morton, of New York. 

Quest ions. ^44. Give a biographical sketch of the twenty-second 
President. 

45. What did the President do with the matter of "civil service 
reform?" 

46. Give some dimensions of the Statne of Liberty. What fur- 
ther is stated regarding it? 



4(12 



SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UMTEU STATES. 



47. What led to the Cotton Centennial Exposition? Give some 
facts regarding the exhibition. 

48. What is said of the labor troubles of 1886? Give a history of 
the anarchist outrage in Chicago. 

49. What startled the whole country, August 31, 1886? What 
took place in Columbia, S. C. ? Describe the effect in Charleston. 

50. What is said of the Apache Indians? Give a history ot their 
conquest. 

51. What of the Presidential succession law? 

52. What pleasing incident took place during Cleveland's first 
administration? What President was married before this during 
his term of office? What of Mr. Cleveland's marriage? 

53. What is said of the Presidential election of 1888? 



CHAPTER XXXVII. 



HARRISON'S ADMINISTRATION. (1889-1893.) 



54. Benjamin Harrison. — Ben- 
jamin Harrison, twenty-third 
President of the United States, 
was born at North IJend, Ohio, 
Aui^nst 20. 1833. He was the son 
of John Scott Harrison, a farmer, 
who was the son of WilHam 
Henry Harrison, ninth President. 
The father of the latter was Ben- 
jamin Harrison, a signer of tlie 
Declaration of Independence. At the age of fourteen, young 
Ijcnjamin Harrison became a student for two years at Far- 
mer's College, and graduated from Miami University in 
1852. Upon the l)reaking out of the late war, he gave up 
his profession of law and the of^ce of reporter for the Su- 
l)reme Court of Indiana, to which he had been elected, and, 
entering the military service, remained to the close of hostili- 
ties. He was commissioned as colonel of the Seventieth 




SCHOOL III STORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 4(« 

Indiana A'oluntccrs, and was breveted as brigadier-general 
for ability and gallantry. Josepii Hooker, major-general 
commanding, complimented him in high terms. He was a 
model officer and liighly popular with his men. He was 
elected L'nited Stales Senator in 1880. and served his full 
term, displaying marked ability. He is a keen debater and 
an excellent ofif-hand speaker. The addresses — more than 
a hundred in nuiul)er — uliicli he made on his tour across the 
continent in i8yi. are models of happy thouglit and ])atriotic 
elociuence. 

55. Naval Disaster at 5amoa (Jn the 15th of .March, 

i88y, all the American and (ierman vessels in the harl)or of 
Apia, Samoa, were destroyed or disabled ])y a terrific hurri- 
cane. They were anchored near each other, and when the 
storm became violent the engines were set to work to relieve 
the strain upon the cables. The force of the storm, how- 
ever, caused all to drag their arichors, and thev were dashed 
against one another or hurled u])on a coral reef on the west 
sitle of the bay. 

The first to strike the reef was the (i-erman gunboat Ebcr, 
which turned keel upward. The natives, who were at war 
with Germany, forgot that those in distress were enemies, 
and, rusliing out in the breakers at great risk to themselves, 
saved an (officer and four men, while five officers and sixty- 
six men were lost. Tlie ( ierman flagship Adlcr was flung 
on her side on the reef, and lost twenty men and officers when 
the vessel capsized. 'I^lie rest swam to the wreck, and held 
fast to the spars until taken oiT after the storm. 

The American steamer Xipsic was handled so skillfull}' 
that she cleared the reef and was run upon the beach. The 
German corvette Olga, after colliding with nearly every ves- 
sel, was beached on a sand-flat. The Tiritish steamer Calli- 
ope, with her more powerful engines, succeeded, after a nar- 
row escape, in working her way out to sea. The Ignited 



404 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

States steamer / 'aiuhilia was hurled uptni the reef near shore 
and eapsized. Many of her erew were drowned while trying 
to swim ashore, while others who clung to the masts were 
brushed ofif by the 'frciitoii, which swept past a few hours 
later and was thrown ui)on the beach. The Trenton lost one 
man, the Nipsic seven, and the J'aiuialia five officers and 
thirty-nine men. The Samoans showed great heroism in 
rescuing the imperilled persons. 

56. Oklahoma — The Indian Territory w'as formerly an 
immense trad, and was intended for the exclusive use of the 
various Indian tribes. It included some of the most valu- 
able land in the country, and has alwaws been regarded with 
longing eyes by the wdiite men. Portions have been ac- 
quired by purchase from the Indians, and thus the Territory 
has been steadily cut down to its present proportions. The 
section now known as Oklahoma had long attracted the 
greed of speculators and settlers, who made repeated at- 
tempts to settle on it. The United States, however, promptly 
expelled them, as it was in duty bound to do by its treaty with 
the Indians. Finally, in 1889, it was jjurchased by our gov- 
ernment and thrown open for settlement. 

The hour named as the one when it would be lawful for 
any person to cross the boundary line was higli noon, April 
22, 1889. For days before, thousands of horsemen and 
wagons converged toward the edge of the "promised land'' 
and camped as near to the dividing line as they could. Wlien 
the soldiers on guard announced by signal the arrival of the 
important moment, fully 50.000 people broke into a frenzied 
rush and scramble for their claims. The country was over- 
run in a few hours, and every available foot of land taken up. 
Towns blossomed out in a day, newspapers, banks, schools 
and churches were established, and the region where all had 
been a lonely solitude was filled with bustle, haste, business 
and the crude civilization of the border. The "Cherokee 



SCHOOL HIHTORT OF THE UNITED HTATES. A^)t^ 

Strij)," the last remaining" section of the pubUc domain to be 
thrown open in this manner, was occupied in the same fash- 
ion in the summer of 1893. The population of these two 
Territories at that time became a cjuarter of a million. 

57. The Johnstown Flood — ( )n the 31st of May, 1889, 
a horseman dashed down Conemaugh \'alley, Pa., at head- 
long speed, shouting, as he sped through the towns and vil- 
lages and past houses: "Fly to the hills! You haven't a 
minute to lose! If you wait you arc lost!" There was good 
cause for this terrifying cry, for l)ehind the horseman soon 
swept an avalanche of water, fifty feet deep and half a mile 
wide, and with the fearful velocity of two and one-half miles 
a minute. Before this rush, houses, locomotives, build- 
ings, timbers, trees, rocks, men, women and children were 
swept like so much chafT in a cyclone. No calamity of the 
kind was ever before known in this country. 

At the head of Conemaugh Valley, in Western Penn- 
sylvania, an immense dam gave way, and the accumulated 
waters poured forward with resistless force. The reservoir 
was a])out 275 feet above the level of Johnstown, which con- 
tained some 30,000 inhabitants ; the flood was two and one- 
half miles long and a mile and one-half wide at its broadest 
])art. At many points it was fully 100 feet deep. The vol- 
ume of water which was thus freed l)y the yielding of the dam 
was too vast to be comprehended. 

The loss of property was $10,000,000. How many per- 
sons were drowned or killed in the appalling crush can never 
be known. The official list of the dead was 2280, of whom 
770 were unidentified. Tlie remains of a victim were found 
as late as May 28,1892. As in the case of other great calam- 
ities, the people were quick to respond to this call upon their 
sympathy. Everything possible was done, the total contri- 
butions amounting to $3,000,000. The Conemaugh Valley 
Memorable Hospital was erected and dedicated February 



40« i^CHOOL Hlt^TORY OF THE i.MTEl) STATES. 

4, 1892, and a nionunieiit was unveiled May 31 of the same 
year to the memory of the victims. 

58. Admission of flontana, Washington, North and 
South Dakota. — North and South Dakota were admitted 
to the Union November 2; Montana, November 8, and 
Washington, November 11, 1889. When President Harri- 
son signed the two bills for the admission of the Dakotas he 
covered the names of the respective States and then shuffled 
the papers about so as to lose their identity. After attach- 
ing his signature, the same thing was done. Thus it will 
never be known which State is a minute or two older than the 
other. 

Montana abounds in gold and silver mines of incalculable 
wealth. The river valleys have a fertile soil, and stock rais- 
ing is an important industry. Washington is a fine wheat 
and grazing country. The Dakotas are among the leading 
grain-producing States. North Dakota is traversed by the 
Northern Pacific Railway. South Dakota contains the 
l)lack Hills, famous for their gold and silver. The develop- 
ment of both States has been very rapid. 

59. Admission of Idaho and Wyoming. — Ttlaho was 
admitted to the Union July 13, and Wyoming July 10, 1890. 
[daho has a mountainous surface, and yields large quantities 
of gold and silver. Stock raising is cone of the chief indus- 
tries. Wyoming is a region of great elevation. The Co- 
limibia, Missouri and Green rivers have their sources in 
Washington. The Yellowstone National Park is in the 
northwestern corner. 

60. Pan=American Conference. — The Pan-American 
(all-American) Conference was in session in Washington 
from November 17, 1889, until the 19th of the following 
April. This conference was invited to come together by 
our government, which paid all the expenses. It contained 
the representatives of eighteen countries and 100.000,000 



Si'HOOL ULSTORY OF THE UNITED .STATES. 407 

people, who discussed and considered among other nnport- 
ant matters an international railway, connecting the South 
American line, to run from Cartagena, in Colombia, up the 
Alagdalena river valley and along the eastern slope of the 
Andes, penetrating as far as Cusco. Peru, there to connect 
with the South American system already existing; the for- 
mation of an international monetary union, with an inter- 
national coin as legal tender; tlie creation of an international 
l)ank; a general recc^nnnendation of reciprocity treaties. All 
the delegates signed a treaty of arljitration, which provides 
that no war shall he declared until Pan-American arl)i- 
tration has failed, exce])t when innnediate action is necessary. 

At the meeting held April lo, 1891,3 resolution was adopted 
incorporating the members of the general connnittee as the 
Humane Freedom League, whose name shows its general 
purpose. It is to exist as long as it has work to do. Three 
subsequent congresses were provided for at intervals of five 
years: the first in Paris, the next in Rio Janeiro, and the third 
in P>erne. 

The project of an intercontinental railway connecting 
North and South America is of such momentous import- 
ance that it attracted wide attention. Several parties of 
engineers have made preliminary surveys, and the great line 
is one of the certainties of the near future. The abolition of 
war, which is the primal object of this Conference, and the 
close union of the two continents, must mark one of the 
grandest of all steps forward in the history of civilization. 

61. Tragedy at New Orleans — One of the most vicious 
secret organizations is what is know^n as the "?\Iafia" among 
the Italians. It includes vile and desperate assassins, who 
shield one another in the commission of secret murder. The 
, ferocious banditti of Italy have many representatives of the 
order in this country. David C. Hennessy, chief of police 
of New Orleans, had been specially active in attacking the 




The CjJoveruuiL'Ut liuildiuy, World's Fair. 






THE UNITED STATES 

The date In each State Is that of Its 
admission to the Union. 

Tilt tirern inul yellow colors indicate the 
stun/lard time acctiuiis, for tin e:>pluna- 
tion of which nee ptir/e l,S7. 



\^> 



lJ>^ 







A. 



NOON 






o h^^^'.'^^Zi%-^oTJ \ 







o/n 



^"■E«i,(fi,\ laaa 



■i- A 



N 






I NORTlfl nAKOTA 

'■uaaQ 



" — ^--^ '^"^ 




-T-iv, / / '890 

y'-h X" I- ^ ' 




DATES AT WHICH THE ORIGINAL THIRTEEN 

STATES RATIFIED THE CONSTITUTION, 

1 Delaware, 1787, Dsc. 7. 8. South Carolina, 1 788, May 23. 

2. Pennsylvania, " Dec. 1 2. 9. New Hampshire, " Jure 21. 

3. Ney.- Jersey, " Dec. 18. 10. Virginia, " June 25. 

4. Georgia, 1788, Jan. 2. 1 1 . New York, ■■ July 26. 

5. Cornr;cticut, " Jan. 9. 1 2. North Carolina, 1789, Nov. 2:. 

6. Massachusetts, Feb 6. 13. Rhode Island, 1 790, May 29 
7 Maryland. ■' April 28. 

Tlif Indian Terrilorj/ wim oryantzed in 18SU, 
anil Oklrilinmu was tarved from it in 188'J. 



LOND ON 




SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED i^TATES. 40Si 

society in that city. He had traced a number of crimes tc 
its doors, and was so certain of bringing the criminals to jus- 
tice that they determined to slay him. At midnight, October 
15, 1890, he was waylaid and shot down in front of his own 
home bv members of the "Mafia" organization. 

The outrage roused the city. Several suspected Italians 
were thrown into prison, among whom a number were iden- 
titied as the assassins. One was killed in his cell by an en- 
raged newspaper carrier. In all, fifty Italians were arrested, 
of whom nineteen were indicted. Of the nine placed on 
trial, the guilt was clearly proven against five, one of whom 
was the Italian slain in his cell. Nevertheless, six were ac- 
quitted and a mistrial entered in the case of the other three. 
It was so evident that the jury liad been corrupted, that the 
verdict was beyond endurance. A mass-meeting of leading 
citizens was held on the morning of March 14, and, march- 
ing to the jail, they lynched eleven Sicilian prisoners. The 
act, even though the provocation was great, was wrong, and 
when the neW'S reached Italy, she demanded reparation foi 
tlie outrage. It was found tliat eight of the eleven Italians 
were American citizens and another had renounced his alle 
giance to the King of Italy. The remaining two. though 
Italian subjects, l)elongcd to the criminal class, and were in 
this country in defiance of our inunigration laws. As a con- 
sequence, they were not entitled to the protection accorded 
to Italians. 

The relations between Italy and the United States were 
strained for a time, but by and by a cooler state of feeling 
olitained. Finallv, simplv as an evidence of good wnll, the 
sum of $20,000 was paid to the families of the victims. Italy 
accepted the offer cordially, and the former friendly relations 
between the two countries were re-established. 

62. Threatened Indian Uprising. — In the latter part of 
1890 and the beginning of 1891 our country was threatened 



410 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE V SITED STATES. 

by a dangerous uprising of the Indians in the West. A 
strange craze spread among the red men, who beheved that 
an Indian Messiah was soon to come upon earth, drive out 
the white people, and restore the hunting-grounds to his In- 
dian children. "Ghost dances," as they were called, were 
held, and the new faith preached, until thousands of warriors 
were eager to rush upon the war-path. 

Sitting lUill was the leader of the discontented Indians. 
He had caused trouble before, and, as a matter of safety, it 
was decided to arrest him. The attempt was made Decem- 
ber 15, 1890, but the famous "medicine man" of the Sioux 
resisted fiercely, and in the flurry was shot. His warriors 
fled to the "Bad Lands" of Dakota, and the crisis grew more 
threatening than ever. 

A severe battle took place at Wounded Knee, December 
28, in which about thirty soldiers and a great numl:)er of In- 
dians were killed. The situation became so critical that it 
was said the accidental firing of a gun, or the slightest hasty 
act, would bring on the most dreadful Indian war this coun- 
try has ever known. General Miles, commanding the United 
States troops, however, showed tact and forbearance. As a 
consequence, all the hostiles came into the Pine Ridge 
Agency. January 14. and surrendered, and the peril wa^^ 
over. 

63. Trouble with Chili — On the i6th of October, iSqi, 
some forty men belonging to the crew of the United States 
war steamer Balfiiuorc, lying in the harbor of Valparaiso 
(val-pa-ri' so). Chili, obtained permission to go ashore. 
While there they became involved in a quarrel with some 
Chilians, and were set upon by an armed mob. Two Ameri- 
cans were killed and a number badly wounded. Investiga- 
tion proved the outrage to have been unjustifiable, and our 
government required Chili to apologize and pay an indem- 
nity. Chili at first was defiant, but we were firm, and gave 



slCHOOL HISTORY or THE TYITED f^TATES. 411 

her the choice of doino- as required or going to war. She 
decided to make an apology, and paid an indemnity to those 
entitled to it. 

Questions. — 54. Give a biographical sketch of the twenty-third 
President. 

55. Describe the naval disaster at Samoa. 

56. Give a history of Oklahoma. 

57. What is said of the Johnstown thiod? Describe the losses in- 
flicted and the efforts to relieve the suffering. 

58. What States were admitted to the Union, November 2, 1889? 
What States were admitted November 8 and 11 of the same year? 
Which hill admitting the two Dakotas was first signed by the Presi- 
dent? Give some account of Montana. Of Washington. Of 
North and South Dakota. 

59. What States were admitted respectively July 10 and i,^, 1890? 
Give some description of the two States. 

60. What is said of the Pan-.^mericaii Conference? Mention 
some of the subjects considered by that body. What is said of the 
subject of an intercontinental railway? 

61. Give an account of the "Mafia" organization. What did its 
members do in New Orleans? What of the trial of the criminals? 
What followed? How was the matter finally adjusted? 

62. What caused wide-spread discontent among the Indians of the 
West in 1890 and 1891? What of Sitting Bull? Of the battle of 
Wounded Knee? What followed? 

6,^. Give a brief account of our trouble with Chili. 



CHAPTER XXXVIII. 

CLEVEL.\ND'S SECOND ADMINISTRATION. (1893—) 

64. Election and Inauguration.^ — The candidates in the 
Presidential camj^aign of i8q2 were Grover Cleveland for 
President, and Adlai E. Stevenson for Vice-President, on the 
part of the Democrats; Benjamin Harrison and Whitelaw 
Reid, for the Republicans; James B. Weaver and James G. 



412 fiCHOOL JUSTORY OF THE FXTTED STATES. 

iMcld, for the "Populists;" and jolui IJichvcll and James B. 
Cranfill, for the Prohibitionists. 

The result was the election of Cleveland and Stevenson. 
The inauguration on the 4th of March, 1893, was attended 
by a vast crowd of soldiers and civilians from every section — 
one of the most notable figures in the procession being 
( ieneral iMtzhugh Lee, of \'irginia, the old Confederate cav- 
alryman, who was cheered to the eclio as he rode at the head 
of the division lie commanded. 

65. Repeal of the "Sherman Bill." — A money strin- 
gency visited the country in llie spring and sunuuer of 1893. 
The President convened Congress (August 7), and recom- 
mended tlie repeal of the clause of the Sherman bill which 
l)n)vided for the purcliase and coinage of a large amount of 
silver every month. The House promptly acceded to the 
request, l)ut when the bill went to the vSenate a long delay 
followed. Though a majority of the Senators favored the 
repeal, some who oj)posed it staved ofT action for weeks. At 
last, October 30, it passed, and the President promptly 
signed it (November i). Important modifications were also 
made in the McKinley tarifY bill by the Congress of 1893-94, 
which adopted "the Wilson bill," as modified by the Senate. 

66. The New American Navy. — The need of a navv 
befitting the dignity and importance of the United States 
became so manifest that a tlecided beginning was made dur- 
ing the adiuinistration of President Arthur. The decision 
was to build a modern steel tieet, the first aim being to se- 
cure cruisers for general station service. They were to carry 
batteries of hig]i-])f)wer rifles, such as none of our war ves- 
sels at that time possessed. The result was the building of 
the pioneers of the new navy, the Chica^^fl, Atlanta, Boston 
and Dolphin. Two more steel cruisers, the A'ca'ark and 
Charleston, and two gunboats, the Yorktown and Petrel, were 
added during Cleveland's first administration. 



SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 413 

Faster war vessels were now built. Armor-clad construc- 
tion was carried forward with the Maine, 'J\\vas and Monterey. 
Later, another advance was made, both in hj^iiting pcjwer 
and speed, with the four great battle-ships Indiana, Massa- 
chusetts, Oregon and loica, tlie armored cruisers Neio York, 
Brooklyn, Columbia and M innea polls. 

An important advance was made by the settling upon a 
naval programme of construction, by which twelve first-class 
battle-ships and thirty or forty torpedo boats will be secured. 
These are regarded as uniting perfect naval defense with 
such a degree of aggressive ca])al)ilities as the i)roblem calls 
for. With the addition of a small ninnber of torpedo cruis- 
ers, some gunboats of a special type, three or four more 
commerce-destroyers of the Columbia class, the American 
navy will take rank among the greatest in the world. The 
amount expended for this purpose during the eight years 
following March, 1885, "^^'i^ more than $25,000,000. 

67. The World's Columbian Exposition 1 he grand- 
est exhil)ition e\er seen on tliis continent was the World's 
Columbian Expcjsition at Chicago. It was in honor of the 
four hundredth anniversary of the discovery of America by 
Columbus. The vast work of ])reparation could not be fin- 
ished in time to open the exhibition until the \X'ar following 
the real anniversarw 

68. The Columbian Naval Review The part which 

the government was to take in the great show was opened bv 
an impressive review of the warships of the leading nations 
of the world. Several weeks were spent in their coming to- 
gether in Hampton Roads, \'a., for a number had to steam 
from distant parts of the globe. When all was ready, they 
sailed to New York, where the naval review took place, April 
27, 1893. 

The warships were ranged in twci lines, fully three miles 
long, in the Hudson river. They numbered thirty-five, not 



414 HCIIOiiL lllSTom' or Tin: I SITED STATES. 

iiicliulin<4 the three Columbus caravels. The ualious repre- 
sented were the United States, Clreat Hritain, J'Yance, Ger- 
many, Russia, Italy, Spain, Brazil. Ilolland and Argentina. 

Between these majestic lines, while the shores and roofs 
were black with hundreds of thousands of people, the United 
States steel-clad yacht Dolpliiu slowly steamed, bearing 
President Cleveland and his cabinet. As the Dolphin came 
abreast of each of the mighty vessels, its tremendous batteries 
flamed in thunderous salutation. The Bresident of the 
United States swept througli a i)alliway of lightning and 
thunder from the beginning to the end, i-eceiving liomage 
such as never was paid to any earthly monarch. 

69. The Caravels. — No one could look without awe 
upon thi'se magnificent war vessels, but a (|uaint interest 
clung to the three caravels at the liead of tlu' lines. The, 
Santa Maria, Nina and Pinfa were exact coj)ics of the little 
ships whose names they bore and which crossed the Atlantic 
with Cohuid)us. 

Standing in the cabin of the Sania Maria, one seemed to 
be carried batd< lln-ough tlie long centtu'ies to lliost' da\s. in 
tlie autunni of 14<;2. when t"ciluml)us and liis companions 
breasted tlie Atlantic on the most memorable voyage that 
was ever made. There was the \'ei-y hour-glass used by the 
great navigator, with an exact imitation of his candlesticls. 
inkstand and (|uadrant, his bed, and the admiral's flag which 
he held in his hand when he first set foot on the shores of the 
New World. 

There, too, were the old-fashioned weapons, the crossbow, 
the arrows tij)ix-d with stec>l and winged with parchment, 
log-book, stone and leaden balls, the odd furniture, and 
everything as Columbus himself saw and used them. The 
caravels were presented to oiu" government l)v Spain, and 
formed an interesting part of the exhibit at Chicago. 



SCHOO/. HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 415 

70. The Site — Congress apiH-opriated $io,cx)o,ooo for 
completing the work in a manner befitting the dignity of the 
nation. Different States made appropriations, and the suc- 
cess of the great enterprise was assured from tlie first. Chi- 
cago was selected as the city in which the exposition was to 
be held, and she selected Jackson Park as the site of the 
buildings devoted to that purpose. This fine i)ark is on the 
shore of Lake Michigan, and embraces 523 acres, the Mid- 
way Plaisance eighty acres, and Washington l^ark, which 
served as a gateway to the exhibition, contains 371 acres. 
With its frontage of nearly two miles on tlic lake, the site was 
an ideal one. 

71. The Dedication — The dedicaticjn of the grand 
structures took ])lace on tlie 21st of October, 1892, m Manu- 
facturers' Hall, whicli was filled with more tlian 30,000 peo- 
]jle. Tlie ])latform was crowded witli I'cderal and State 
ofificers and representatives from nearly every nation in the 
world, and the parades and displays surpassed everything 
of the kind ever witnessed in tliis count rv. 

72. Success of the Exposifion — Tlie exposition was 
o])en from the 1st of Ma\' until tlie ist of November. Dur- 
ing lh(jse six mouths the admissions numjjered more than 
20,000,000. Tile daily ex])enses were $22,405, and the av- 
erage daily receipts $89,501. The total expenditures were 
$25,540,537. Witliout going into particulars, tlie total re- 
ceipts were UKjre than $28,000,000, and tlie net |)rofits $1,- 
750,000. 

73. The Strike and Riots in Chicago and the Northwest. 
Scarcely Iiad the great exposition of the arts of ])eace closed 
its gates when there broke out in Chicago, and extended all 
througli tlie N'orthwest, one of the most extensive and vio- 
lent railroad strikes whicli the country ever saw. 

Ileginning witli the strike against the Pullman Car Com- 
pany, it extended to all railways entering Chicago and 




L). S. Ci'uisor "Chicaiio.' 



L . S. Cruicer "JVew York. 



SCHOOL FffSTORT OF THE UNITED STATES. 417 

throughout the Northwest, involved many otlier labor or- 
ganizations, and pnjceeded to such violent measures and 
sucli wholesale destruction of property, and stoppage of all 
travel and trafBc, that the l^resident, on the ground tliat it 
interfered with the United States mails and interstate com- 
merce, issued a proclamation against the rioters, and sent 
L'nited States troops to suppress them, wliicli was onl\- done 
after a good deal of fighting and bloodshed. 

The strikers had, undoubtedly, grave grounds of com- 
plaint, but tliey lost their cause by resorting t(j lawless vio- 
lence. 

74. The Atlanta Exposition — There was held in At- 
lanta, Ga., from October i to December 31, 1895, an ex])o- 
sition which was remarkable for the bold enterprise which 
conceived it, the princely liberality of Atlanta and her people 
wliich ])ron!()ted it, the energy, skill and tact which managed 
it, the immense crowds v^diich attended it, and the splendid 
success which crowned it — a success only second to that of 
the great World's Fair at Chicago. 

75. The Hawaiian Complication On Januarv 19, 

1893, Liliuokalini, the Queen oi the twelve islands consti- 
tuting Hawaii, and lying in the Pacific southwest of Cali- 
fornia, attempted a usurpation of power, wliich resulted in 
her overthrow and the establishment of a Republic, which 
sought annexation to the l'nited States. The success of the 
revolutionists, it was claimed, was largely due to the landing 
of troops from the U. S. man-of-war Boston. 

President Harrison was disposed to recognize the Repub- 
lic and favor its annexation, but wdien President Cleveland 
came into power he withheld the treaty, sent a special com- 
missioner to Honolulu, and sought to re-establish the former 
status by restoring the queen to her throne. This scheme 
failed, however, largely through her bloodthirsty spirit of 
revenge, which insisted on hanging the chief conspirators, 



418 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

and the Republic still exists, with the probability of further 
complications in the future. 

76. Threatened Trouble with England For many 

years there has been a dispute between England and Vene- 
zuela about the boundary line between this latter country 
and British Guiana, and consequently the possession of- a 
considerable slice of territory. The United States offered 
its friendly offices to settle the dispute, but Great Britain, 
declining to arbitrate, Mr. Cleveland, on the 24th of De- 
cember, 1895, sent a message to Congress, in which he re- 
cited the facts, asked for authority to appoint a commission 
who should examine into and determine the boundary line, 
and boldly avowed the duty of the United States to carry out 
the "Monroe Doctrine," /. c, not to allow any foreign power 
to acquire additional territory or to interfere w"ith the rights 
of established governments on the American continent. 
Congress promptly and heartily adopted the measures the 
President advised, and there was at once great excitement in 
this country and Great Britain, and a great deal of loud "war 
talk" on both sides. 

The excitement has now, however, subsided, the war talk 
has ceased, England and Venezuela have both presented 
their case, the commission is hard at work trying to arrive 
at the truth, and the concensus of opinion on both sides 
seems to be that England and the United States must settle 
their differences by arbitration, as they cannot afford to go 
to war with each other. 

The control of the Behring Sea, and the right to take seals 
therefrom — a question which threatened trouble between the 
two countries during Harrison's administration — 'was re- 
ferred to a court of arbitration, which met at Paris in 1893, 
and decided against the United States on the extent of her 
jurisdiction, though in favor of her contention against the 
wholesale destruction of the seals. 



SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 419 

77. Removal of the last of the Confederate Disabilities. 

During the excitement over the \'enezuelan question, and 
the threatened war witli England, the United States Senate 
promptly passed an act repealing the law which prohibited 
those who were otBcers of the United States army and then 
served in the Confederate army from ever holding office in 
the United States army again. The Hotise allowed the bill 
to sleep in committee for three months, and then passed it 
with only one dissenting vote (Mr. Boutelle, of Maine). 
There was considera1)ie gush in some of the papers over the 
"magnanimity" of this act, but inasmuch as there were 
eiglity-nine Confederate soldiers in the Senate and House, 
and the Secretary of the Navy, the Postmaster-General, the 
Secretary of the Interior and many other officers of the gov- 
ernment and members of the diplomatic corps were old Con- 
federate soldiers, it is difficult to see the "magnanimity'' of 
this tardy justice to brave and honorable soldiers, who had 
always been true to their convictions of right and duty. 

78. Recognition of the Belligerent Rights of the Cuban 
Insurgents. — For over a year the patriots of Cuba had been 
struggling to establish their independence, and the whole of 
our country profoundly sympathized with them, when, on 
the 7th of April, 1896, Congress passed and sent to the Presi- 
dent concurrent resolutions recognizing the bellligerent 
rights of the insurgents. It remains to be seen what the 
President will do in the premises, and what will be the final 
outcome. 

79. Increase of the Navy and Coast Defences. — Verv 
large appropriations have been made by the Congress now 
in session for the increase of the navy and for coast defenses, 
and there seems to be a very general demand that the coun- 
try shall be prepared for any emergencv. 

Two of the largest steel vessels are building at the new 
and magnificently equipped ship-yard at Newport News, at 



42U tSVHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

the mouth of the James river, and it seems an interesting co- 
incidence that this should be done hard by the very spot 
where the Confederate Virginia {Mcrrimac), which the ge- 
nius of that modest but accompHshed gentleman, Captain 
John M. Brooke, invented, revolutionizing the naval warfare 
of the world ; for the great ships of war are now modelled not 
after Ericsson's Monitor, but after Brooke's Virginia (Mcrri- 
mac). 

And yet it is earnestly hoped that these preparations for 
war may not be needed, but that gentle peace may long smile 
upon and bless our country. 



CONCLUSION. 

80. Our Country. — If we study the history of all coun- 
tries from the remotest ages to the present time, one 
truth becomes clear: the United States of America are the 
greatest people that ever existed on the earth. This is say- 
ing a good deal, but it is a fact. Let us glance at a few of 
the achievements in which we equal or surpass all other peo- 
ples that have lived. 

81. Our Growth — Within a little more than a century the 
number of States has grown from thirteen to forty-five ; our 
population has increased from 3,000,000 to nearly 70,000,000, 
and the area of our country today is ten times greater than 
at the close of the Revolution. 

If one can imagine a blanket as large as the State of Texas, 
it would wrap England, Scotland and Ireland so as to hide 
them from sight. Colorado will make seven kingdoms the 
size of Denmark; the farms of the Ignited States surpass in 
extent the whole territory of the United Kingdom, France, 
Belgium, Germany, Austria, Hungary and Portugal; our 
cornfields are as large as England, Scotland and Belgium; 



srnooL nr STORY of the uxited states. 421 

our grainfields exceed the surface of Spain; out cotton-fields 
are more extensive than Holland. We have space for five 
times our present population before it becomes as dense as 
that of Europe. If we were as thickly settled as Great Brit- 
ain our population would be 1,000,000,000. 

In 1810, we had not a State containing 1,000,000 inhabit- 
ants. Now, twenty-seven States have a population ranging 
from 1,000,000 to 6,000,000. We have three cities contain- 
ing 1,000.000 or more inhabitants each, and twenty-five cities 
ranging from 100,000 to nearly a million. 

82. Our Hanufactures. — The manufactures of Great 
Britain are almost double that of any other nation of Europe. 
Ours are about twice those of Great Britain and one-third of 
all other nations. 

83. Our Railways and Telegraph Lines. — In 1830, 
there were twenty-three miles of railway in operation in the 
United States. Today there are 200,000 miles. We have 
more than twenty-six miles for every 10,000 inhabitants. 
Sweden is the only country in Europe which has ten miles 
to a population of 10,000. We have enough telegraph lines 
to girdle the world thirty times, and to reach three times the 
distance from the earth to the moon. 

84. Education. — The United States is the only nation in 
the world that expends more money on education than on 
war, or preparations for war. We pay four times as much 
as Great Britain, and eleven times as much as France. Our 
regular army numbers only 25,000 men, but in a few days it 
could be increased to 1,000,000 of the best soldiers, under the 
most skillful of leaders. 

When the Revolution broke out we had nine colleges. 
\Ve have now 430, besides 150 professional schools, fifty-two 
law and 115 medical schools. The United States Military 
Academy at West Point, and the Naval Academy at An- 
napolis, are among the best. Every school day, 13,000.000 



422 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE IXITED STATES. 

boys and girls are called to instruction in the common 
schools, under 37,000 teachers, and at a yearly expense of 
$150,000,000. 

In our schools today are those who are to become the 
Presidents, Congressmen, Senators, judges, governors, gen- 
erals, preachers, professors, authors, engineers — great men 
and women of the future. Which of these dignities do yoit- 
intend to reach? 

In colonial times we had thirty-seven newspapers, which 
have increased to 9000. These are more than one-third of 
all that are printed in the world. Al)out 5000 books are pub- 
lished annually, and American authors are read everywhere. 
85. Inventions — The Americans are a nation of invent- 
ors. Since 1837, about 700,000 j)atents have been granted 
in the United States. Among these inventions are some of 
the most wonderful and useful ever conceived by man. The 
principal are the lightning rod, the quadrant, the cotton-gin, 
the steamboat, the magnetic telegraph, improved gunnery, 
sewing machines, agricultural implements, surgical and den- 
tal apparatus, typewriters, steam fire engines, drawing-room, 
vestibule and sleeping cars, elevators, the phonograph, tele- 
phone, kinetoscope, electric light, and others almost without 
number. 

The field of invention has no limit. As a rule, the contriv- 
ances of the simplest construction are the most valuable. 
Many such have been made by women. If a youth has tal- 
ents for invention, they ma}' lead to fame and fortune. 

86. Progress and Prosperity of the South. — To those 
who remember, or have studied, the condition of things in 
our Southland in 1865, and for some years afterwards — the 
impoverishment of all of our people, the prostration of ail of 
our industries, the disorganization of our labor system, the 
swarms of harpies who were fattening on wdiat little the war 
left us, and the seeming hopelessness of the future — its pres- 



SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UXITED STATES. 423 

ent prosperity and I:)right prospects never cease to be a mat- 
ter of surprise and wonder. 

Its corn, wheat, tobacco, cotton, rice, sugar, iron, coal, 
melons, fruits, vegetables, manufactures, timber, cattle, 
sheep, hogs, horses, poultry and other industries have at- 
tracted the attention of the world, and brought rich returns 
to the people, while its freedom from strikes, riots and other 
disorders, its progress in education, its conservatism in poli- 
tics and religion, and its general freedom from the isms 
which have cursed other sections, added to its genial, balmy 
climate and health-giving breezes, have combined to make 
it a favored resort for those who seek desirable homes, and 
thus there has been turned to the South a tide of the very 
best class of inmiigrants. We have not space to give statis- 
tics to show that in all of the elements of substantial progress 
the South is rapidly forging to the front, but it takes no pro- 
phetic ken to see clearly that the day is not far distant when 
the South shall take her old place in leading the van of the 
march of our common country to prosperity and greatness 
such as our fathers never dreamed of and the sun has never 
yet shone upon. 

87. Courage. — The Americans are among the bravest of 
all people. We need not search the records of antiquity, or 
go to the Old World for examples of lofty patriotism, daring 
courage and heroic achievment. What sea rover ever sur- 
passed Paul Jones, Commodore Perrv, Farragut, Buchanan, 
or Semmes, or where was a more wonderful , victory ever 
gained than that by the privateer General Annstrong in the 
harbor of Fayal, when ninety Americans beat ofT 2000 of the 
British navy? 

Thermopylae had a messenger to bear the news of the de- 
feat of the Spartans, but when the Alamo was taken by an 
overwhelming force, not a defender was left alive. Two 
Americans penetrated nearer the North Pole than any other 



424 SCHOOL B I STOUT OF THE f \ITED STATES. 

explorers, and it was an American who discovered the Ant- 
arctic continent. History furnishes no more heroic charge 
than those of Meagher's Irish Brigade at Fredericksburg, 
and Pickett's division at Gettysburg. Neither ancient nor 
modern times have produced greater mihtary leaders than 
Generals Lee, Johnston, Jackson, Grant, Meade, Hancock, 
Forrest, Stuart, Buell, Thomas and others, nor more cour- 
ageous soldiers than those who wore the gray and the blue. 

88. The Future. — And so all our boys and girls should 
thank God that they are Americans, and that by His grace 
they were born in this land favored above all others. They 
should love their country, its institutions and its flag more 
than those of any other coimtry. They should make the 
best of the blessed privileges that are theirs, and should 
strive to grow up men and women eager and fully prepared 
to do their part in the advancement of our land to higher 
achievements in education, in civilization, and in Christi- 
anity. 

We write this closing sentence in full view of Monticello, 
where lived and died the author of the Declaration of Inde- 
pendence, and within the classic precincts of the great uni- 
versity which he founded, and we appeal especially to the 
boys and girls, the young men and the maidens of our 
Southland to study the history of America, be proud of the 
deeds of their fathers, and learn to love every part of our 
common country, and cherish the profoundest admiration 
for our free institutions. 

Why should wc not love the flag of our country? It was 
modelled from the coat-of-arms of our own Washington — it 
w^as borne on many a victorious field by our fathers — the 
"Star-Spangled Banner' was written by a Southern man, 
when Southern troops were winning victory from the Brit- 
ish on Southern soil — the valor and skill of our Taylor, our 
Scott, our JefTerson Davis, our Lee, our Johnston, our Jack- 



SCflOOL Hh^TOh'V or THE UXITED STATE^i. 425 

son, our Ijcaurei^ard and others contributed even more than 
our share towards bearing- it to victory on the fields of Mex- 
ico, and planting it in triumph on the walls of the Monte- 
zumas; and if for four years we did fight against it because 
we believed that sacred rights had been violated, and the 
principles of the Constitution set at naught, yet since the de- 
cision went against us, and it has been decreed that there 
sliall be hencef(jrth one general government, one flag and 
one country, let us not only "accept the situation," as our 
people ha,ve cheerfully done, but vie with our brethren across 
the old border in making our common country indeed the 
freest, the most enlightened, the purest and the happiest land 
on which the sun shines. 

And may we not confidently point to the history of the 
South during the past thirty-one years as proof that when 
our chivalric Gordon, of Georgia, on the floor of the United 
States Senate pledged the North that the "men who wore 
the gray," and their sons, were ready to contribute their full 
quota of men towards maintaining order at Chicago, or any- 
where else, and our "maimed lion," Senator Daniel, of Vir- 
ginia, urged resolutions indorsing the President in his meas- 
ures for enforcing the law. and maintaining order, they but 
echoed the sentiments of our Southland? 

Let each section of our country but do justice to the rest, 
and our new Union shall have entered upon a career of pros- 
perity and glory unparalleled in the annals of history. 

Questions. — 64. What is said of Cleveland's second election and 
inauguration? 

65. WJiat was the so-called Sherman Bill? Give an account of the 
action by Congress regarding it. 

66. What is said of the new American navy? What steps have 
been taken toward constructing a new navy? 

67. What of the World's Columbian Exposition? 

68. Give the story of the Columbian naval review. 

69. What of the Columbus caravels? 



42(j ^SCHOOL lllXTOIi\ OF TIIF LMTFU ^TATNti. 

70. lJcscril)c' the site of tlio cxpusitioii. 

71. Give an acount of the dedication of the buildings. 

72. What is said of the success of the exhibition? 

7;^. The great strikes and riots in Cliicago and the Ntjrtliwest — 
iiow suppressed? 

74. What of the Atlanta Exposition? 

75. Tell about the Hawaiian coniplicaticjn. 

70. What aliout threatened trouble with England? What is the 
"Monroe Doctrine?" The Behring Sea matter. 

77. Tell about the removal of Confederate disabilities. 

7S. What .-ibdut the rerugnitidii of Cuban belligereiil rights? 

/g. Increase lA the navy. Interesting coincidence in the building 
of two vessels. 

80. What truth is made clear by a study of all comitries fnini re- 
motest ages? 

8r. Show how we have increased in population and area. Give 
o.'ier illustrations. T'lustrate the increase of population in our 
cities. 

82. What is said 01' our manufactures? 

83. Of our railways ami telegraph lines. 

84. Compare the money expended for education by the United 
States with lliat expended by other nations. What of the increase 
in colleges and professional schools? What of the imblic schools? 
Give some statistics regarding newspapers and books. 

85. What of our in\'entors? Mention some of the most im]iort- 
ant inventions. 

86. What about the progress and ]M-osiH'rily of the South? Her 
future? 

87. Give some illustrations of .'\merican bravery. Mention some 
of our greatest generals. 

88. What of the future? Why should the South, especially, love 
our flag? 

BLACKBOARD AND SL.ATE EXERCISES. 

{Model?) 

Johnson's administration, 1865-1869: 

1. Cost of the war. 

2. Peaceful citizenship. 

The dissolving of the armies. 

3. Impeachment of the President. 



sciiooi. iiisToi:)' or TIIH I MTEU STATEH. 427 

4. Ti'lcgrapliic coiuimiiiicalii)n vvitli Europe. 

Laying of the Atlantic cable. 

5. Invasion of friendly territory. 

Foreign invasion of Canada. 

6. Acquisition of foreign tcrritr)ry. 

Purchase of Alaska. 

7. Enforcement of tTie Monroe doctrine. 

Expulsion of the French from Mexico. 

Grant's administraticjns. \H()()-i^7j: 
I. 
2. 
3- 
4- 
5- 
6. 

7- 

Hayes's administration. 1877-1881: 
I. 
2. 
3- 
4- 
5- 
6. 

Garfield and Arthur's administration. 1881-1885: 
I. 
2. 

3- 
4- 

5- 
6. 

7- 

Cleveland's first administration, 1885-1889: 
I. 
2. 
3- 
4- 
5- 
6. 



42S SCIIOO], II r STORY OF THE I XITED STATEH. 

Ilarrisim's adiiiinistratioii, iS8(;-i8y3: 
I. 
2. 
.3. 
4- 
5- 
6. 

Cleveland's second adtninistration, i8().^ — : 
I. 
2. 

3- 
4. 

Our country: 
I. 
2. 

3- 

4. 
5- 
6. 

7. 

HISTORICAL INITIALS. 

1. What Presidents were college graduates? (J. A.. J., M., M., W. 

L., II., G., A., C, B. H.) 

2. Who was the most learned President? (J.) 

3- Who were elected Presidents because of their military fame? 
(W., J.. W. H. H., T.. G.) 

4. How many graduated at West Point? (G.) 

5. What Presidents learned trades? (J., F.) 

6. Who were lawyers? (J. A., J., M.. M.. J.. V. B.. T.. P., F., P.. 

L., G., A., C, B. H.) 

7. What Presidents were put in nomination three times? (J., C.) 

8. What President-elect entered Washington in disguise? (L.) 

9. What President in his message said the United States was at 

peace "with all the other nations of the world?" (T.) 

10. What President was the fondest of pomp and ceremony? (W.) 

11. What general was killed by Indians under a flag of truce? (E. 

S. C.) 



SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 420 

12. What American philanthropist created a trust fund of several 

million dollars in aid of the schools in the South? (G. P.) 

13. What general was called the "hero of Gettysburg?" (W. S. H.) 

14. Where and when, by order of the President, was a military sa- 

lute fired in honor of the British flag? (In 18 — at Y.) 

15. What general said he would rather be the author of "Gray's 

Elegy" than to capture the city he was besieging? (W.) 

16. What colonial war is sometimes called "Shirley's War?" (K. 

G. W.) 

17. What governor was called the "Great Wolf?" (T., of N. C.) 

18. Where and when was a declaration of independence made pre- 

vious to the famous one of July 4, 1776? (x\t M., N. C., in 
M— , 17—.) 

19. In what revolutionary battle was a cannon taken and retaken five 

times? (S.) 

20. What famous American was sometimes called "Poor Richard?" 

(B. F.) 

21. What leader in the Revolution was known as the "Quaker gen- 

eral?" (N. G.) 

22. What daring naval officer had an uncle who was a general con- 

victed of cowardice? (I. H.) 

23. What Vice-President is generally credited with having killed 

Tecumseh? (R. M. J.) 

24. Who wrote the "Star Spangled Banner?" (F. S. K.) 

25. In what naval battle was the timber of some of the American ves- 

sels growing in the woods three weeks before? (L. C.) 

26. What President did not vote till after he was sixty years old? 

(T.) 
2y. What general lost his wooden leg in battle and tried to sell out 
his cause to the Americans? (S. A.) 

28. What important city was once known as Losantiville? (C.) 

29. What present State had its independence recognized by the 

United States, England. France and Belgium? (T.) 

30. What general was known as the "Great Pacificator?" (W. S.) 

31. What general, when leading an assault, fell, believing himself 

mortally wounded, but changed his mind, sprang to his feet 
and captured the fort? (A. W.) 

32. What Yale graduate was brutally treated by the British and 

hanged as a spy. and had a monument unveiled to his memory 
in New York city, November 25. 1893? (N. H.) 



430 SCHOOL HLSTORY OF THE UNITED ^STATEi^. 

33. Of what American was it said, "He wrested the thunderbolt from 

the heavens and sceptre from the hands of tyrants?" (B. F.) 

34. What incident caused Washington to be treated with disrespect, 

Hamilton to be assaulted, and the British minister in Phila- 
delphia to be insulted? (J — 's T.) 

35. What officer, twenty-one years old, with a garrison of 160 men, 

successfully defended a fort in the war of 1812 against more 
than two thousand British and Indians? (Capt. G. C.) 

36. In what war was military operations stopped because of the rav- 

ages of cholera? (B. H.) 

37. What city was visited in December, 1835, by the most destructive 

fire in its history? (N. Y.) 

38. Whose nomination for the Presidency was first made known by 

telegraph? (J. K. P.) 

39. What colonial war was ended by the treaty of Ryswick? (K. W.) 

40. What colonial war was ended by the treaty of Utrecht? (Q. A.) 

41. What colonial war was ended by the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle? 

(K. G.) 

42. What war was ended by the treaty of Paris in 1763? (F. and I.) 

43. What war was ended by the treaty of Ghent? (18 — .) 

44. What visitor was received in this country as the "nation's guest?" 

(L.) 

45. Explain the causes of the Revolution. 

46. Explain the causes of the war of 1812. 

47. Explain the causes of the war with Mexico. 

48. Explain the causes of the war for Southern Independence. 

49. Give a glance at the United States as it is today. 

50. Make a forecast of the United States as it will probably be a hun- 

dred years hence. What will be its population? The num- 
ber of States? What will be the largest cities and their popu- 
lation? How long will it take to cross the Atlantic? How 
fast will we ride in railway trains? What other methods of 
travel will probably be used? What discoveries and inven- 
tions are likely to be made? 

CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY OF EVENTS. 
A. D. rage 

1865. Vice-President Johnson sworn in as President, April 15.. 367 

1866. Grade of General in the army revived and conferred on 

General Grant, and those of Admiral and' Vice-Admiral 
revived and conferred respectively on Farragut and 
Porter 369 



SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 431 

A. D. Page 

1866. Fenian invasion of Canada, April and June 370 

1866. Atlantic telegraph cable laid 369 

1867. Alaska purchased, March 30 370 

1867. French evacuated Mexico; Maximilian shot, May 10 371 

1867. Nebraska admitted to the Union, March i 373 

1868. Ex- President Buchanan died, June i 195 

1868. President Johnson impeached; acquitted, June 5 368 

1868. Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution ratified, July 

21 368 

1868. Partial amnesty declared, December 25 368 

1869. President Grant inaugurated, March 4 374 

1869. Pacific Railway completed, May 10 375 

1869. "Black Friday," September 24 375 

1869. Ex-President Pierce died, October 8 192 

1870. Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution became opera- 

tive, March 20 375 

1871. Trouble with Corea, May 377 

1871. Great fire in Chicago broke out, October 8 377 

1872. Alabama claims settled, September 14 376 

1872. Boundary dispute with Great Britain adjusted 

1873. General Canby and others killed by Modoc Indians, A-pril 

II 380 

1874. Ex-President Fillmore died, March 8 189 

1875. Colorado admitted to the Union, March 3 382 

1875. Ex-President Johnson died, July 31 367 

1876. General Custer and his command massacred by Indians, 

June 25 381 

1876. Centennial Exposition opened in Philadelphia. ]\Iay 10, 

and continued six months 381 

1877. President Hayes inaugurated, Alarch 5 384 

1877. Labor strikes and disturbances during the summer 385 

1877. War with the Nez Perces 387 

1878. Fishery dispute with England adjusted 388 

1879. Specie payments resumed, January i 385 

1881. President Garfield inaugurated, March 4 389 

1881. President Garfield assassinated, July 2 390 

1881. President Garfield died, September 19 391 

1881. Vice-President Arthur sworn in as President, September 

20 391 

1881. Yorktown Centennial. October 391 



432 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

A. D. Page 

1882. Lieutenant Lockwood and Sergeant Brainard attained the 

highest latitude ever reached by man, May 394 

1883. Brooklyn bridge opened for travel, May 24 392 

1883. Northern Pacific Railway finished, August 22 392 

1884. Cotton Centennial Exposition opened, December 16 397 

1885. Washington monument dedicated, February 21 394 

1885. President Cleveland inaugurated, March 4 396 

1885. General Grant died, July 23 375 

1885. Presidential succession law passed 401 

1885. Anarchistic riots in Chicago, May 4 398 

1885. Earthquakes in Charleston, August 31 and September.... 399 

1885. Conquest of the Apaches 399 

1885. Statue of Liberty dedicated, October 28 397 

1885. Ex-President Arthur died, November 18 391 

1889. President Harrison inaugurated, ALirch 4 402 

1889. Naval disaster at Samoa, March 15 403 

1889. Opening of Oklahoma for settlement, April 22 404 

1889. Johnstown flood. May 31 405 

1889. North and South Dakota admitted to the Union, Nov. 3. . 406 

1889. ]\Iontana admitted to the Union, November 11 406 

1889. Pan-American Conference met in Washington, Nov. 17. . 406 

1890. Idaho admitted to the Union, July 3 406 

1890. Wyoming admitted to the Union, July 10 406 

1890. "Mafia" outrage in New Orleans, October 15 407 

1890. Sitting Bull shot, December 15 410 

1890. Battle of Wounded Knee, December 28 410 

1891. Indian uprising suppressed, January 14 410 

1891. Massacre of Italians in New Orleans, April 14 409 

1891. Attack on Americans in Valaparaiso, October 16 410 

1892. Dedication of World's Fair buildings at Chicago, October 

21 415 

1893. Ex-President Hayes died, January 17 384 

1893. President Cleveland inaugurated, March 4 411 

1893. Columbian Naval Review, April 27 413 

1893. Congress convened by President Cleveland, August 7.... 412 
1893. World's Columbian Exposition opened. May i, for six 

months 4^5 

1893. Repeal of the purchase clause of the "Sherman Silver Bill," 

October 30 412 



SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



433 



THE PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 



Tebm of Service. 



Name. 



1789-1T97 

1797-1801.. 

1801-1809.. 

1809-1817.. 

1817-1825.. 

1825-1829.. 

1829-1837. . 

1837-1841.. 
March-April 1841.. 

1841-1845.. 

1&45-1S49.. 

1849-1850.. 

1850-1853. . 

185.3-1857 

1S57-1861., 

18K1-1865. 

1805-1869. . 

18fi9-1877.. 

1877 1881 . . 
March-Sept. 1881.. 

1881 1885.. 

1885-1889.. 

1889-1893.. 
1893 .. 



George Washiugtou. . . 

John Adams 

Thomas Jefl'ersou 

James Madisou 

James Monroe 

John Qiiincy Adams.... 

Andrew Jackson 

Martin Van Buren 

Wm. Ileury Harrison., 

John Tyler 

James K. Polk 

Zachary Taylor 

Millard Filmore 

Franklin Pierce 

James Buchanan 

Abraham Lincoln 

Andrew Johnson. ... 

Ulysses S. Grant 

Rutherford B. Hays.. . 

James A. Garfield 

Chester A. Arthur 

Grover Cleveland 

Benjamin Harrison... 
Grover Cleveland 



Born. 



Died. 



( Bridge's Creek, Va., 

■( Feb. 22, 17.32. 

( Qiiincy, Mass., 

■( Oct. 19, 1735. 

( Shadwell, Va., 

■( April 2, 1743. 

( Port Conway, Va., 

■( March 10, 1751. 

( Monroe's Creek, Va., 

) April 28, 1758. 

J Quincy, Ma?s., 

\ July 11, 1707. 

i Ciireton Pond, N. C, 

"j March 15, 1707. 

i Kinderhook. N. Y., 

1 Dec. 5, 1782. 

J Berkeley, Va., 

I Feb. 9, 1773. 

( Greenwav, Va., 
■( March 29, 1790. 
j Pineville, N. C, 
■) Kov. 2, 1795. 
( Orange C. H., Va., 
1 Sept. 24, 1784. 
j Summerhill, N. Y., 
} Jan. 7, 1800. 
j Hillsborough, N. II., 
■( Nov. 23, 1804. 
i Cove Gap, Pa., 
"j April 13, 1791. 
( Hodgenville, Ky., 
'I Feb. 12, 1809. 
\ Raleigh, N. C, 
') Dec. 29, 1808. 
\ Point Pleasant, O , 
■( April 27, 1822. 
) Delaware, Ohio, 
I Oct. 4, 1S22. 
( Orange Town8hip,0. 
I Nov. 19, 1831. 
(Fairfield, Vt., 
1 Oct. 5, 1830. 
( Caldwell, N. J., 
'I Marcu 18, 1837. 
( North Bend, O., 
1 Aug. 20, 1S33. 
(Caldwell, N.J. , 
"( March IS, 18.37. 



Dec. 14, 1799. 

July 4, 1820. 

July 4, 1826. 

June 28, 1836. 

July 4, 1S31. 

Feb. 21, 1848. 

June 18, 1845. 

July 24, 1862. 

April 4, 1841. 

Jan. 18, 1802. 

June 15, 1849. 

July 9, 1850. 

March 8, 1874. 

Oct. 8, 1869. 

June 1, 1808. 
- JApril 15, 1865. 
■ July 31, 1875. 
|- July 23, 1885. 
[• Jan. 17, 189.3. 
[- 1 Sept 19, 1881. 

Nov. 18, 1886. 



434 



SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL TABLE OF THE UNITED STATES AND 
TEKIUTORIES, SHOWING THE AREA OP EACH IN SQUARE MILES, 
THE DATE OP ORGANIZATION OP TERRITORIES, THE DATE OP 
ADMISSION OP NEW STATES INTO THE UNION, THE POPULATION 
AND THE RESPECTIVE CAPITALS. 



The Thirteen Original 

States. 



New HampHhire 

MassachuButts.. 

Rhode Island — 

Connecticut 

New York 

New Jersey 

Pennsylvania . . . 

Delaware 

Maryland 

Virginia 

North Carolina . 
South Carolina.. 
Georgia 



Ratified the 
Constitution. 



June 
February 

May 

January 

July 

December 

December 

December 

April 

June 

November 

May 

January 



21, 1788 
(5,1788 

29, 1790 

9,1788 
26, 1788 
18, 1787 
12, 1787 

7, 1787 
28, 1788 
2.5, 1788 
21, 1789 
23, 1788 

2, 1788 



Area of | 

Oriiiinal , Population 

States, iu IS'JO 
Sqr. miles 



9,005 
8,040 

1,085 

4,845 
47,020 

7,455 
44,985 

3,290 

9,860 
40,125 
48,580 
.'i0,170 
58,980 



376,530 
2,238,943 

345,503 

746,258 
5,997,853 
1,444,933 
5,258,014 

168,493 
l,042,.3tK) 
1,6,55.980 
1,617,947 
1151,149 
1,837.353 



Capitals. 



Portsmouth. 
Botjton. 

J Newport and 
( Providence.' 
Hartford. 
Albany. 
Trenton. 
Harrisburg. 
Dover. 
Annapolis. 
Richmond. 
Raleigh. 
Columbia. 
Atlanta. 



States 
Admitted. 



Kentucky .. . 
Vermont 

Tennessee . . 

Ohio 

Louisiana... 

Indiana 

Mississippi . 

Illinois 

Alabama.... 

Maine 

Missouri . . . 
Arkansas ... 
Michigan ... 

Florida 

Iowa 

Texas 

Wisconsin .. 
California . . 
Minnesota .. 

Oregon 

Kan-as 

W. Virginia. 

Nevada 

Nebraska . . . 
Colorado . .. 
N. Dakota . . 
S. Dakota. .. 
Montana — 
Washington 

Idaho 

Wyoming .. 
Utah 



Act 
Organizing 
Territory. 



Act 

Admitting 

State. 



Admission 
Took 
Effect. 



Outof Va.. 
Out of N. II 

andN. Y.. I Feb. 18, 
Out of N.C' June 1, 
Ord.1787.... Apr. 30, 
Mar. 3, 1805 Apr. 8, 
Mav 7, 1800 Dec. 11, 
April 7, 1798 Dec. 10, 
Feb. 3, 1809 Dec. 3, 
Mar. 3, 1817 Dec. 14, 
Outof Maf^s. Mar. .3, 
June 4, 1812 Mar. 2, 
Mar. 2, 1819 June 15, 
Jan. 11,1805 Jan. 26, 
Mar. 30, 1832 Mar. 3, 
June 12, 1838 Mar. 3, 
Annexed . . . Mar 
Apr. 20, 1836 
Prm. Mexico 
Mar. 3, 1849 
Aug. 14, 1848 
May 30,1854 
Outof Va... 
Mar. 2, 1861 
May 30, 18.54 
Feb. 28, 1861 



Feb. 4, 1791] Jane 1,1792 



1791 Mar. 4, 
1796 June 1, 
1802 Nov. 29, 
1812 Apr. 30, 
1816 Dec. 11, 
1817:Dec. 10, 
1818;Dec. 3, 

1819 Dec. 14, 

1820 Mar. 15, 

1821 Aug. 10, 
1836 June 15 



Sept. 9,1850 



1, 
Mar. 3, 
Sept. 9, 
May 4, 
Feb. 14, 
Jan. 29, 
Dec. 31, 
Mar. 21, 
Feb. 9, 
Mar. 3, 
Nov. 3, 
Nov. ,3, 
Nov. 8, 
Nov. 11, 
July 3, 
July 11, 



183 

1845 

1845 

1845 

184 

1850 

1858 

1859 

1S()] 

1862 

1864 

1867 

1875 

1889 

1889 

1889 

1889 

1890 

1890 



Jan. 26, 
Mar. 3, 
Dec. 28, 
Dec. 29, 
May 29, 
Sept. 9, 
May 11, 
Feb. 14, 
Jan. 2'.>, 
June 19, 
Oct. 31, 
Mar. 1, 
Aug. 1, 



1791 
1796 
1802 
1812 
1816 
1817 
1818 
1819 
1820 
1821 
1836 
1837 
1845 
184( 
181.'^ 
1848 
18.50 
18,58 
18.59 
1861 
1863 
1864 
1867 
187( 






Popula- 
tion 
in 1890. 



Capitals. 



40,000 

9,1.35 
41,750 
40,760 
45,420 
:i5,910 
46,340 
56,000 
51 ,,541 1 
29,895 
68,7.35 
53,045 
57,4.30 
54,240 
55,475 

262.290 
54,4.50 

155,980 
79,20; 
94.560 
81,700 
24,645 

110,700 
76,840 

103,645 
70,19 
76,850 

14.5,.310 
66,880 
84,290 
97,576 



1,858,635' Frankfort. 



.332,422 

1,767,518 

3,672,316 

1,11.S,5.S7: 

2,192,404 

l,289,ti00 

3,826. .351 

1,.513,017! 

661,086i 

2,679,184' 

1,128,179 

2,(193,889, 

391,4221 

1,911,896 

2,235,523 j 

l,68f!,880l 

1,208,1.301 

1,.301,823 

313,767' 

1,427,0961 

762,794 i 

45,761 

1,0.58,910' 

412,198 

182,919 

328,808 

132,159 

349,.390 

84,385 

60,705 



Montpelicr. 

Nashville. 

Columbus. 

Baton Rouge. 

Indianapolis. 

Jackson. 

Spiingfield. 

Montgomery. 

Augusta. 

Jcfl'crson City 

Little Rock. 

Lansing. 

Tallahassee. 

Des Moines. 

Austin. 

Madison. 

Sacramento. 

St. Paul. 

Salem. 

Topeka. 

Charleston. 

Carson City. 

Lincoln. 

Denver. 

Bismar.k. 

Pierre. 

Helena. 

Olympia. 

Boise City. 

Cheyenne. 

Salt Lake City 



SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 435 

ORGANIZATION AND AKEA OF TERRITORIES. 



Territories. 


Act 
Organizing 
Territory. 


Area of the 

Territories 

in Sqr. Miles. 


Population 
in 1890. 


Capital?. 




Sept. 9, 1850 
Feb. 24, lSli3 
June 30, 1831 
July If), 1790 
March 3, 1791 
July 27, 18f.8 
May 2, 1890 


122.460 
112.920 
64,690 

t70 

577.390 

161,831 


153,.593 

59.620 

179,321 

230,392 

30,329 
01.8.34 


Sante Fe. 


Arizona 

Indiana* 


Phoenix. 


District of Columbia.. [ 
Alaska — 


Washington. 

Sitka. 
Guthrie. 







*No Territorial Government. 

fRediiced from 100 to 70 square miles hy recession of part to Virginia in 1804. 
J Including Greer County, in dispute ; claimed hy Texas. 

The whole area of tie States and Territories, including water surface of lakeii 
and rivers, is nearly ecjual to four million square miles. 



APPEKDIX A. 



DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 

In Congress, July 4, 1776. 

A DECLARATION BY THE REPRESENTATIVES OF THE 

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, IN CONGRESS 

ASSEMBLED. 



When, in tlie course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dis- 
solve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume, 
among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the laws of 
nature and of nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of 
mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the 
separation. 

\Ve hold these truths to be self evident: That all men are created equal; that 
tV'ey are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights; that among these 
are life, liberty and tne pursuit of happiness. That, to secure these rights, govern- 
ments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the 
governed; that, whenever any form of governm nt becomes destruciive of tt ese 
ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute a new 
government, laying its foundation on such principles, and organizing its powers 
in such form, as to them stiall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness. 
Pri dence, indeed, will dictate t at governments long es ablished should not be 
cha-iged for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience t ath shown 
that mankind are more dispo-ed to suffer while evils are sufferable than to right 
themselves hy abolishing the forms to wh'ch they are acc'istomed. But when a 
iong train of abuses and usurpa'ions, pursuing invariably tne same object, evinces 
a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, 
to throw off such government, and to provide new guards for their future security. 
Such has been the patient sufferance oft ese co'.onits, and sach is now the necessity 



436 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UXITED STATES. 

which constrains them to alter their former systems of government. The history 
of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpa- 
tions, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these 
States. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world. 

He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and necessary for the pub- 
lic good. 

He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate and pressing impor- 
tance, unless suspendtd in their operation till his assent should be obtained; and 
when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them. 

He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large dis'ricts of 
people, unless those people would relinquish the right of representation in the 
legislature — a right inestimable to them, and formidable to tyrants only. 

He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and 
distant from the depository of their public records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing 
them into compliance with his measures. 

He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for opposing, with manly 
firmness, his invasions on the rights of the people. 

He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to cause others to be 
elected, whereby the legislative powers, incapable of annihilation, have returned 
to the people at large for their exercise; the State remaining, in the meantime, 
exposed to all the dangers of invasions from without and convulsions witliin. 

He has endeavored to prevent the population of these States, for that purpose 
obstructing the laws for tlie naturalization of foreigners; refusing to pass otners 
to encourage their migration hither, and raising the conditions of new appropri 
ations of lands. 

He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refusing his assent to laws 
for establishing judiciary powers. 

He has made judges dependent on his will alone for the tenure of their offices, 
and the amount and payment of their salaries. 

He has elected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of officers to 
harass our people and eat out their substance. 

He has kept among us in times of peace standing armies, without the consent of 
our legislatures. 

He has aflected to render the military independent of, and superior to, the civil 
power. 

He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our consti- 
tutions, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his assent to tneir acts of pre- 
tended legislation: 

For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us; 

For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment for any murders which 
they should commit on the inhabitants of these States; 

For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world; 

For imposing taxes on us without our consent; 

For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury; 

For transporting us beyond seas, to be tried for pretended offenses; 

For abolishing the free system of Englisli laws in a neighboring province, estab- 
lishing therein an arbitiary government, and enlarging its boundaries, so as to 
render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute 
rule into these colonies; 

For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, and altering 
fundamentaily the forms of our governments; 

For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with 
power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. 

He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his protection, and 
waging war against us. 

He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burned our towns, and destroyed 
the lives of our people. 

He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to complete 
the works of death, desolation and tyranny, already begun with circumst.ances of 
cruelty and perfidy scarcely paialleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally 
unworthy the head of a civilized nation. 

He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken csptive on the high seas, to bear 
arms against their country, to become the executioners of their friends and brethren, 
or to fall themselves by their hands. 

He has excited domestic insurrection among us, and has endeavored to bring on 
the inhabitants of our frontiers the merciless Indian savages, whose known rule of 
warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes, and conditions. 

In every stage of these oppressions we have petitioned for redress in the most 



APPENDIX A. 



437 



huttible terms; our repeated petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. 
A prince whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a tyrant is 
unfit to be the ruler of a free people. 

Nor have we been wanting in our attentions to our British brethren. We have 
warned them, from time to time, of attempts by their legislature to extend an 
unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the circumstances 
of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to their native just'ce 
and magnanimity; and we have conjured them, by the ties of our common kindred, 
to disavow these usurpations, which would inevitably interrupt our connections and 
correspondence. They, too, have been deaf to the voice of justice and consanguin- 
ity.. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity which denounces our separa- 
tion, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, enemies in war, in peace 
friends. 

We, therefore, the Representatives of the United States of America, in General 
Congress assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude 
of our intentions, do, in the name and by the authority of the good people of these 
colonies, solemnly publish and declare. That these United Coloiiies are, and of 
right ought to be, free and independent States; that they are absolved from all 
allegiance to the British crown, and that all poliiical connection between them ai.d 
the State of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved; and that, as free 
and independent States, they have full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract 
alliances, establish commerce, and do all other acts and things which independent 
States may of right do. And, for the support of this declaration, with a firm reli- 
ance on the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our 
lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor. 

The foregoing Declaration was, by order of Congress, engrossed, and signed by 
the following members : 

JOHN HANCOCK. 

Benjamin Franklin, 

John Morton, 

George Clymer, 

James Smith, 

George Taylor, 

James Wilson, 

George Ross. 



NEW HAMPSHIRE 
Josiah Bartlett, 
William Whipp'e, 
Matthew Thornton. 



Charles Carroll, of Car- 
roilton. 



MASSACHUSETTS BAY 
Samuel Adams, 
John Adams, 
Robert Treat Paine, 
Elbridge Gerry. 

NEW YORK. 
William Floyd, 
Philip Livingston, 
Francis Lewis, 
Lewis Morris. 

NEW JERSEY. 
Richard Stockton, 
John Witherspoon, 
Francis Hopkinson, 
John Hart, 
Abraham Clark. 

PENNSYLVANL\. 

Rob. rt Morris, 
Benjamin Rush, 



DELAWARE. 
Cajsar Rodney, 
G orge Read, 
Thomas M'Kean. 

RHODE ISLAND. 
St phen Hopkins, 
William Ellery. 

CONNECTICUT. 
Roger Sherman, 
Samuel Huntington, 
William Williams, 
Oliver Wolcott. 

MARYLAND. 
Samuel Chase, 
William Paca, 
Thomas Stone, 



VIRGINIA. 
George Wythe, 
Richard Henry Lee, 
Thomas Jefferson, 
Benjamin Harrison, 
Thomas Nelson, Jr. 
Francis Lightfoot Lee, 
Carter Braxton. 

NORTH CAROLINA. 
William Hooper, 
Joseph Hewes, 
John Penn. 

SOUTH CAROLINA. 
Edward Rutledge, 
Thomas Hay ward, Jr. 
Thomas Lynch, Jr. 
Arthur Middleton. 

GEORGIA. 
Button Gwinnett, 
Lyman Hall, 
George Walton. 



438 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



AP^PKNIDIX B. 



Constitution of the United States 
OF America * 

We, the people of the United States, in 
order to form a more perfect union, 
establish Justice, insure domestic 
Tranquility, provide for the common 
defence, promote the general Welfare, 
and secure the Blessings of Liberty to 
ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain 
and establish this Constitution for 
the United States of America. 



Constitution of the Confederate 
States of America. 

We, the People of the Co7i/edera/c Staler, 
each State acting- in its soToeig-n and 
independent character, in order to form 
a permanent Federal Government, es- 
tablish justice, insure domestic tran- 
quility, and secure the bl'ssings of 
liberty to ourselves and our posterity 
— imiokin^ the favor and guidance of 
Almiglity God — do ordain and estab 
lish this Constitution for the Confed- 
erate States of Ameiica. 



ARTICLE L 

Section i. All legislative Powers 
herein granted shall be vested in a 
Congress of the Uni'ed States, which 
shall consist of a Senate and H use of 
Representa'ives. 

Section 2. The House of Repre':en- 
tatives shall be compo ed of Members 
chosen every second Year by the Pe^'ple 
ot the several S'ale":, and the Electors 
in each State shall have the Qualifica- 
tions requisite for Electors of the most 
numerous Branch of the State Legisla- 
ture. 



No Person shall be a Representative 
who shall not have attained to the Age 
of twenty-five years, and been seven 
Years a Citizen of the United States, 
and who shall not, when elected, be an 
Inhabitant of that State in which he 
shall be chosen. 

Representatives and direct Taxes 
shall be apportioned among the several 
Spates which may be included within 
this Union, according to their respective 
Numners.t which shall he determined 
bv adding to the whole Numbpr of free 
Persons, including those bound to Serv- 
ice for a term of years, and exc'udinor 
Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all 



ARTICLE I. 

Section i. All legislative powers 
herein delegated shall be vested in a 
Congress of the ConfedevAit States, 
which shall consist of a Senate and 
House of Representatives. 

Section 2. The House of Repre- 
sentatives shall be composed of mem- 
bers chosen every sfcond year by the 
people of the feveral States; and the 
electors in "ach State sha 1 be citizens of 
the Confederate S'aies, and have the 
qualifications requisite for electors of 
the most numerous branch of the Sta'e 
Legislature; I'ut no person of foreign 
birth, not a citizen of' the Confederate 
States, shall be allowed to vote for any 
officer, civil or political State or Federal. 

No person shall b» a Representative 
who stiall not have atta'ned the age f 
twenty-five vears, and be a citizen 0/ the 
Confederate States, and who shall not, 
when elected, be an inhabitant of that 
S ate in which he shall be chosen. 

Representatives and direct taxes shall 
be apportioned among the several States, 
which may be included within this Con- 
federacy, according to their respective 
numbers, which shall be determined by 
adding to the whole number of free per- 
sons, including those bound to service 
for a term of vears, and excluding In- 
dians not taxed, thrfe fifths of all slaves. 
Tne actual enumeration shall be made 



*This is an exact copy of the original in punctuation, spelling, capitals, etc. 
fUnder the census of i860 one representative is allowed for every 127,381 
persons. 



APPENDIX B. 



439 



other Persons.* Tlie actual Enumera 
tion sliall be made within three Years 
after ttie first meeting of tlie Congress 
of the United States, and within every 
subsequent Term of Ten years, in such 
Manner as they shall by Law direct. 
'1 lie Number of Representatives shall 
not exceed one f r every thirty Thous- 
and, but each State shall have at Leas' 
one representat ve ; and until such 
enumeration shall be made, the State of 
Nevv Hampshire shall be entitled to 
chuse three, Massachusetts eight, Rliode 
Island and Providence Plantations one, 
Conneciicut five. New York s x. New 
Jersey four, Petmsylvania eight, Dela- 
ware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten. 
North Carolina five. South Carolina 
five, and Georgia three. 

When vacancies happen in the Repre- 
sentation from any State, the Executive 
Authority thereof shall issue Writs of 
Election to fill such Vacancies. 

The House of Representatives shall 
chuse their Speaker and other officers ;t 
and shaU have the sole Power of Im- 
peachment. 



Section 3. The Senate of the United 
States shall be composed of two Sena- 
tors from each State, chosen by the 
Legislature thereof, for six Years ; alid 
each Senator shall have one Vote. 



Immediately after thev shall be assem 
bled in Consequence of the first Elec- 
tion, they shall be divided as equally as 
may he into three Classes. '1 he Seats of 
the Senators of the first Class shall be 
vacated a tne Expiration of the second 
Year, of the second Class a: the Expira- 
tion of the fourth Ye^r, and of the third 
class at the Expiration of the sixth Yeir, 
so that one-third may be chosen every 
second year ; and if Vacancies h-ippe 1 
by Resignation, or otherwise, during 
thi; Recess of the Legislature of any 
Stdte, the Executive thereof may make 
tempora''y Appointments until the next 
Meeting of tlie Legislature, which shall 
then fill such Vacancies. 

No person shall be a Senator who 
shall not have attained to the Ape of 
thirty Years, and been nine Years a 
citizen of the LInited States, and who 
shall not, when elected, be an Inhabi- 
tant of that State for which he shall be 
chosen. 

The Vice President of the United 



within three years after the first mee*- 
ing o( the Congress of the C onfe derate 
Stites, and within every subsequent 
term of ten years, in such manner as 
they shall by 1 iw direct. The number 
of Representatives shall not exceed one 
for everyyT/Vy thousand, but each State 
shall lnv.; at least one Representative; 
and until such enumeration shall be 
m de, the State of South Carolina shall 
be entitled to choose six, the State of 
Geo) gia ten, tlie State 0/ Atabama nine, 
tlie State of Florida tzvo, the State of Mis- 
sissiptii seven, the State of Louisiana six, 
and the State of Texas six. 



When vacancies happen in the repre- 
sentation from any State, the Executive 
authority thereof shall issue writs of 
election to fill such vacancies. 

The House of Representatives shall 
choo e their Speaker and other officers; 
and shall have the s pie power of im- 
peachment, except that ativ jndicial or 
other Fedei al officer, resident and acting 
so/elv 7vithin the limits of any Slate, may 
be impea-lied by a Z'ote of tiuo thirds of 
both branches of the Legislature thereof. 

Section 3. The Se.iate of the Confed- 
erate States shall be composed of two 
Senators from each State, chosen (or six 
years by the Legislature thereof, at the 
regular session next immediately preced- 
ing the coinmeticetnent of the term of 
seivice; and eaca Senator shall have 
one vote. 

Immediately after they shall be as- 
sembled, in consequence of the first 
election, they shall be divided as equally 
as may be into three classes. The seats 
of the Senators of the first class be 
vacated at the exp rat on of the second 
year; of the second class at the expira- 
tion of the fourth year; and of the third 
class at the expiration of the six h year; 
so that one third may be chosen every 
second year; and if vacancies happen 
by resignation or otherwise, during the 
recess of the Legislature of any State, 
the Executive thereof may make tem- 
poray ai)poiiitments until the next 
meeting of the Legislature, which shall 
then fill such vacancies. 

No person shall be a Senator who 
shall not have attained the age of thirty 
years, and be a citizen of the Confederate 
States; and who shall not, when elected, 
be an inhabitant of the State for which 
lie shall be cnosen. 

The Vice-President of the Confederate 



*"Other persons" refers to slaves See Amendments, Art XIV, Sections i and 2. 
fThe principal of these are the clerk, sergeant-at-arms, door-keeper, and post- 
master. 



440 



HCHOOL Hlf^TORY OF THE UNITED STATESi. 



States shall be President of the Senate, 
but shall have no Vote, unless they be 
equally divided. 

The Senate shall cbuse their other 
Officers, and also a President pro tem- 
pore, in the absence of the Vice Presi- 
Heit, or when he shall exercise the 
Office of President of the United States 

The Senate shall have the sole Povi'er 
to try all Impeachments. When sitting 
for that Purpose, they shall be on Oath 
or Affirmation. When the President of 
the United States is tried, the Chief 
Justice shall preside : And no Person 
shall be convicted without the Concur- 
rence o; two-thirds of the Members 
present. 

Judgment in Cases of Impeachment 
shall not extend further than to removal 
from Office, and Uisciualification to hold 
and enjoy any Office of Honour, Trust or 
Profit under the I'nited States; but the 
party convicted shall nevertheless be 
liable and subject to Indictment, Trial, 
Judgment and Punishment, according to 
Law. 

Section 4. The Times, Places and 
Manner of holding Elections for Sena- 
tors and Representatives, shall be pre- 
scribed in each State by the Legislature 
thereof : but the Congress may at any 
time by Law make or alter such Regula- 
tions, except as to the places of chasing 
Senators. 



The Congress shall assemble at least 
once in every Year, and such Meeting 
shall be on the first Monday in Decem- 
ber, u'lless they shall by Law appoint a 
different Day. 

Section 5. Each House shall be the 
Judge of the Elections, Returns and 
yuaiifications of its own Members, and 
a majority of each shall constitute a 
Quorum to do Business ; but a smaller 
number may adjourn from day to day, 
and may be authorized to compel the 
Attendance of absent Members, in such 
Manner, and under such Penalties as 
each House may provide 

Each House may dttei mine the Rules 
of its Proceedings, punish its Members 
for disorderly Behaviour, and, with the 
Concurrence of two-thirds, expel a 
Member. 

Each House shall keep a Journal of 
its Proceedings, and from time to time 
publish the same, excepting such Parts 
as may in their judgment require Se- 
crecy ; and the Yeas and Nays of the 
Members of either House on any ques- 
tion shall, at the Desire of one-fifth of 
those Present, be entered on the Journal. 

Neither House, during the Session of 
Congress, shall, without the Consent of 
the other, adjourn for more than three 



States shall be President of the Senate, 
but shall have no vote unless they be 
equally divided. 

The Senate shall choose their other 
officers; and also a President pro tem- 
poie in the absence of the Vice-Presi- 
dent, or when he sha'l exercise the 
office of President of the Confederate 
States. 

The Senate shall have the sole power 
to try all impeachments. When sitting 
for that purpose, they shall be on oath 
or affirmation. When the President of 
the Confederate States is tried, the Chief 
Justice shall preside; and no person 
shall be convicted without the concur- 
rence of two thirds of the members 
present. 

Judgment in cases of impeachment 
shall not extend further than to removal 
from office, and disqualification to hold 
and enjoy any office of honor, trust, or 
p ofit, under the Confederate States: but 
tlie party convicted shall, nevertheless, 
be liable and subject to indictment, 
trial, judgment, and punishment accord- 
ing to law. 

Section 4. The times, place, and 
manner of holding elections for Sena- 
tors and Representatives, shall be pre- 
scribed in each State by the Legislature 
therof, subject to the provisions of this 
Constitutions; but the Congress may, at 
any time, by law, make or alter such 
regulations, except as to the times and 
places of choosing Senators. 

The Congress shall assemble at least 
once in every year; and such meeting 
shall be on the first Monday in Decem- 
ber, unless they shall, by law, appoitit a 
different day. 

Section 5. Each House shall be the 
judge of the elections, returns, and 
qualifications of its own members, and 
a majority of each shall constitute a 
quorum to do business; but a smaller 
number may adjourn from day to day, 
and may be authorized to compel the 
attendance of absent members, in such 
manner and under such penalties as 
each house may provide. 

Each House may determine the rules 
of its proceedings, punish its members 
for disorderly behavior, and, w th the 
concurrence of two thirds of the whole 
number, expel a member. 

Each House shall keep a journal of its 
proceedings, and from time to time pub- 
lish the same, excepting such parts as 
may in their judgment require secrecy; 
and the yeas and neas of the members 
of either House, on any question, shall, 
at the desire of one fifth of those present, 
be entered on the journal. 

Neither House, during the session of 
Congress, shall, without the consent of 
the other, adjourn for more than three 



APPENDIX B. 



441 



days, nor to any other Place than that in 
which the two Houses shall be sitting. 

Section 6. The Senators and Repre- 
sentatives shall receive a compensation 
for their Services, to be ascertained by 
Law, and paid out of the Treasury of 
the United States. They shall in all 
cases, except Treason, Felony and 
Breach of the Peace, be privileged from 
Arrest during their Attendance at the 
Session of their respective Houses, and 
in going to and returning from the same, 
and lor any Speech or l3ebate in either 
House, they shall not be questioned in 
any other Place. 

No Senator or Representative shall, 
during the time for which he was 
elected, be appointed to any civil Office 
under the Authority of the United Slates, 
which shall have been created, or the 
Emoluments whereof shall have been 
increased during such time ; and no 
Person holding any Office under the 
United States, shall be a Member of 
either House during his Cont. nuance in 
Office. 



Section 7. All Bills for raising Reve- 
nue shall originate in the House of 
Representatives : but the Senate may 
propose or concur with Amendments as 
on o her Bills. 

Every Bill which shall have passed 
the House of Representatives and the 
Senate, shall, before it become a Law, 
be p ese ited to the President of the 
United Stales : if he approve, he shall 
sign it, but if not h^shall return if, with 
his Objections to that House in which it 
shall have or ginated, who shall enter 
the Object ons at large on their Journal, 
and proceed to recoi.sider it. It after 
such Reconsideration two-thirds of that 
House shall agree to pass the Bill, it 
shall be se .t, together w th the Objec- 
tions, to the oth-ir Hous •, by which it 
shall likewise be recons d red, and if 
approved by two-thirds of that house, it 
shall become a Law. But in ail such 
("ases the Votes of Both Houses shall be 
dete mined by Yeas a- d Nays, and ihe 
Names of the Persons voting for and 
against the Bill shall be entered on ttie 
Jour al of each H use respectively. If 
a ly Bill shall not b; returned bv the 
President w.thin ten Days (Sundays ex- 
cepted) af er it shall have been pre- 
sented to him, the Same shall be a law, 
in like Manner as if he had signed it, 
unless the Congress by their Adjourn- 
ment prevent its Return, in whicn Case 
it shall not be a Law. 



days, nor to any other place than that 
in which the two Houses shall be sitting. 
Sk;ction 6. The Senators and Repre 
sentatives shall receive a compensation 
for their services, to hs ascertained by 
law, and paid out of the Treasury of the 
Confederate States. They shall, in all 
cases, except treason, felony, and breach 
of peace, be privileged from arrest during 
their attendance at the session of their 
respective Houses, and in going to and 
returning from the same; and for any 
speech or debate in either House, they 
shall not be questioned in any other 
place. 

No Senator or Representative shall, 
during the time for which he was elected, 
be appointed to any civil office under 
the authority of the Confederate Stales, 
which shall have been created, or the 
emoluments whereof shall have Iseen in- 
creased during such lime; and no per- 
son holding a-'y office under the Confed 
erate Slates shall be a member of either 
House du ing his continuance in office. 
But Congress may, by law, grant to the 
principal officer in each <f the e.recuttve 
departmenis a seat upon the floor of either 
Home, -with the privilege of d.scussing 
any Jtieasures appertaining to his depart- 
ment. 

Section 7. All bills for raising the 
revenue shall originate in the Hoube of 
Repiesentatives ; but the Senate may 
p;opose or concur with the amendments, 
as on other bills. 

Every bill which shall have passed 
both Houses, shall, before it becomes a 
law, be presented to the President of the 
Confederate States; if he approve, he 
shall sigT it; but if not, he shall return 
it with hif obiections, to that House in 
which it sliall have originated, who 
shall en;er the objections at large on 
their journal, and proceed to reconsider 
it. If, after such reconsideration, two 
thirds of that House shall agree to pass 
the bill, it snail be sent, together with 
the objections, to the other House, by 
which it shall likewise be reconsidered, 
and, if approved by two thirds of thac 
Hous", it shall become a law. But, .11 
all such cases, the votes of both Houses 
shall be determined 6y yeas and nays, 
and fhe names of the persons vo.ing for 
and against the bill shall be entered on 
the journal of each House, re-pectively. 
If any bill shall not be recbrned by the 
President within ten days (Sundays 
excepted) afier it shall have teen pre- 
sented to him, the same shall be a law, 
in like manner as if he hid signed it 
unless the Congress, by their adjourn- 
ment, prevent its return; in which case 
it shall not be a law. The President may 
approve any appropriation and disapprove 
any other appropriation in the same bill. 
Ik such case he shall, in signing the bill. 



442 



(SCHOOL HIHTORY OF THE UXITED STATEf^. 



Every Order, Resolution, or Vote, to 
which the Concurrence of the Senate 
and House of Representatives may be 
necessary (except on a question of Ad- 
journment) shall be presented to the 
President of the United States; and 
before the Same shall take Effeci, shall 
be , pproved by him, or being disap- 
proved by him, shall be repassed by 
two-thirds of the Senate and House of 
Representatives, according lo the Rules 
and Limitations prescribed in the Case 
of a Bill. 

Section S The Congress shall have 
Power 

To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Im- 
posts :nd Excises, to pay the Uebis and 
provide for the common Defence and 
general Welfare of the United States ; 
but all Duties, Imposts and Excises 
shall be uniform throughout the Uni ed 
States ; 



To borrow Money on the credit of the 
United S ates ; 

To rrgulate Commerce wi'h foreign 
Nations, and among the several Sta es, 
and with the Indian Tribes ; 



To establish an uniform Rule of 
Naturalization, and uniform Laws on 
the su ject of Bankruptcies through- 
out the United Stctes ; 



To coin Money, regulate the Value 
thereof, and ©f foreign Coin, and fix the 
Standard of Weights and Measures ; 

To provide for the punishment of 
counterfeiting the Securities and cur- 
rent Coin of the United S-ates ; 

To establish Post Offices and nost 
Roads ; 



desigHnli' i!if appropriations disapproved: 
and shall return a copy of such appropria- 
tions, with his objections, to the House in 
which the bill shall have originated; and 
the same pjoceedings shall then be had as 
in case of other bills disapproved by the 
President. 

Every order, resolution, or vote, to 
wh ch the concurrence of both Houses 
nny be necessary (except on a question 
of adjournment), shall b* presented to 
tie President of the Confederate States; 
and. before the same shall take effect, 
shall be approved by him; or, being dis- 
approved, shall be repassed by two 
thirds of both Houses, according to the 
rules and limitations prescribed in case 
of a bill. 



Section S. the Congress shall have 
power — 

To lay and collect taxes, ('uties, im- 
posts, and excis s, /or revenue neces- 
sary to pay the debts, prov de for the 
common defense, and carry on the Gov- 
ernment of the Confederate States ; but 
no bounties shall be granted from the 
Treasury: nor shall any duties or taxes 
on importations from foreign nations be 
laid to promote or foster any branch of 
industry; and all duties, imposts, and 
excises shall be uniform throughout the 
Confederate States: 

To borrow i.otiey on the credit of the 
Confederate States: 

To regulate commerce with foreign 
nations, and among the seve'al S'at-s, 
and with the Indian tribes; but neither 
this nor any other clause contained in the 
Constitution shall ever be construed to 
delegate the poiver to Congress to appro- 
priate money Jor any internal impro7<e- , 
jnent intended to facilitate commerce; 
except for the purpose of furnishing 
lights, beacons and buoys and other aid 
to tiaiiigation upon the coasts, and the 
improz'ement of harbors and the removing 
of obstructions in river navigation, in all 
ivhich cases such duties shall be laid on 
the navigation facilitated thereby, as may 
he necessary to pay the costs and expenses 
thereof: 

I o es abli<:h uniform laws of na*urali- 
zalion and uniform laws on the subject 
ol bankruptcies, throughout the Confed- 
erate States ; but no lazu of Congress shall 
discharge any debt contracted before the 
passage of the same : 

To coin money, regulate the value 
thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the 
standard of weights and measures: 

To provide for the punishment of 
coun erfeiting the securities and current 
coin of the Confederate States : 

lo tstiblisn post-ofTicPS and post 
routes: but the expenses of the Post-Office 
Depart me^zt, after the first day of March, 



APPENDTX B. 



443 



To promote the progress of Science 
and useful Arts, by securing- for limited 
Times to Authors and Inventors the ex- 
clusive Right to their respective Writ- 
ings and discoveries ; 

To constitute Tribunals inferior to 
the upreme Court ; 

To define and punish Piracies and 
Felonies commited on the high seas, 
and Offences against the Law of Na- 
tio s ; 

To declare War, grant Letters of 
Marque and Reprisal, and make Rules 
concerning Captures on Land and 
Water ; 

To raise and support Armies, but no 
Appropriation of Money to that Use 
shall be for a longer Term than two 
Yers; 

To provide and maintain a Navy ; 

To make Rules for the Goveninifiit 
and Regulation of the land and naval 
Forces ; 

To provide for calling forth the Militia 
to execute the Laws of the Union, sup- 
press Insurrections and repel Invasion ; 

To provide for organizi"g, arm'ng, 
and disciplining, the Militia, and for 
governing such Part of them as maybe 
employed in the Service of the I'nittd 
States, leserving to the States re = pec- 
t vely, the Avipointmen!; of the Officers, 
and the Authority of training the Militia 
according to the Discipline prescribed 
by Congress ; 

To exercise exclusive Legislation in 
all C^ses whatsotver, over such District 
(not exceeding ten Miles square) as 
may, by Cession of particular States, 
and the Acceptance of Congress, become 
the Seat of the Government of the United 
States, and to exerc se like Authority 
ovtr all Places purchased by the Con- 
sent of the Legislature of the State in 
which the Same shall be, for the Erf c- 
tion of Forts, Magazines, Arsenals, 
Dock Yards, and other needful Build- 
ings ; — And 

To nrake all Laws which shall be 
necessaiyand proper for rarrying into 
Execution the foregoing Powers, and 
all other Powrs vested by this Consti- 
tution in the Government of the United 
States, or in any Uepaitment or Officer 
thereof. 

Section g. The Migration or Impor- 
tation of such Persons as ?nv of ttie 
States now existing shall think prop'r 
to admit, shall not be prohibited by the 
Congress prior to the Year onetho\isand 
eight hundred and eight, but a Tax or 
Duty may be imposed on such Importa 
tion, not exceeding ten doUors for each 
Person. 



/« the year of our Lord eighteen hundred 
and sixty three, shall be paid out of its 
oum rei'cnue : 

To promote the progress of science 
and useful arts, by securi;ig for limited 
times to authors and inventors the ex- 
clusive right to their respective writings 
and discoveries: 

To constitute tribunals inferior to the 
Supreme Court: 

To define and punish piracies ?nd 
felonies committed on the high seas, 
and offenses against the law of nations: 

To declare war, grant lette's of marque 
and reprisal, and make rules conce.ning 
captures on land and on water: 

To raise and support armies, but no 
appropriation of money to that use shall 
be for a longer term than two years: 

To provide and m-'intain a navy: 

To m-k-; rules f r the government 
and regulation of the land and naval 
forces: 

To provide for calling forth the militia 
to execute the laws of the Cotifcderate 
States, suppress insurrections, and repel 
invasions: 

To provide for organizing, arming, 
and discipling the milit'a, and for gov- 
erning such part of them as the Confed- 
erate States, reserving to the States, 
re<:pectively, the appointment of the 
officers, and the authority of training 
the militia according to the discipline 
prescribed by Congress: 

To exercise exclusive legislation in 
all cases whatsoever, over such district 
(not exceed ng ten mi'es sq are) as may, 
by cession oi one or more States, and the 
acceptance of Congress, become the seat 
of the Government of the Confederate 
States, and to exercise like authority 
over all places purchased by the consent 
of the Legislature of the State in whicti 
the same shall be, for the erection of 
forts, magazines, a senals, dock-ya ds, 
and other needful buildings; and 

To make all laws which shall be neces- 
sary and proper for carrying into execu- 
tion the foregoing powers, and all other 
p3wers vested by this Constitution iti 
the Government of the Confederate 
States, cr in any department or officer 
thereof. 

Srction 9 The importation of negroes 
of the African race from any foreign 
country otlter than tlie sla7n'-holding States 
or Territories of tlie United States of 
America, is liereby forbidden : and Con- 
gress is requiredto pass such laws as shall 
ejfectually prevent tlie same. 

Congress shall also have power to pro- 
hibit the introduction of slaves from any 



414 



SSCnOOL HlfiTORY OF THE UNITED »S7'AyB»Sf. 



The Privilege of tlie Writ of Habeas 
Corpus shall not be suspended, unless 
when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion 
the public safety may require it. 

No BUI of Attainder or ex post facto 
Law shall bi passed. 

No Capitation, or other direct, Tax 
shall belaid, unless in Proportion to the 
Census or Enumeration herein before 
dir'cted to be taken. 

No Tax or Duty shall be la"d on Ar- 
ticles exported from any State. 

No Preference shall be given by any 
Regulation of Commerce or Revenue to 
the Ports of one State over those of 
another; nor shall Vessels bound to, or 
from, one State, be obliged to enter, 
clear, or pay Duties in another. 

No Money shall be ( rawn from the 
Treasury, but in Consequence of Appro- 
priations made by Law ; and a regular 
Statement and Account of the Receipts 
and Expenditures of all public Money 
shall be published from time to time. 



No Title of Nobility shall he granted 
by the United States ; and no Person 
holding any Office of Profit or Trust 
under them, shall, without the Consent 
of the Congress, accept of any present, 
Emolument. Office, or Title, of any kind 
whatever, from any King, Prince, or 
foreign State. 



State not a meinbcr c/" or Territory not 
I'clfiiii^ing to, this Confederacy. 

The privilege of the wiit of liabeas 
corpus shall not be suspended, unl ss 
when, in case of rebellion or invasion, 
the public safety may require it. 

No bill of attainder, ex post facto law 
or laiv (ienyitig or impairing i/ie rig/it of 
property in negro s/a?ies s/iail l>e passed. 

No capitation or other direct tax shall 
be laid, unless in proportion to the 
census or enumeration hereinbefore 
directed lo be taken. 

No tax or duty sliall be laid on articles 
exported from any State except by a 7'ote 
of two thirds of both Houses. 

No preference shall be given by any 
regulation of commerce or revenue to 
the ports of one State over those of an- 
other. 



No money shall be drawn from the 
Treasury, but in consequence of appro- 
priations made by law; and a regular 
statement and account of the receipts 
and expenditures of all public money 
snail be published from lime to time. 

Congress sliall appropriate no money 
from the Treasury, except by a vote of 
t2uo thirds of botli Houses, taken by yeas 
and nays, unless it be asked and esti- 
mated for by some one of the heads of 
departments and submitted to Congress 
by the President ; or for the purpose of 
paying its own expenses atid contingencies; 
or for the payment of claims against the 
Confederate States, the justice of which 
shall have been judicially declared by a 
tribunal for the investigation of claims 
against the Government ^vhich it is hereby 
■made the duty of Congress to establish. 

All bills appropriating motwy shall 
specify, in Federal currency the exact 
amount of each appropriation and the 
purposes for which it is made; and Con- 
gress shall grant 7io extra compensation 
to any public contractor, officer, agent or 
servant, after such contract shall have 
been made or such service rendered. 

No title of nobility shall be granted 
by the Confederate States; and no person 
holding any office of profit or trust 
under them shall, without the consent 
of the Congress, accept of any present, 
emolument, office, or title of any kind 
whatever, from any king, prince or 
foreign state. 

Congress shall make no law respecting 
an establishment of religion, or prohibit- 
ing the free exercise thereof; or abridg- 
ing the freedom of speech, or of the 
press; or the right of the people peace- 
ably to assemble and petition the Gov- 
ernment for a redress of grievances. 

A well-regulated militia being neces- 
sary to the security of a free state, the 



APPENDIX B. 



445 



Section io. No State shall enter into 
any Treaty, Alliance, or Confederation : 
grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal ; 
coin money ; emit Bills of Credit ; make 
any Thing but gold and silver Coin a 
Tender in Payment of Debts ; pass any 
Bill of Attainder, ex post facto Law, or 
Law impairing the Obligation of Con- 
tracts, or grant any Title of Nobility. 



right of the people to keep and bear 
arms shall not be infringed. 

No soldier shall, in time of peace, be 
quartered in any house without the 
consent of the owner ; nor in time of 
war, but in a manner to be prescribed 
by law. 

The right of the peoole to be secure 
in their persons, housts, papers, and 
effects, against unreasonable searches 
and seizures shall not be violated; and 
no warrants shall issue but upon proba- 
ble cause, supported by oath or affirma- 
tion, and particularly describing the 
place to be searched, and the persons 
or things to be seized. 

No person shall be held to answer 
for a capital or otherwise infamous 
crime, unless on a presentment or in 
dictment of a grand jury, except in 
cases arising in the land or naval forces, 
or in the militia, when in actual service 
in time of war or public danger; nor 
shall any person be subject, for the same 
offense, to be twice put in jeopardy of 
life or limb; nor be compelled, in any 
crimiml case, to be a witness agaitist 
himself; nor be deprived of life, liberty, 
or property, without due process of law; 
nor shall private property be taken for 
public use without just compensation. 

In all criminal prosecutions, the ac- 
cused shall enjoy the right to a speedy 
and public trial, bv an impartial jury of 
the State a id district wherein the crime 
shall have been committed, which dis- 
trict shall have been previously ascer- 
tained by law, and to be informed of the 
nature and cause of the accusation; to 
be confronted with the witnesses against 
him; to have compulsiry process for 
obtaining witnesses in his favor; and to 
have the assistance of counsel for his 
defense. 

In suits at common law, where the 
value in controversy shall exceed twenty 
dollars, the right of trial by jury shall 
be preserved; and no fact so tried by a 
jury shall be otherwise re-examined in 
any court of the Confederacy, than ac- 
cording to the rules of the common law. 

Excessive bail shall not be required, 
nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel 
and unusual punishment inflicled. 

Every law, or resolution having the 
Jorce of laiu, shall relate to but one sub - 
ject, and that shall be expressed in the 
title. 

Section io. No State shall enter 
into any treaty, alliance, or confedera- 
tion ; grant letters of marque and re 
prisal, coin money; make anything hut 
gold and silver coin a tender in pay- 
ment of debts ; pass any bill of attain- 
der, or ex post facto law, or law impair- 
ing the obligation of contracts, or grant 
any title of nobility. 



440 SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



No State shall, without the Consent of 
the Congress, lay any Imposts or Duties 
on Imports or Exports, except what 
may be absolutely ) ecei-£ary (or exe- 
cuting its inspection Laws ; and the net 
Produce of all Duties and Imposts, laid 
by any State on Imports or Exports, 
shall be for the Use of the Treasury of 
the United States ; and all such Laws 
shall be subject to the Revision and 
Contronl of the Congress. 

No State shall, without the Consent 
of C ongress, lay any Du'y of Tonnage, 
keep Tioops, or Ships of War in time 
of Peace, enter into any Agreement or 
Compact with another State, or with a 
foreign Power, or engage in War, unless 
actually invaded, or in such imminent 
Danger as will not admit of Delav. 



No State shall, without the consent of 
the Congress, lay any imposts or duties 
on imports or exports except what 
may be absolutely necessary for exe 
cuting its inspectioa laws ; and the net 
produce of all duties and imposts, laid 
by any State oa imports or exports 
shall be for the use of tue 1 reasury of 
tne Confedo ate States; and all sucli 
laws shall be suoject to the revision and 
control of ' ong.ess 

No State sha 1, without the consent of 
Congresss, lav any duy on tonnage, ex- 
cept on tea s^iiig vessels for the inifrrove- 
ment of its rivers and ha' boi s navigated 
by the said vessels : but such dities shall 
not conflict with any treaties of the Con ■ 
federate States witli fori ign nations. 
And any surplus leicnue tints deiived 
sliall, after malting sue li imp) oveiuent, he 
paid into t lie common Treasury: nor shall 
any State keep troops or ship of war in 
time of peace, enter into any agree- 
ment or compact with another State, or 
with a foreigT power, or engage in war 
unless actually invaded, or in such im- 
minent danger as will mt admit of 
delay. But when any rii er divides or 
flows through two or more Stales, they 
may enter into compacts with eacli other 
to improve the navigation tliereof. 



ARTICLE II. 

Section i. The executive Power 
shall be vested in a President of the 
United States of America. He shall 
hold his Office curing the Term of four 
Years, and, together with the Vice 
President, chosen for the same Term, be 
elected, as follows ; 

Each State shall appoint, in such 
Manner as the Legislature thereof may 
direct, a Number of Electors, equal to 
the whole number of Senators and Rep- 
resentatives to which the State may be 
entitled in the Congress: but no Sena- 
tor or Representative, or Person hold- 
ing an Office of Trust or Profit under 
the LInited States, shall be appointed an 
Elector. 

*The Electors shall meet in their re- 
spective States, and vote by Ballot for 
two Persons, of whom one at least shall 
not be an Inhabitant of the same State 
with themselves. And they shall make 
a List of all the Persons voted for, and 
of the Number of Votes for each ; which 
List they shall sign and certify, and 
transmit sealed to the Seat of the Gov- 
ernment of the United States, directed 
to the president of the Senate. The 
President of the Senate shall, in the 
Presence of the Senate and House of 



ARTICLE II. 

Section i. The executive Power 
shall he vested in a President of the 
Confederate states of y^merica. He and 
the Vice President shall Iiold tlieir oflices 
for the term of six yea's; but the Pi esi- 
dent shall not be re-eligible. The J^ resi- 
dent and the I'ice-President shall Le 
eiected as follows : 

Each State shall appoint, in such 
manner as the Legisla ure thereof may 
direct, a number of electors, equal to the 
whole number of Senators and Repre- 
s ntatives to which the State may be 
entitled in the Congress ; but no Sein- 
tor or Representative, or person hold- 
ing an nilice of trust ' r profit under the 
Confederate States, shall be appointed 
an elector. - 

The electors shall meet in their re- 
spective Stales and vote bv ballot for 
President and Vice Preside: t, one of 
whom, at least, shall not be a'l ini abi- 
tant of the same State with themselves ; 
they shall n me in their balots the per- 
son voted for as President, and in dis- 
li'ict ballots the person voted for as 
Vice-President, and they sball make 
distinct lists of all persons vo el for as 
President, and all persons voted for as 
Vice-President, and of the number of 
votes for each, which list thjy shall 



^Superseded by the twelfth amendment. 



APPENDIX B. 



447 



Representatives, open all the Certifi- 
cates and the Voles shall then be 
counted. The Person havii'gthe greatest 
Number of Votes shall be the President, 
if such Number be a Majority of the 
whole Number of Electors appointed ; 
and if there be more than one who have 
such Majority and have an equal Num 
ber of Votes, then the Hou^e of Repre- 
sentatives shall immediately chuse by 
Ballot one of them for President ; and if 
no Person have a Majority, then from 
the five highest oij,-J.he Lit the said 
House shall in like Manner chuse the 
President. But in chusing the Presi 
dent, the Votes shall be taken by States, 
the Representatii,n from each State hav- 
ing one \ote ; a Quorum for this 
Purpose shall consist of a Member or 
Members from two thirds of the States, 
and a Majority of all the States shall be 
necessary to a Choice. In every Case, 
a ter the ( hoice of the President, the 
Person having the greatest Number of 
Votes of the Electors shall be the Vice 
President, but if there should remain 
two or more who have equal Votes, the 
Senate shall chuse from them by Ballot 
the Vice-President. 



Tl.e Congress may determine the 
Time of chusi g the Electors, and the 
Day ^.n which they shall give their 
Votes; whicli Day shall be the same 
throughout the United Slates. 

No Person except a natural r orn Citi- 
zen, or a Lilizen of the United States, at 
the time of the Adoption of this Consti- 
tution, shal be eligible to the Office of 
President ; nei'her shall any Person be 
eligible to that Office who s^iall not 
have attained to the age < f thirty five 
Years, and been fourteen Years a Resi- 
dent within thi United States. 



In Case of the Removal of the Presi- 



sign and certify, and transmit sealed to 
the seat of the Government of the Con- 
federate States, directed to the Presi- 
dent of the Senate. The President of 
the Senate shall, in the presence of the 
Senate and House of Representatives, 
open all the certificates, and the votes 
sha'l then be counted. The person 
having the greatest number of votes for 
President shall be the President, it such 
number be a majority of the whole 
number of electors appointed ; and if 
no person have such a majority, then 
fiom the persons having the highest 
numbers not exceed ng three on the list 
of those voted lor as President the 
House of Representatives shall choose 
immediately, by ballot, the President. 
But in choosing the President, the votes 
shall be taken by States, the represen- 
tation from each Slate having one vote ; 
a quorum for this purpose shall consist 
of a member or members from two- 
thirds of the States, and a majority of 
all the States shall be necessary to a 
choice. And if the House ot Repre- 
seniatives shall not choose a President 
whenever the right of choice shall de- 
volve upon them, before the fourth day 
of March next following, then the 
Vice-President shall act as President, as 
in the case of the death or other consti- 
tutional disability of the President. 

The person having the greatest num- 
ber of votes as Vice-Vresident, siiall be 
the Vice President, if sucli number be 
a majority of the whole number of elec- 
tors appointed ; and if no person have 
a majority, then from the two highest 
numbers on the list the Senate shall 
choose the Vice-President. A quorum 
for the purpose shall consist of two- 
thirds oi the whole number of Senators, 
and a majority of t e whole number 
shall be necessary to a choice. 

But no perso i consti utionally ineligi- 
ble to t le office of President shall be 
e igible to that of Vice-President ot the 
Confederate States. 

The Congress may determine the time 
of choosing the electors, and the day on 
which they shall give their voles ; which 
day shall be the same throughout the 
Confedera'e States. 

No person excei.t a natural born c'ti- 
z n of the Confederate Slates, or a < itizen 
thereof at the time of the adoption of 
I'lis Consti'ution, or a citizen thereof 
horn in the United States prior to the 30th 
of Dece))iber, iSoo, shall be eligible to 
the office of i resident ; nei her shall 
any person be eligible to that office v ho 
shall not have attained the age of thirty- 
five years, and been fourteen years a 
resident within the limits of the Con 
federate States, as they may exist at the 
time of his election. 

In case of the removal of the Prcsi- 



148 



SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



dent from Office, or of his Death, Resig- 
nation, or Inability to discharge the 
Powers and Duties of the said office, the 
same shall devolve on the Vice Presi 
dent, and the Congress may by Law 
provide for the Case of Removal, Death, 
Resignation, or Inability, belli of ihe 
President and Vice President, declaring 
what Officer shall then act as President, 
and such Officer shall act accordingly, 
until the Disability be removed, or a 
President shall be elected. 

The President shall, at stated Times, 
receive for his Services, a Compensa- 
tion, which sha'l neither be encrea^ed 
nor diminished during the Period for 
which he sha 1 have been elected, and 
he shall not receive within that Period 
any other Emolument from the United 
States, or any of them. 

Before he enter on the Execution of 
his Office, he shall take the fclowing 
Oath or Affirmation : 

"I do solemnly swear (or Affirm) that 
"I will faithfully execute the Office of 
"President of the United States, and 
"will to the best of my Ability, preserve, 
"protect and defend the Constitution of 
"the United States." 

Section 2. The President shall be 
Commander in Chief of the Army and 
Navy of the United States, and of the 
Militia of the several States, when 
called into the actual Service of the 
United States ; he may require the 
Opinion, in writing, of the principal 
Officer in each of tlie executive Depart- 
ments, upon any Subject relating to the 
Duties of their respective Offices, and 
he shall have Power to grant Reprieves 
and Pardons for Offences against the 
United Stat.s, except in Cases of Im- 
peachment. 

He shall have Power, by and with the 
Advice and Consent of the Senate, to 
make Treaties, provided two thirds of 
the Senators present concur ; and he 
shall nominate, and by and with the Ad 
vice and Consent of the Senate, shall 
appoint Ambassadors, other public Min- 
isters and (.onsuls, Judges of the su- 
preTie Court, and all other Officers of 
the United States, whose Appointments 
are not herein otherwise provided for, 
and which shall be estab'ished by Law ; 
but the Congress may by Law vest the 
Appointment of such inferior Officers, 
as they think proper, in the President 
alone, in tlie Courts of Law. or in the 
Heads of Departments. 



dent from office, or of his death, resia- 
nation, or inability to discharge the 
powers and duties of the said office, the 
same shall devolve on the Vice-Presi- 
dent ; and the Congress may, by law, 
provide for the case of removal, death, 
resignation, or inability, botli of the 
President and Vice-President, declaring 
what officer shall then act as President ; 
and such officer shall act accordingly, 
until the disability be removed or a 
President shall be elected. 

The President shall, at stated times, 
receive for his services a compensation, 
which shall neither hi increased nor 
diminished during the period for which 
he shall have been elected, and he shall 
not receive within that period any other 
emolument from the Coti/ederate States, 
or any of them. 

Before he enters on the execution of 
his office, he shall take the following 
oath or affirmation : 

"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that 
I will faithfully execute the office of 
President of the Con/edttate States o_f 
America, and will to the best of m.' 
ability, preserve, protect, and defend 
the Constitution tlieieof." 

Section 2. The President shall be 
Commander-in Chief of the Army and 
Navy of the Confederate States, and of 
the militia of the several States, when 
called into the actual service of the Con- 
fcdoate States; he may require the 
opinion, in writing, of the principal 
officer in each of the executive depart- 
ments, upon any subject relating to the 
duties of their respective offices, and lie 
shall tiave power to grant reprieves and 
pardons for offenses against the Con- 
federacy, except in cases of impeach- 
ment. 

He shall have power, by and with the 
advice and consent of the Senate, to 
make treaties, provided two thirds of 
the Senators present concur ; and he 
shall nominate, and by and with the 
advice and consent of the Senate, shall 
appoint Ambassadors, otner public min- 
isters and consuls. Judges of the Su- 
preme Court and all other officers of the 
Confede) ate States, whose appointments 
are not herein otherwise provided for, 
and wiiich shall be established bylaw; 
but the Congress may by law vest the 
appointment of such inferior officers, 
as they think proper, in the President 
alone, in the courts of law, or in the 
heads of departments. 

The principal officer in each of the exe 
cutive departments, and all persons con 
nected zuith the diplomatic service, 7nay 
be removed from ojfice at the pleasure 0/ 
the President. All other civil officers of 
the exccnti've department may be remo^'ed 
at any lime by the President, or other 
appointing power , when their services art 



APPENDIX B. 



449 



The President shall have the Power to 
fill all Vacancies that may happen dur- 
ing the Recess of the Senate, by grant- 
ing Commission which shall expire at 
the End of their next Session. 



Section 3. He shall from time to 
time give to the Congress Information 
of the State of the Union, and recom- 
mend to their Consideration such Meas- 
ures as he shall judge necessary and 
expedient ; he may, on extraordinary 
Occasions, convene both Houses, or 
either of ihem, and in Case of Disagree- 
ment between them, with Respect to the 
time of Adjournment, he may adjourn 
them to such Time as he shall think 
proper ; he shall receive Ambassadors 
and other public Ministers ; he shall 
take Care that the Laws be faithfully 
executed, and shall Commission all the 
officers of the United States. 

Section 4. The President, Vice Presi- 
dent and all civil Officers of the United 
States shall be removed from Office on 
Impeachment for, and Conviction of. 
Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes 
and Misdemeanors. 



unnecessary, or /or dishonesty, incapacity^ 
inefficiency, viisconduct, or neglect of 
duty : and, ■when so removed, the removal 
shall be reported to the Senate, together 
with the reasons there/or. 

The President shall have power to fill 
up all vacancies that may happen during 
the recess of the Senate, by granting 
commissions which shall expire at the 
end of their next session. But no person 
rejected by the Senate shall be reappointed 
to the same ojfice during their ensuing 
recess. 

Section 3. Tlie President shall from 
time to time give to the Congress infor- 
mation of the state of the Confederacy, 
and recommend to their consideration 
such measures as he s.iall judge neces- 
sary and expedient ; he may on ex- 
traordinary occasions convene both 
Houses, or either of them ; and in case 
of disagreement between them, with 
respect to the time of adjournment, he 
may adjourn them to such time as he 
shall think proper ; he shall receive am- 
bassadors and other public ministers; 
he shall take care that the laws be faith- 
fully executed, and shall commission all 
the officers of the Confederate States. 

Section 4. The President, Vice- 
President, and all civil officers of the 
Confederate States shall be removed 
from otfice on impeachment for and 
conviction of treason, bribery, or other 
high crimes and misdemeanors. 



ARTICLE IIL 

Section i. The Judicial Power of 
the United States, shall be vested in one 
Supreme Court, and in such inferior 
Courts as the Congress may from time 
to time ordain and establish. The 
Judges, both of thesupremeand inferior 
Courts, shall hold their offices during 
good Behavior, and shall, at stated 
limes, receive for their Services, a Com- 
pensation which shall not be dimin- 
ished during their Continuance in 
Office. 

Section 2. The Judicial Power shall 
extend to all Cases, in Law and Equity, 
arising under this Constitution, the 
Laws of the United States and Treaties 
made, or which shall be made, under 
their Authority; — to all Cases affecting 
Ambassadors, other public Ministers 
and Consuls ; — to all Cases of admiralty 
and maritime Jurisdiction ; — to Con- 
troversies to which the United Stales 
shall be a Party;— to Controversies be- 
tween two or more States ; — between a 
State and Citizens of another State ; — 
between Citizens of different States, 
between Citizens of the same State 
claiming Lands under Grants of differ- 
ent States, and befweeri » State, or the 



ARTICLE III. 

Section i. The judicial power of the 
Confederate States shall be vested in 
one Supreme Court, and in such inferior 
courts as the Congress may from time 
to time ordain and establish. The 
Judges, bjth of the Supreme and infe- 
rior Courts, shall hold their officers dur- 
ing good behavior, and shall, at stated 
times, receive for their services a com- 
pensation, which shall not be dimin- 
ished during their continuance in office. 

Section 2. The judicial power shall 
extend to all cases arising under this 
Constitution, the laws of the Confederate 
States, and treaties made, or which shall 
be made, under their authority ; to all 
cases affecting ambassadors, other pub- 
lic ministers, and consuls ; to all cases 
of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction ; 
to controversies to which the Confeder- 
ate States shall be a party ; to contro- 
versies between two or more States ; 
between a Stale and citizens of another 
State, ivkere the State is plaintiff; be- 
tween ci'izens claihiing lands under 
grants of diflferent States, and between 
a State or the citizens thereof, and for- 
«is:n states, citizens, or subjects. Bui 



450 



SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



Citizens thereof, and foreign States, 
Citizens or Subjects. 

In all Cases affecting Ambassadors, 
other public Ministers and Consuls, and 
those in which a State shall be Party, 
the supreme Court shall have original 
Jurisdiction. In all the other Cases be- 
fore mentioned, the supreme Court shall 
have appellate Jurisdiction, both as to 
Law and Fact, with such Exceptions, 
tnd under such Regulations as the Con- 
gress shall make. 

The Trial of all Crimes, except Cases 
of Impeachment, shall be by Jury; and 
such Trial shall be held in the State 
where the said Crimes shall have been 
committed ; but when not committed 
within any State, the Trial shall be at 
such Place or Places as the Congress 
may by Law have directed. 

Section 3. Treason against the 
United States, shall consist only in 
levying War against them, or in adher- 
ing to their Enemies, giving them Aid 
and Comfort. No Person shall be con- 
victed of Treason unless on the Testi- 
mony of two Witnesses to the same 
overt Act, or on Confession in open 
Court. 

The Congress shall have Power to 
declare the Punishment of Treason, but 
no Attainder of Treason shall work cor- 
ruption of Blood, or Forfeiture except 
during the Life of the Person attained. 



no State shall he sued by a citizen or sub- 
ject of any foreign state. 

In all cases affecting ambassadors, 
other public ministers and consuls, and 
those in which a State shall be party, 
the Supreme Court shall have original 
jurisdiction. In all the other cases before 
mentioned, the Supreme Court shall 
have appellate jurisdiction, both as to 
law and fact, with such exceptions and 
under such regulations as the Congress 
shall make. 

The trial of all crimes, except in cases 
of impeachment, shall be by jury, and 
such trial shall be held in the State 
where the said crimes shall have been 
committed ; but when not committed 
within any State the trial shall be at 
such place or places as the Congress 
may by law have directed. 

Section 3. Treason against the Con- 
federate States shall consist only in levy- 
ing war against them, or in adhering to 
their enemies, giving them aid and 
comfort. No person shall t e convicted 
of treason unless on the testimony of 
two witnesses to the same overt act, or 
on confession in open court. 

The Congress shall have power to 
declare the punishment of treason; but 
no attainder of treason shall work cor- 
ruption of blood, or forfeiture, except 
during the life of the person attainted. 



ARTICLE IV. 

Section i. Full Faith and Credit 
shall be given in each State to the public 
Acts, Records, and judicial Proceedings 
of every other State. And the Congress 
may by general Laws prescribe the 
Manner ia which such Acts, Records 
and Proceedings shall be proved, and 
the Effect thereof. 

Section 2. TheCitizensof each State 
shall be entitled to all Privileges and 
Immunities of Citizens in the several 
States. 



A Person charged in any State with 
Treason, Felony, or other Crime, who 
shall flee from Justice, and be found in 
another State, shall on Demand of the 
executive Authority of the State from 
which he fled, be delivered up, to be 
removed to the State having Jurisdic- 
tion of the Crime. 

No Person held to Service or Labour 
in one State, under the Laws thereof, 
escaping into another, shall, in Conse 
quence of any Law or Regulation there- 
in, be discharged from such Service or 



ARTICLE IV. 

Section i. Full faith and credit shall 
be given in each State to the public arts, 
records, and judicial proceedings of 
every other State. And the Congress 
may, by general laws, prescribe the 
manner in such acts, records, and pro- 
ceedings shall be proved, and the effect 
thereof. 

Section 2. The citizens of each State 
shall be entitled to all the privileges and 
immunities of citizens in the several 
States and shall have the right of transit 
and sojourn in any State of this Confcd 
eracy, luith their slaves and other 
property ; and the right of property in 
said slaves shall not he thereby impaired. 

A person charged in any State with 
treason, felony, or other crime against 
the laws of such State, who shall flee 
from justice, and be found in another 
State, shall on demand of the Executive 
authority of the State from which he 
fled, be delivered up, to be removed to 
the State having jurisdiction of the 
Clime. 

No slave or other person held to ser- 
vice or labor in any State or Territory 
of the Confederate States, under the laws 
thereof, escaping or la'ufully carried 
into another, shall, in consequence of 



APPENDIX B. 



461 



Labour, but shall be delivered up on 
Claim of the Party to wliotn such Serv- 
ice or Labour may be done. 



Section 3. New States may be ad- 
mitted by the Congress into this Union ; 
but no new State shall be formed or 
erected within the Jurisdiction of any 
other State ; nor any State be formed by 
the Junction of two or more States, or 
Parts of States, without the Consent of 
the Legislatures of tlie States concerned 
as well as of the Congress. 



The Congress shall have power to dis- 
pose of and make all needful Rules and 
Regulations respecting the Territory or 
other Property belonging to the United 
States ; and nothing in this Constitution 
shall be so construed as to Prejudice 
any Claims ot the United States, or of 
any particular State. 



Section 4. The LTiiited Stales shall 
guarantee to every State in this Union a 
Republican Form of Goverimient, and 
shall protect each of them against Inva- 
sion, and on Application of the Legisla- 
ture, or of the Executive (when tlie 
Legislature cannot be convened) against 
domestic Violence. 



any law or regulation therein, be dis- 
charged from such service or labor; but 
shall be delivered up on claim of the 
party to ■uihom such slave belongs, or to 
whom such service or labor may be due. 

Section 3. Other States may lie ad 
mitted into this Confederacy by a 7iote 0/ 
tiuo thirds of the -whole House of Represen- 
tatives and two thirds of the Senate, the 
Senate voting- by States; but no new State 
shall be formed or erected within the 
jurisdiction of any other State; nor any 
State be formed by the junction of two 
or more States, or parts of States, with- 
out the consent of the Legislatures of 
the States concerned, as well as of the 
Congress. 

The Congress shall have power to 
dispose of and make a'l needful ru'es 
and regulations concerning tlie propei-tv 
of tlie Confederate States, including the 
lands thereof. 

The Confederate States may acquire ne'M 
territory: and Congress shall have poivcr 
to legislate and provide governments for 
the inhabitants of all territory belonging 
to the Confederate States, lying luithoiit 
the limits of the several States; and may 
permit them, at such times and in such 
manner as it may by laiu pro7>ide, to form 
States to be admitted into the Confederacy 
In all such territory, the institution of 
negro slavery, as it 71010 exists in the 
Confederate States, shall be reco.^nized 
and protected by Congress and by the 
territorial governmetit; and the inhab- 
itants of the several Confederate States 
and Territories shall ha-re the rigltt to 
take to such Territory any slaves lam- 
fully held by them in any of the States or 
Territories of the Confederate States. 

The Confederate States shall guar- 
antee to every State that noiu is or here- 
after may become, a member of this C071- 
fcderacY, a republican form of govern- 
ment; and shall protect each of them 
against invasion; and on application of 
the Legislature (or of the Executive 
when the Legislature is not in session), 
against domestic violence. 



ARTICLE V. 

The Congress, whenever two-thirds 
of both Houses shall deem it necessary, 
shall propose Amendments to this Con- 
stitution, or on the application of the 
Legislatures of two-thirds of the sev- 
eral States, shall call a Convention for 
proposmg Amendments, wliich, in either 
Case, shall be valid to all Intents and 
Purposes, as Part of this Constitution, 
wlien ratified by the Legislatures of 
three-fourths of the several States, or 
by Conventions in three fourths thereof, 
as the one or the other Mode of Ratifi- 
cation may be proposed by th2 Con- 



ARTICLE V. 

Section i. Upon the demand of atty 
three States, legally assembled in their 
several conventions the Congress shall 
sunnnon a Convention of all the States, to 
take into consideration such amendments 
to tlie Constitution as the said States shall 
concur in suggesting at the time u4ien the 
said demand is made; and should any of 
the proposed amendments to the Constitu- 
tion be agreed on by the said Convention — 
votifig liy States— and the same be ratified 
by the Legislatures of two thirds of the 
several States, or by conventions in tivo 
thirds thereof —2,% the one or the other 



■i52 



HCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



gress: Provided that no Amendment 
which may be made prior to the Year 
one thousand eight hundred and eight 
shall m any Manner affect the first and 
fourth Clauses in the Ninth Section of 
the first Article ; and that no State, 
without its Consent, shall be deprived 
of its equal suffrage in the Senate. 



mode of ratification may be proposed 

by the general Convention — they shall 
thenceforward /o7-m a part of this Ok- 
stitution. But no State shall, without 
its consent, be deprived of Us equal 
representation in the Senate. 



ARTICLE VI. 

All Debts contracted and Engage- 
ments entered into, before the Adoption 
of this Constitution, shall be as valid 
against the United States under this 
Constitution, as under the Confedera- 
tion. 



This Constitution, and the I-aws of 
tlie United States which shall be made 
in Pursuance thereof ; and all Treaties 
made, or which shall be made, under 
the authority of the United States, shall 
be the supreme Law of the Land ; and 
the Judges in every State shall be bound 
thereby, any Thing in the Constitution 
or Laws of any State to the Contrary 
notwithstanding. 

The Senators and Representatives be- 
fore mentioned, and the Members of the 
several S*ate Legislatures, and all exe- 
cutive and judicial Officers, both of the 
United States and of the several States, 
shall be bound Dy Oath, or Affirmation, 
to support this Constitution ; but no re- 
ligious Test shall ever be required as a 
Qualification to any Office or public 
Trust under the United States. 



ARTICLE VI. 

The government cstahlished hy this Con ■ 
stitutio?i is tlie successor of tlie Provisional 
Go7'ernjnent of the Confederate States of 
America, and all tlie laws passed by the 
latter^ shall continue in force until the 
same shall be repealed or modified: and 
all the officers appointed by the same shall 
■remain in office until their successors are 
appointed and qualified, or tlic offices 
abolished. 

All debts contracted and engagements 
entered into before the adoption of this 
Constitution shall be as valid against 
the Confederate States under this Con- 
stitution as under the Provisional Gov- 
ernment. 

This Constitution, and the laws of (he 
Confederate States made in pursuance 
thereof, and all treaties made or which 
shall be made under the authority of 
the Confederate States, shall be the su- 
preme law of the land; and the Judges 
in every State shall be bound thereby, 
anything in the Constitution or laws of 
any State to the contrary notwithstand- 
ing. 

The Senators and Representatives be- 
fore mentioned, and the members of the 
several State Legislatures, and all exec- 
utive and judicial officers, both of the 
Confederate Sates and of the several 
States, shall be bound by oath or affir- 
mation to support this Constitution; but 
no religious test shall ever be required 
as a qualification to any office or public 
trust under the Confederate States. 

The enumeration in the Constitution, 
of certain rights, shall not be construed 
to deny or disparage others retained by 
the people of the several Stales. 

The powers not delegated to the Con- 
federate States by the Constitution, nor 
prohibited by it to the States, are re- 
served to the States, respectively, or to 
the people ikereoj. 



ARTICLE VII. 

The Ratificalion=i of the Conventions 
of nine States, shall be sufficient for the 
Establishment of this Constitution be- 
tween the States so ratifying the Same. 



ARTICLE VII. 

The ratification of the Conventions 
of /fz'e States shall be sufficient for the 
establishment of this Constitution be- 
tween the States so ratifying the same. 

IFhen five States shall ha've ratified 
this Constitution, in the vzajiner before 
specified, the Congress under the Provis- 



APPENinX B. 453 

zonal Constitution shall prescribe the time 
for holding- the election of President and 

Vice Pretdent, anid for the meetitig of 
the electoral college, and for counting the 
7>otes, and ina2igurating the President 

They shall also prescribe the time for 
holding the first election of members of 

Congress under this Constitution, and the 
time for assembling the same Until the 
assembling of such Congress, the Con ■ 
gress under the Provisional Constitution 
shall continue to exercise the legislatir'r 
poivers granted them: not extendittg be- 
yond the time limited by the Constitution 
of the Proznsional government . 

Articles in Addition to, and Amendment of, the Constitution of the United 
States of America. Proposed by Congress, and ratified by the Legisla- 
tures of the se-,'eral States, pursuant to the ffth article of the original 
Constitution^ 

ARTICLE I. 

Congress shall make no law respecting: a" establishment of religion, or prohib- 
iting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; 
or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government 
for a redress of grievances. 

ARTICLE II. 

A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right 
of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed. 

ARTICLE III. 

No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any liouse, without the consent 
of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. 

ARTICLE IV. 
The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and eiTects, 
against unreasonab e searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants 
shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and partic- 
ularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. 

ARTICLE V. 

No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, 
unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in 
the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or 
public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put 
in jeopardyo! life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any Criminal Case to be a 
witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or properly, without due 
process ot law ; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just 
compensation. " 

ARTICLE VI. 

In all criminal prosecutions, the acaused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and 
public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall 
have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, 
and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation ; to be confronted 
with the witnesses against him ; to have Compulsory process for obtaining Wit- 
nesses in his favour, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence. 

ARTICLE VII. 

In Suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty 
dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury 
shall be otherwise reexamined in any Court of the United States, than according to 
the rules of the common law. 



454 SCHOOL BIHTOHY OF THE VXITEJ) STATES. 

ARTICLE VIII. 
Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and 
unusual punishment inflicted. 

ARTICLE XII.* 

The Electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote by ballot for Presi- 
dent and Vice President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the 
same state with themselves ; they shall name in their ballots the person voted for 
as President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice President, and 
they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and ot all 
persons voted for as Vice President, and of the number of votes for each, which 
lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit, sealed to the seat of the govern- 
ment of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate ; — The President 
of the Senate shall, in presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open 
all the certificates and the votes shall then be counted ; — The jjersoa having the 
greatest number of votes for President, shall be tne President, if such number be 
a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed ; and if no person have such 
majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers not exceeding three 
on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall 
choose immediately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing the President, the 
votes shall be taken by states, the representation from each state having one vote ; 
a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two thiids of 
the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. And if 
the House of Representatives shall not choose a President whenever the right of 
choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, 
then the Vice President shall act as President, as in the case of death or other 
constitutional disabilitv of the President ;— The person having the greatest num'ier 
of votes as Vice President, shall be the Vice President, if such number be a major- 
ity of the whole number of Electors appointed, and if no person have a majority, 
then from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice 
President ; a quorum'for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole num- 
ber of Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. 
But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible 
to that of Vice President of the United States. 



*This article is substituted for Clause 3, Sec. I., Art. TI, page 662, and annuls it. 
It was declared adopted in 1804. 



INDK 



Acadia iNova .Scotia) 30. 

Adams, Jolm, Vice-President, 11'.); I'resi- 
deiit, 12S; biography of, 1.30; adminis- 
tration of, 1.30; death of, 1()3. 

Adams. John Qnincy, President. KiO; 
l)i()grai)hy of, Kil ; administration of, 
10]. 

Alaliania admitted, 100; liistory of, 100; 
secedes, t'O-l. 

Alabama Claims, 370. 

Alabama the destruction of, 330. 

Alamance, N. C, battle of, 84. 

Alamo, fall of, 180. 

Alaslia, purchase of, 370. 

Alljany, first named Fort Orange, .57. 

Alexandria, "Va., seized, 245. 

Algi'Ts, treaty with^ 120; war witli, 152. 

Alien and Sedition laws, 131. 

Allen, Ethan, 88. 

Amerigo Vespucci, 20. 

Anarchists, Chicago, 3!)8. 

Anderson, Major Robert, 205, 2.30. 

Andre, ISIajor, 102. 

Andros, Governor Edmund, 53, .58. 

Attarctic exploration, 175. 

Aniietam, on- Sharpsburg, battle of, 2S4. 

Anti rent ditlicullies, 178. 

Ai)aches, concjuest of, 390. 

Appendix, A, 435 ; B, 438. 

Appomattox Court House, 345. 

Arctic exploration, 101. 

Arkansas, admitted, 171 ; history of, 171 ; 
secedes, 232. 

Arms' rong. Vac (?e«era;, exploit of, 150. 

Arnold, Benedict, 88, ilO, 102. 

Arthur, Chester A., elected Vice-Prcsi- 
dect, 388; succeeded to presidency. 391 ; 
biography of, 391 ; administration of, 
391. 



Articles of Confederation, 11.^. 
Atlanta, capture and burning of, 31 1; 

expositi(m of, 417. 
Atlantic cable, 197: successlul, .309. 
Avcrysboro, N. (;.. Itatth; at, 3311. 

B 

Bacon's rebellion, 4S. 

Ball)oa, Vasco Nunez, 22. 

Ball's Blull, battle of, 2.50. 

Baltimore, Lord, 01. 

Baltimore, Union troops attacked in, 242. 

Belmont, Mo., defeat of Gen. (irant at, 
2.54. 

Bentonville, N. C, battle at, 339. 

Bergen, N. J., settled, 58. 

Berkeley, Sir William, 47. 

Big Betliel, engagement at, 245. 

Blackboard and slate exercies, 38, 74, 
109, 217, 359. 

"Black Friday," ;m. 

Black Hawk war, 109, 420. 

Blockade of Southern ports declared, 212: 
often broken, 252. 

Boone, Daniel, 114. 

Booneville, battle at, 254. 

Border warfare, 193. 

Uiston, Mass., settled, .50; massacre at, 
84 ; tea party, 81 ; evacuation of, 91. 

Braddock's massacre, 07. 

Br indywine. battle of, 91!. 

Brooklyn Bridge completed, .392. 

Brown, John, raid of, 199. 

Buchanan, James, President, 194; biog- 
raphy of 195; administration of. 195. 

Buena Vista, battle of, 1S3. 

Bull Run, (see Manassas). 

Banker Hill, battle of, 88; monument 
completed, 178. 

Burgesses, first House of, 45. 



456 



IN7:>EX. 



Burgoyuc, invasiou and surreiuler of, !t7. 
Burnsidc's expedition, 2(i4. 
Burr, elected Vice-President, 132: duel 
with Hamilton, 1:^7. 

C 

Cabots, voyages of John and Sabastiau, 
20. 

California, admitted, liio ; history of, 1!)(). 

Calvert, Cecil and Leonard, (11. 

Camden, battle of, 104. 

Canada, invasion of, 00, 140, 14S. 

Canonicus, 50. 

Carrick Ford, battle at, 245. 

Carolinas, first attempt to settle, 02; di- 
vided into two province?, 02. 

Carroll, Charles, of Carrollton, ViZ. 

Carteret, George, 58. 

Carthage, Mo., battle of, 954. 

Cartier, Jacques, 27. 

Carver, Gov. John, 4!). 

Catholics, persecution of, 01. 

Cedar Creek, battle of, 327. 

Centennial Exposition, 8S1. 

Cerro Gordo, battle of, 183. 

Champlain, !?amuel de, 30. 

Champlain, Lake, naval victory on, 148. 

Chancellorsville, battle of, 209. 

Chantilly (Ox Hill), battle at, 283. 

Charleston. S. C, settled, 02; attacked by 
British, 92; captured by British, 103; 
attacked by Federals, 311 ; earthquake 
at, .309. 

Cl.artcr Oak, 54. 

Chattanooga, battle of, 207. 

Cheat Mountain, battle of, 252. 

VhisapeaLe, the, capture of, 140. 

Chicago, great fire in, 377. 

Chickamaugua, battle of, 207. 

Chili, trouble with, 410. 

Chronological Summary of Events, 30, 
77, 112, 221, .363, 4.30. 

Circumnavigation of the globe by Magel- 
lan, 22. 

Civil Service Keform, 300, 300. 

Clayborue, Wm., 01. 

Cleveland, Grover, elected President, 
.305 ; biography of, 300 ; first admijiis- 



tration of, 300; second election, 411; 
second administration, 411. 

Cold Harbor, battle of, 323. 

Coligny, Admiral, 20. 

Colleges, when principal ones founded, 
72 

Colonies, union of, 50. 

Colonization, the Society of, 153. 

Colorado admitted, 382 ; history of, 383. 

Columbia, S. Churned by Federals, 338. 

Columbian Exposition, 413; naval re- 
view, 413; caravels, 414; site of, 415; 
dedication, 415 ; success of, 415. 

Columbus, Christopher, his birth, 13; his 
westward voyage, 10 ; his great discov- 
ery, 18; his return, 10; his other voy- 
ages, 10; his death, 20. 

Comparative strength of the North and 
South in the war between the States, 
240. 

Concord, skirmish at, S(i. 

Confederate Sta.es of America organ- 
ized, 208. 

Confederate flag, 200; capital, 2+1 ; priva- 
teers, 253, 332; disabilities removed, 
418. 

Congress, first Continental, S3; second, 
00 ; Confederate, 2;33. 

Connecticut settled, .53. 

Constitution of the United States ratified, 
118; provisions of, 117; text of, (see 
Appendix B.) 

Constitution of the Confederate States, 
(see Appendix B.) 

Vonslilution and Guerriere^ battle be- 
tween, 145. 

Corea, trouble witli, 377. 

Corinth occupied by Federals, 288. 

Cornwallis, Lord, surrender of, 100. 

Cost of the war between the States, .305. 

Cotton Centennial Exposition, 307. 

Cotton Gin, invention of, 127. 

Country, our, 420. 

Courage, American, 423. 

Cowpcus, battle of, 104. 

Crown Point, capture of, 88. 

Cuban Belligerency, 419. 

Cumberland and Vongiess, the, destruc- 
tion of by the Virginia, 209. 

Currency Changes, 3S.5. 



INDEX. 



457 



D 

Dakota, North and South, admitted, lOii. 

Uare, Virginia, 35. 

Davis, Jeli'ersou, biography of, ^O!) ; elect- 
ed President of the Confederacy, 255; 
Inaugurated, 2(i.3 ; capture of, 371 ; re- 
lease of, 3T3. 

Declaration of Independence, 92. 

DeKalb, Baron, 90. 

Delaware, colonial history of, 5!). 

DeLeon, Ponce, 23. 

Dissolving of the armies, 3(15. 

Detroit, surrender of, 144. 

Dinwiddle, Governor, 05. 

Douelson, Fort, captured, 202. 

Dorchester, Mass.. fortilied, 91. 

Dorr rebellion, 177. 

Drc'd Scott decision, 195. 

Drewry'B Blufl', Federal repuls(! before, 
372. 

DTumore, Governor, 85. 

Dutch, early explorations by, 30. 

E 

East Jersey settled, 58. 

Education, 421. 

Electoral Commission, 383. 

Elizabethtowu, N. J., settled, 58. 

Ellsworth, Col. E. E., killed, 24.5. 

Emancipation Proclamation, 293. 

Embargo Act. 140. 

England, threatened trouble with, 41S. 

English, early explorations by, 32. 

Erie Canal, opening of, 103. 

Eutaw Springs, battle of, 100. 

F 

PairOaks, battle of, 273. 

Fallen Timbers, battle of, 124. 

Federal leaders honored, 309. 

Fenian scare, 309. 

Feruandina, Fla., captured by Federals, 

204. 
Fillmore, Millard, Vice-President, 18S; 

becomes President, 1S9 ; biography of, 

189 ; administration of, 189. 
Financial panic of 1837, 173. 
First year of the war between the States 

results of, 250. 



Fisher, Fort, capture of, .337. 

Fishery award, 38S. 

Fisher Hill, battle of, .327. 

Five Forks, battle of, .342. 

Florida discovered, 23; purchase of. 157; 

admission of, 180; secession of, 204. 
Fourth year of the war between the 

States, results of, 335. 
France, aid from, 97; trouble with, 125, 

131. 
Fredericksburg, battle of. 280. 
Fremont's expioriug exijcditions, 1X5. 
French explorations, 27. 
French expelled from Mexico, 371. 
French and Indijin war, the, 27. 
Frobisher, Martin, 33. 
Fugitive slave law, 190. 
Fulion, Robert, 138. 
Future, the, 424. 

G 

Gage, General, S3, SO. 

Galveston, capture of by Confederates, 
294. 

G,arfleld, Jas. A., elected President, 388; 
biography of, 389; assassinated, .390. 

Genet, "Citizen," 125. 

Georgia, settlement of, C2r secession of, 
204. 

Germantown, battle of, 90. 

Gettysburg, campaign and battle of, 3&4. 

Gheut, treaty of, 151. 

Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, 33. 

Gold, discovered in California, ISO. 

Goldsborough, battle of, 339. 

Good Feeling, era of, 1.55. 

Grant, U. S., elected President, 374 ; bi- 
ography of, .374 ; administration of, 374 ; 
re-elected, 378; second administration, 
379. 

Gregg, Fort, heroic defense of, 343. 

Growth, Our, 420. 

Guilford Court House, battle of, lOti. 

n 

Hampton Roads Conference, 338. 
Harmar, General, defeat of, 124. 
Harper's Ferry, captured by Stonewall 
Jackson, 283. 



458 



INDEX. 



HarriBon, Benjamin, elected President, 
401; biography of, 402; administration 
of, 402. 

Harrison, Wm. H., elected President, I'll); 
biography of, 170 ; death of, 176. 

Hartford convention, 144. 

Hatteras Inlet, captured by Federals, 2.'i2. 

Hayes, R. B., declared elected President 
by the Electoral Commission, S8.3; bi- 
ography of, 384 ; administration of, 384. 

Hawaiian complication the, 417. 

Henry, Fort, captured by Federals, 262. 

Henry, Patrick, 80. 

Historical Initials, 76, 111, 220, 360, 428. 

Historical and statistical table of the 
United States and Territories, 434. 

Hudson, Henry, 36. 

Hudson, Port, fall of, 294. 

Hudson river, discovery of, 37. 



Idaho, admission of, 406. 

Illinois, admission of, 160; history of, 

160. 
Impeachment and trial of President 

Johnson, 368. 
Importation act, 79. 
Indiana admitted, 153; history of, 153. 
Indians, 11; wars with in Virginia. 46; 

threatened uprising of, 409. 
Inventions, 422. 

Iowa admitted, 187 ; history of, 187. 
Island No. 10, captured, 266. 
luka and Corinth, battles at, 289. 



Jacksonville, Fla., captured by Federals, 
264. 

Jackson Camp, broken up by Federals, 
234. 

Jackson, Andrew, elected President, 165 ; 
biography of, 166; administrations of, 
166. 

Jackson, T. J. (Stonewall), 246, 248; Val- 
ley campaign, 274 ; death of, 302; biog- 
raphy of, 302. 

James River, discovery of, 40. 

Jamestown founded, 41 ; burned, 48. 

Japan, treaty with, 194. 



Jasper, Sergeant, exploit of, 92. 

Jay, John, treaty with England, 126. 

Jcflerson, Thomas, elected Vice-Presi- 
deut, 129; elected President, 132; biog- 
raphy of, 1.33; his administrations, 1.33. 

Johnson, Andrew, biography of, 367 ; his 
administration, 367. 

Johnston, Gen. Albert Sidney, death of, 
265. 

Johnstown disaster, 405. 

Jones, Paul, great naval victory of, 100. 

K 

Kansas, civil war in, 183; admission of, 

202. 
Kenesaw Mountain, battle of, 314. 
Kentucky, admission of, 127; its history, 

128. 
Kilpatrick-Dahlgreen raid, 318. 
King's Mountain, battle of, 104. 
Knoxville, siege of raised, 298. 



Labor troubles, 385. 

Lafayette, Marquis de, 96, 158. 

La Salle, Cavalier, his explorations, 30. 

Latitude, the highest point ever attained, 

392. 
Landonniere, 29. 
Lee, Gen. Robert Edward, appointed 

commander-in-chief of Virginia forces, 

244; biography of, 349. 
Leisler, execution of, .58. 
Lewis and Clarke's expedition, 138. 
Lexington, battle of, 86. 
Lexington, (Mo.), captured by General 

Price, 254. 
Liberty, the statue of, 396. 
Lief in Vinland, 13. 
Lincoln, Abraham, elected President, 203; 

biography of, 215; his administration, 

226; assassination of, 347. 
Locomotive, first in America, 164. 
Long Island, battle of, 94. 
Lost Colony, 35. 
Lonisburg captured, 65. 
Louisiana, purchase of, 136; admission 

of, 152 ; secession of, 204. 
Lundy's Lane, battle of, 148. 



INDEX. 



459 



M 

Manassas, the first battle of, 247 ; second 

battle of, 232. 
Manufactures, our, 421. 
Madison, James, elected President, 142; 

biography of, 142 ; administration of, 

142. 
Magellan, Ferdinand, 22. 
Maine settled, hXi ; admitted, 160. 
Maryland, colonial history of, (Jl. 
Mason and. Dixon's Line, tiO. 
Massasoit, 49. 
Mayflower , the, 49. 

Mecklenburg declaration of independ- 
ence, 88. 
Menendez, Pedro, 2.5, 2!t. 
Mexico, war with. 183; new treaty with, 

193. 
Michigan admitted, ITl ; history of, 171. 
Mill Spring, Ky., battle of. 260. 
Minnesota admitted, 202; history of, 202. 
Mint established, 192. 
Missionary Ridge captured by Federals, 

298. 
Mississippi admitted, 158 : history of, 158 ; 

secedes, 204. 
Missouri compromise, 157 ; repeal of, 193. 
Missouri admitted, 1(10; history of, 1(10. 
Mobile Bay, battle in, 329. 
Modoc war, 379. 
Monitcyr and Merrimac (Virginia), the, 

battle bt'tweeu, 2(19. 
Monmouth Courthouse, battle of, 98. 
Monroe Doctrine, 158. 
Monroe, James, electel President, 1.53; 

administrations of, 154. 
Montana admitted, 406. 
Monterey captured, 183. 
Moore's Creek, battle of, 91. 
Mormons, the, 174, 19(1. 
Mound Builders, the, 11. , 
Murfreesboro, battle of, 289. 

N 

Naddod, 12. 

Narvaez, Pamphilo de, 23. 
Naval Academy established, 186. 
Navy, New American, 412. 
Navy and coast defences, 419. 
Nebraska admitted, 373. 



Nevada admitted, 334. 

New Amsterdam, 57; captured by the 
English and name changed to New 
York. 

New England, settlement and colonial 
history of, 49. 

New Hampshire, settled, 55. 

New Jersey, colonial history of, 58. 

New Market, battle at, 323. 

New Mexico, war in, 291, 

New Netherland, early history of, .57. 

New Orleans, brilliant victory at, 149: 
captured by Federals ; tragedy at, 407. 

New York, State of, colonial history of, 
57. 

Nez Perces, war with, 387. 

North Carolina secedes, 232. 

Northmer, the, 12. 

Northern Pacific Railway completed, 392. 

Northern Virginia, campaign in. 2.s0. 

Northwest Territory, comjuercd by Vir- 
ginia, 99. 

Nullification, 167. 

O 

Ogelthorpe, General James, 62. 
Ohio, admission of, 136; history of, 136. 
Oklahoma Territory, opened for settle- 
ment, 404. 
Ohistee or Ocean Pond, battle at, 3:W. 
Omnibus Bill, 190. 
•On to Riclimond," 245. 
Opecancanough. 46. 
Oregon admitted, 202 ; history of 202. 



Pacific Ocean, discovery of, 23; J'aciflc 

Railway completed, 375. 
Pan-American conference, 406. 
Paris, treaty of, 107. 
Patriot war in Canada, 174. 
Peace Congress, 204. 
Pea Ridge, or Elkhorn, Ark., battle of, 

264. 
Penn, William, 59. 

Pennsylvania, colonial history of, .59. 
Pequot war, 54. 
Perry, Commodore C. H., victory of Lake 

Erie, 140. 



460 



INDEX. 



Perryville, battle of, 288. 

Petersburg, Kiege of, 325 ; evacuation of, 
342. 

Philadelphia, laid out, .V.t ; captured by 
the British, 90. 

Philip, King, his war, 52. 

Phipps, Sir William, 53. 

Pierce, Franklin, President, 191 ; biog- 
raphy of, 192; administration of, 192. 

Pilgrims, the, 49. 

I'itcher, Molly, 98. 

Plymouth, N. C, captured by Confeder- 
ates, 335. 

Pocahontas, 43. 

Political parties, formation of, 12S. 

Polk, James K., President, 182; biog- 
raphy of, 182 ; administration of, 182. 

Port Royal, S. C, captured by Federals, 
252. 

Presidential succession bill, 401. 

President and Little Belt, the, 143. 

Princeton, battle of, 95. 

Privateers, the American, 149. 

Quakers persecuted in New England. .52. 
Quebec, capture of, 07. 
Queenstown Heights, battle of, 145. 

R 

Raids, notable, 310. 
Railroad, the pioneer of America, 104. 
Railways and telegraph lines 421. 
Raleigh, Sir Walter, 33. 
Reconstruction measures, 307. 
Red River campaign, Banks's, 328. 
Regulators, North Carolina, i-:4. 
Religious interest in Lee's Army, 308. 
Revolution, causes of, 79. 
Rhode Island, settlement of, .55. 
Ribaut, John, 25, 28. 
Rolfe, John, 43. 

S 

Sabine Cross Roads, battle of, 329. 
St. Augustine founded, 25. 
Samoa, naval disaster at, 403. 
Samoset, 49. 
San Juan boundary, the, 199. 



Savannah, Ga., captured by the British, 

100 ; by Sherman, 318. 
Seminole war, 155, 169. 
Seven Days' battles, 278. 
Seven Pines, battle of, 27.3. 
Shays's rebellion, 117. 
fSfienaridoah, the, carreer of, 333. 
Sheridan's raid, 321. 

Sherman, Gen. W. T., his campaign, 313; 
march to the sea, 317 ; northward march, 
339. 
Sherman Bill, repeal of, 412. 
Shiloh, battle of, 205. 
Sioux Indian war, 380. 
Sioux massacres, 291. 
Slavery introduced into America, 45; 
abolition of the slave trade prevented 
by Old aud New England, 45; slave 
trade terminated, 141. 
Smith, Captain John, 41. 
Smithsonian Institution, 187. 
Soto. Hernando de, 24. 
South, progress and prosperity of, 422. 
South Carolina secedes, 204. 
South Dakota admitted, 400. 
Spain, treaty with, 120. 
Specie payments, resumption of, .385. 
Spotlsylvania Courthouse, battle of, 320. 
Stamp Act, 79. 

Star of the West, the, fired on, 200. 
Starving time at Jamestown, 43. 
Steamboat, the first, 1.38. 
Steamer, the first ocean, 157. 
Stephens, Alexander, elected Vice-Presi- 
dent of the Confederacy, 2.55; inaugu- 
rated. 263. 
Stone River (Murfreesboro), battle of, 

289. 
Strike and riots in Chicago and the 

Northwest, 415. 
Stuyvesant, Governor, 57. 
Sumter, Fort, 205; bombardment of, 228. 



T 

Tarifl; 102. 

Taylor, General Zachary, elected Presi- 
dent, 188; biography of, 189; death of, 
189. 

Tea, tax on, 80. 

Telegraph, magnetic, invention of, 178. 



INDEX. 



461 



Tennessee settled, 114; admitted, 128; 

secedes, 232. 
Texas, revolution in, 17!); admitted, ISO; 

secedes, 204. 
Thames, the battle of, 146. 
Third year of the war, results of, 311. 
Ticonderoga, capture of, 88. 
Tishamingo Creek, battle of, 335. 
Tippecanoe, battle of, 143. 
Toleration Act, 01. 
Trent atlair, the, 255. 
Trenton, battle of, 95. 
Tripoli, war with, 134. 
Tryon, Governor, 84. 
Tybee Island captured by Federals, 252. 
Tyler, John, becomes President, 177; 

biography of, 177; administration of, 

177. 

U 

United States Bank organized, 122; char- 
ter vetoed by President Jackson, 167. 



Valley Forge, Continental army at, 96. 

Van Buren, Martin, elected President, 
172; biography of, 172; administration 
of, 172. 

Vera Cruz captured, 183. 

Vermont settled, 55 ; admitted, 127. 

Verrazani, 27. 

Vicksburg, fall of, 294. 

Virginia, colonial history of, 40 ; her 
royal gifis to the United States, 116; 
secedes, 232. 

Virginia and Monitor, the, battle be- 
tween, 269. 

Virginia, West, admitted, 310. 

Volunteers called for by President Lin- 
coln, 232 ; by President Davis, 233. 



W 

Wars, King William's, 63 ; Queen Anne's, 
63 ; King George's, 65 ; French and In- 
dian, 65; Revolutionary, 79; of 1812, 
143; between the States, 226; causes 
of, 233. 

Washington, D. C, seat of Government, 
127; captured by British, 148. 

Washington, George, his journey through 
the wildernes'',66; appointed coniuiau- 
der-in-chief, 90; elected President, 119 ; 
biography of. 120; his administration, 
120; death of, 132. 

Washington monument dedicated, 394. 

Washington, State of, admitted, 406. 

West, settleniett of, 114. 

West Jersey, settled, 58. 

West Point Military Academy estab- 
lished, 136. 

Whig par;y organized, 162. 

Whiskey Insuirection, 123. 

White Plains, battle of, 94. 

Wilderness, bi.ttle of, 320. 

Williamsburg, battle of, 272. 

Williams, Eogcr, banished, .52. 

Willoughby, Sir Hugh, 32. 

Wilson's Creek, battle of, 254. 

Winchester, bjttle of, 326. 

Wisconsin, admitted, 187; history of, 188. 

Witchcrafc delusion, 53. 

Wolfe, General, captures (Quebec, 68; 
death of, 68. 

Wyoming, massacre at, 99. 

Wyoming, admitted, 406. 



Yorktown, siege of, 106 ; Union advaucc- 
upon, 272 ; the centennial of, 391. 



W61 






